AP Euro Ch. 14
An Italian sailor who opened up the New World by sailing west across the Atlantic in search of a route to Asia
Christopher Columbus
A general council of the Catholic church that met at Trent between 1545 and 1563 to set Catholic doctrine, reform church practices, and defend the church against the Protestant challenge.
Council of Trent
The Protestant cause finally took firm hold in England during the reign of which of the following English monarchs?
Elizabeth I
At the center of his theology, Calvin placed the doctrine of predestination, which argued that...
God had preselected every human being either for damnation or salvation, and that those elected to be saved were known only to God.
How did Martin Luther respond to the German Peasants' War?
He condemned the peasants, because he believed that even tyrannical rulers should be obeyed.
Why did Henry VIII take the first steps that would ultimately result in severing the English church's ties with Rome in 1527?
He wanted to divorce his aging wife and marry again so that he could produce a male heir to the throne.
The English king who first opposed the Protestant Reformation and then broke with the Catholic church, naming himself head of the Church of England in the Act of Supremacy of 1534.
Henry VIII.
The Spanish explorer who captured the Aztec capital, Tenochititlan in 1519.
Hernan Cortes
Who founded the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits?
Ignatius of Loyola
Which of the following was true of the institution of slavery in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?
It was common throughout the Mediterranean, African, and western Asian worlds.
Members of the society of Jesus, a Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola and approved by the pope in 1540; they served as missionaries and educators all over the world.
Jesuits
French-born Christian humanist and founder of Calvinism, one of the major branches of the Protestant Reformation; he led the reform movement in Geneva, Switzerland, from 1541-1564.
John Calvin
Why did Luther so bitterly resent the issuing of indulgences?
Luther believed that humans could be saved through faith alone, and indulgences made a mockery of salvation.
Why did Luther escape the fate of Jan Hus, even though Luther attacked the church, called for radical reforms, and even praised Hus at the Imperial Diet of Worms?
Luther enjoyed the protection of a powerful prince, Frederick the Wise, the elector of Saxony.
"If a Prince wants to maintain his rule, he must learn how not to be virtuous, and to make use of this or not according to his need." This passage above best reflects the argument of
Machiavelli
Why did the number of French Protestants increase in France until 1560?
Many French royal families converted to Protestantism and provided protection for their Protestant subjects.
A German monk who started the Protestant Reformation in 1517 by challenging the practices and doctrines of the Catholic church and advocating salvation through faith alone.
Martin Luther
Which Italian writer wrote The Prince, a primer for those seeking to hold on to political power?
Niccolo Machiavelli
Who or what helped to spread the ideas of the Lutheran Reformation?
Pamphlets, woodcuts, and cartoons appealing to both the educated and the illiterate.
The treaty of 1555 that settled disputes between Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and his Protestant princes. It recognized the Lutheran church and established the principle that all Catholic or Lutheran princes enjoyed the sole right to determine the religion of their lands and subjects.
Peace of Ausburg
What began the first phase of European overseas expansion?
Portuguese exploration of the West African coast
Why did the invention of the printing press potentially challenge political and religious authorities?
Scholars were no longer dependent on patrons, local rulers, and church officials for their texts, thereby allowing for a wider circulation of ideas.
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire at the time of its greatest power.
Suleiman the Magnificent
What legislation passed by Parliament in 1534 made Henry VIII head of the Church of England?
The Act of Supremacy
What October 18, 1534, act of Protestant provocation unleashed persecution by Parisian Catholics of all Protestants and religious dissidents?
The Affair of the Placards
What council is most closely associated with the movement for Catholic renewal in the sixteenth century?
The Council of Trent
Which forces were represented in the Schmalkaldic League, which was defeated by Emperor Charles V?
The German Protestant princes and most of the imperial cities
What precedent was set be Luther's position during the Peasants' War of 1525, as well as by his subsequent teachings?
The Lutheran church would depend on the state--that is, on established political authority--for its protection and would in turn support the state.
Why did women in Protestant areas find their roles increasingly limited to the family and the household?
The closing of convents meant that women lost significant options for their lives and careers.
Why did many European powers overextend their budgets and flirt with bankruptcy in the sixteenth century?
The cost of waging war had risen as a result of the need for larger armies and more expensive military technology.
What does the "Columbian exchange" refer to?
The movement of peoples, plants, animals, precious metals, and disease between Europe, Africa, and the New World
Which of the following contributed to the success of Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, who were sent by the Spanish crown to the Americas in search of gold?
The superior weaponry of the Spanish invaders
Which breakthrough helped make possible the European voyages of discovery in the fifteenth century?
The use of the caravel, a small three-masted ship
What helped European missionaries like Francis Xavier win large numbers of converts in Asia?
