AP Euro Ch. 14.2

Iberian Powers

Actively sought technological improvement in shipbuilding, weaponry, and navigation to undertake successful voyages in exploration and trade. Drew off the advances of Jewish and Arab mathematics and astronomy

Magellan's voyage

Actually sailed across the Atlantic to Brazil, went through the choppy Magellan strait and up the coast of South America and into the Pacific. Went towards the Malay Archipelago (The Philippines). Took just about 3 years in total.

Cod in the Atlantic

Caught by the Spanish, French and British. Salted on boats and sold in European markets. Popular because of the Catholic prohibition on eating meat on Fridays during Lent.

Lisbon

City in Portugal which served as the entrance port of Asian goods into Europe. Had to be conquered from the Muslims first as well as other trading cities (see Portugal 1500-1515)

October 12, 1492

Columbus and his fleet land in the Bahamas, christened as San Salvador on this day. After a brief stop in the Canary Islands. Thought that he was somewhere off the eastern coast of Japan.

October 28, 1492

Columbus lands on Cuba after setting sail from San Salvador and going southwest.

January (1493?)

Columbus returns back to Spain (leaving date). On this voyage and later ones he brought Spanish settlers, seeds and livestock.

August 3, 1492

Columbus set sail from Spain. Expects to pass by Japan and land on the eastern coast of China.

King John II of Portugal

Commissioned astronomers in the 1480s to create a special astrolabe used in celestial reckoning

Cosmography, natural history, and geography

Create a curiosity among educated people in 15th and 16th centuries. Mentioned in fantastic tales about unknown places and peoples.

Competition among European monarchs

Created as steady stream of expeditions in hopes of gaining prestige and profit from overseas exploration.

Caravel Ship

Created by the Portuguese in the 15th century. 3 mast sailing ship, had a stern-post rudder--> more maneuverable that required less crewmen to run. Could carry more cargo--> had to stop less for supplies and could return with more profitable goods. When equipped with a cannon could bombard port cities and larger vessels.

Causes for European exploration

Demand for luxuries following the Black Death, Religious fervor and crusading spirit (wanting to spread Christianity). 3 G's (Gold, God, Glory)

Columbus's Letter back to Ferdinand and Isabella

Describes natives as handsome, peaceful and primitive people with body painting that reminded him of the Canary Island natives--> calls them "Indians." Later concluded that they would make good slaves and could be easily converted to Christianity

Astrolabe

Developed by the ancient Greeks, determined the position of the stars and other celestial bodies

Prince Henry

Dubbed "the Navigator," supported navigation and geography studies, sponsored annual expeditions down the western coast of Africa.

Martin Frobisher/Frobisher Bay

English, explores the Canadian bay that is named after him three times between 1576 and 1578.

"The Travels of Sir John Mandeville"

Fictional stories of a firsthand account of Mandeville's travels in the Middle East, China, and India.

Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512)

Florentine navigator, realized that Columbus had discovered the "New World"

Factories

Fortified trading posts established by the Portuguese along the coast of Guinea (gold rich), penetrated into the African continent to Timbuktu.

Portugal 1443

Founded the first commercial settlement at Arguin in North Africa

Jacques Cartier

French, goes down the St. Lawrence river several times between 1534 and 1541. Searching for a passage to Asia, has to stop where present-day Montreal is (island). Names the waters in that area "La Chine" because he thought China was nearby.

Christopher Columbus

Genoa Native. Worked as a mapmaker in Lisbon and was familiar with the compass and dead reckoning. Took an astrolabe with him but did not use it. Had been to England and Africa (north and west). Devout Christian, wanted to discover new territories where Christianity could be spread while seeking a more direct route to Asia Rejected by the Portuguese in 1483 and Ferdinand and Isabella in 1486. Finally backed by Spanish monarchy in 1492 (still Ferdinand and Isabella). Believed he found islands off the coast of Asia

John Cabot

Genoese merchant living in London. Sets sail for Brazil in 1497, actually lands in New Foundland. Sets sail again in 1498 and makes military observations about the New England coast.

Chinese inventions

Gunpowder, compass, sternpost rudder

Treaty of Tordesillas

In 1494 Spain and Portugal were disputing the lands of the new world, so they turned to Pope Alexander VI--> Give Spain everything west from a line drawn down the Atlantic and Portugal everything to the east. Worked in Portugal's favor when Brazil was discovered in 1500

Taino people

Inhabitants of Hispaniola, speak the Arawak language. Sight of them wearing gold made Columbus believe that gold could be found nearby.