Their respect for and willingness to work with Asian cultures and civilization
On what topic did Huldrych Zwingli and Martin Luther differ?
Their understanding of communion
Why did the Spanish and Portuguese take a sudden interest in overseas maritime expeditions in the fifteenth century?
They sought to gain control of the spice trade and use its profits in the struggle against Islam.
Why did the French attempt to establish colonies in what eventually became Canada?
They were hoping to find a "northwest passage" to China
What priest helped lead a peasants' uprising in Thuringia and was executed in 1525 as a result?
Thomas Muntzer
The Protestant reformers Huldrych Zwingli, Marin Luther, and John Calvin shared a belief in the importance of education and...
a willingness to use violence to enforce their beliefs
The Munster Anabaptists believed that the end of the world was near and therefore...
abolished traditional marriages and allowed men to have multiple wives.
In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg forced Emperor Charles V to recognize the Lutheran church in the Holy Roman Empire
and gave princes the sole right to determine the religion practiced in their lands.
John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)...
delineated the doctrines, organization, history, and practices of Protestantism in a systematic and logical manner.
In Freedom of a Christian, addressed to Pope Leo X, Marin Luther argued that...
faith, not good works, saved believers from damnation.
Many younger Christian humanists, some of whom came to support Luther, became critical of the religious establishment because they believed that the church...
had been corrupted by the nobility and its wealth
In his Handbook of the Militant Christian, Desiderius Erasmus argued...
in favor of education, learning, simple piety as the best ways of realizing a unified, peaceful Christendom on earth
Which of the following best describes the results of the Peace of Augsburg?
it provided a legal basis for the existence of Lutheranism
In The Praise and Folly, Erasmus...
lampooned many of the unchristian values held dear by his Christian contemporaries, such as pomposity, greed, and lust for power.
"Our sins have their source in Adam, and because Adam ate the apple, we have inherited sins from him. But Christ has shattered death in order that we might be saved by His works and not by our works. Christ says: I am your justification." Which of the following best describes Luther's meaning in the excerpt above?
only faith in Christ will bring salvation, not good works
John Calvin's doctrine that God preordained salvation or damnation for each person before creation; those chosen for salvation were considered the "elect"
predestination
Which of the following beliefs was central to Martin Luther's religious philosophy?
salvation by faith alone
Portuguese commercial expansion overseas in the 16th century resulted in...
seizure of the Muslim coastal forts to serve as Portuguese trading posts and military bases
In the sixteenth century, attitudes toward marriage within the church changed, and Protestant reformers denounced...
sexual immorality and common-law marriages
The Evangelicals who supported Luther's call for reform in the church included...
social groups most ready to challenge clerical authority--merchants, artisans, and literate urban laypeople
The most important goal of the Council of Trent was the
strengthening of internal Church discipline
In 1494, Christopher Columbus became one of the first European explorers to propose...
the establishment of a regular slave trade based in Hispaniola.
When Luther first launched his effort to reform church practices, he saw himself as...
the pope's "loyal opposition"
In 1517, Martin Luther wrote ninety-five theses or questions for debate that attacked...
the sale of indulgences and the purchase of church offices
Which of the following affected the status of women during the Reformation?
the suppression of nunneries and the institution of a married clergy
The Anabaptists were Christian communities that...
urged adult believers to undergo rebaptism.
Following Henry VIII's break with Rome and his adoption of Protestantism, the English government promoted an English-language Bible based on a translation by William Tyndale,...
who had been burned at the stake as a heretic some years before
Which of the following factors helped lead Spain and France to end sixty years of warfare with the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559?
A royal marriage alliance
What caused secular governments in both Catholic and Protestant regions of Europe to begin to assume the responsibility for public charity?
An overall increase in poverty and hardship and the rise of a work ethic that included growing hostility toward the poor
Sixteenth century Protestants who believed that only adults could truly have faith and accept baptism.
Anabaptists
Why did the Spanish and Portuguese increasingly rely on dark-skinned Africans to serve as slaves in their colonies in the Atlantic and the New World by the sixteenth century?
Because so many of the indigenous peoples of the New World had been worked to death or had perished from European illnesses, the Europeans needed an alternative source of cheap labor.
Holy Roman Emperor and the most powerful ruler in sixteenth century Europe; he reigned over the Low Countries, Spain, Spain's Italian and New World dominions, and the Austrian Habsburg land.
Charles V
What actions did Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the French king Francis I take that shocked the Christian world?
Charles V seized Rome and allowed his troops to sack the city in 1527 to punish the pope for siding with France, while Francis I later made an alliance with the Turkish sultan against the emperor.
A general intellectual trend in the sixteenth century that coupled love of classical learning, as in Renaissance humanism, with an emphasis on Christian piety
Christian Humanism