Vasco da Gama

Landed in Calicut, India in 1498, said "Christians and spices" when asked what he wanted. Employed a local Indian pilot to guide his journey from the East African coast to India. SUCCEEDED in rounding the Cape of Good Hope in 1497 while commanding a 4 ship fleet on the way to India--> returned to Lisbon with spices and cloth from India which probed the possibility of trade with the East for Portugal

Pacific Ocean

Latin for the word peaceful, named by Magellan. Pretty incorrect because he was plagued by storms, disease, starvation and violence.

Columbus can't govern

Leads to a revolt on Hispaniola against him and his brother. Causes a royal governor to take control of the island.

Mundus Novus

Letter written by Amerigo Vesupucci that meant "New World" and was the first document to describe America as a continent that was separate from Asia

Portugal

Long history of traveling by sea and navigation--> know the Atlantic and water by North Africa better than anyone else Winds blowing along the coast offered passage to Africa, its Atlantic islands, and Brazil. Poised to lead Atlantic exploration Did not try and take over the political or cultural lives of the people they traded with, instead inserted themselves into already existing trading systems.

Conquest of Ceuta (1415)

Marked the beginning of European expansion overseas. Was an Arab city in northern Morocco.

Objectives of Portuguese Exploration

Military glory, conversion of Muslims to Christians, quest to find gold, slaves, route to India (for spices)

Compass

Originated in China, brought to the West in the late Middle Ages.

Pedro Alvares Cabral

Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil and claimed as Portuguese territory.

Bartolomew Diaz

Portuguese, said he wanted "to serve God and His Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do." Rounded the Cape of Good Hope (southern tip of Africa), storms and threatened mutiny made him turn around--> FIRST PERSON TO ROUND THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese, sent out by Charles V of Spain to find a sea route to the southeast coast of Asia. Sailed through the Magellan Straits and named the Pacific ocean (he discovered). Was the first to circumnavigate the earth even though he did not make it back to Spain (died in the Malay Archipelago). Sets out with five ships and 270 men, returns with 1 and 18 men.

Indian Ocean Trade world

Produced the triangular lateen sail which allowed caravels to tack against the wind

What did Magellan's voyage do?

Proved that the Pacific was HUGE, that Ptolemy's map was incorrect (way too small), westward passage to try and get to India was too long and dangerous for commercial purposes.

Merchants in regards to exploration

Provided capital of early voyages--> had a strong say in their course. Still had to ask for authorization and financial sponsorship from the Crown

Arab Scholars in 1410

Re-introduce Ptolemy's "Geography" to Europeans

French in Canada

Realize that China is not next to Montreal and turn to beaver and fur trading instead. Barter with locals and compete with Spanish and English to catch Cod in the Atlantic.

15th Century Portuguese Achievements

Set up Christopher Columbus's expedition (made the moment right for approval by a monarch)

Medieval European ships

Single-masted, narrow, open galleys, propelled by oars. OK for short trips that stuck to the coast but could not sail long-distance

Conquistador

Spanish for "conquerer." They were Spanish soldier-explorers that sought to conquer the New World for the Spanish crown. They fully expected to be rewarded with land, titles, and power over the people they conquered (like the leaders of the reconquista)

Ptolomy's "Geography"

Synthesized the geographical knowledge of the classical era. Depicted the world as round and introduced longitude and latitude to plot specific locations. Wasn't all true though: Didn't account for the Americas, showed Asia being very close (to the west) of Europe. Overall shaped the knowledge of explorers on their voyages

"Dead Reckoning"

System of navigation that used a compass to determine direction and an estimation of speed over a set time to determine a ship's voyage

Iberian overseas expansion

Transfer the religious fervor of the reconquista to new non-Christian territories

Portugal 1420

Under the direction of Prince Henry, settled the Atlantic islands of Madeira

Portugal 1427

Under the direction of Prince Henry, settled the Azores

Portugal 1500-1515

Used a combination of bombardment and treaties to create trading forts at Goa, Malacca, Calicut and Hormuz, laid the foundations for a trading empire in the 16 and 17th centuries.

"Celestial Reckoning"

Used a specially designed astrolabe (commissioned by King John II of Portugal) to determine the altitude of the polestar or the sun, consulted a table of these bodies movements that was a crucial step forward in navigation while at sea

Explorers in relation to other Renaissance men

Wanted to win glory for their efforts, did have an actual interest in learning more about uncharted territory. Also kept detailed journals to document their wonder and fascination of the people they encountered and the places they went. Sparked a curiosity about the physical universe

Hernan Cortes

"I have come to win gold, not plow the fields like a peasant." (said as he prepared to conquer Mexico). Spanish conquistador,

Books that Christopher Columbus took with him in 1492

"The Travels of Sir John Mandeville" and "The Travels of Marco Polo"

What happened to Magellan's 5 ships?

2 attempt mutiny on the South American coast 1 was lost 1 turned went back to Spain before reaching the Magellan straits. Only 1 returns with 18 of the 270 initial men.