AP Euro Ch.13: Christian Humanism
Philip II
advocate for activist Catholicism; King of Spain; age of Spanish greatness
Ulrich Zwingli
influenced by Christian humanism; began reformation against papal Christianity in Switzerland
Gustavus Vasa
king of independent Sweden; Lutheran Reformation
Elizabeth
lead England to become leader of Protestantism; wise and calm leader of religion
Suleiman the Magnificent
leader of Ottoman Turks; overran Hungary; Christian Europe relieved when stopped
John Calvin
leader of protestant movement; activist form of Protestantism
transubstantiation
literal transformation of bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus
Ninety-Five Theses
marks beginning of reformation; spread to Germany; accused indulgences
Desiderius Erasmus' The Praise of Folly
most influential Christian humanist; lead reformation; changed mindset of church
Christian humanism
movement to reform Christianity; caused by Classical learning of Italian Renaissance spread to northern Europe
the protestant family
mutual love before marriage, less abstinence, women's role to bear children
Francis Xavier
original member of Society of Jesus; spread Catholic Christianity to east; set of to China but died of fever
Jesuits
part of Society of Jesus; big part of Catholic Reformation; founded by Ignatius Loyola
The Peasants War of 1524
peasants plus Thomas Muntzer (ex-Lutheran) vs. rulers plus Luther; Luther had to side with rulers because he relied on them; rulers won
Anabaptists and Munster
peasants, weavers, miners, artisans, separation of church and state; fled to Munster, Germany which became new Jerusalem
Johann Tetzel and indulgences
promised salvation for money; hired by Leo X; funding for construction of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome
Pope Paul III
recognized Jesuits; made a reform commission; establish Roman Inquisition; initiated Council of Trent
Menno Simons
rejuvenated Dutch Anabaptism; peaceful yet strict religion; Mennonites and Amish examples
Bloody Mary
restore Roman Catholicism in England; married Philip II; burned protestant heretics
Book of Common Prayer
revised protestant liturgy; new act of parliament since king Edward VI was only 9 yrs old
Catholic Reformation
revived medieval Catholicism, mysticism, and religious orders
Act of Supremacy
separated church of England and Rome; king became head of church, therefore anyone serving to the pope was of treason
Edward VI
successor of Charles VIII; moved towards protestant, book of common prayer
Martin Luther
taught theology; criticized papal authority, Jews, and peasants
Puritans
tried to ban drinking in taverns and performances; protestant reformers who tried to stop forms of entertainment
Peace of Augsburg
turning point in Reformation; German ruler would decide religion; equality between Lutheranism and Catholicism
Saint Bartholomew's Day
1572 massacre between Catholics and Huguenots
Council of Trent
3 major meetings compromising and restating Catholic beliefs; entered new phase of unity in history
Union of Utrecht
7 northern Dutch Netherland states in protestant union; united as Dutch Republic
the sacraments
Catholic's way of receiving God's grace
Edict of Nantes
Catholicism became France's official religion but gave Huguenots right to worship
priesthood of all believers
Christians who follow word of God and are their own priests; the only authority is the word of God
Huguenots
French Calvinists; strong minority; part of French wars of religion
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor; wanted to preserve unity of Catholic faith and Habsburg dynasty
Geneva
John Calvin became minister; Calvinism replaced Lutheranism and lead reformation
The Edict of Worms
Martin Luther made outlaw within Holy Roman Empire; burned works
the Netherlands
Northern=German culture, Southern=French culture; Philip II tried to regain power; Calvinist revolt against Spanish ruling
New World
Spain relied on importation of gold and silver, disrupted Spanish economy
Battle of Lepanto
Spain won against Turkish; holy league against Turkish moving in on Mediterranean
Saint Teresa of Avila
Spanish mystic, active life of service, founded new order of Carmelite nuns
Spanish Armada
Spanish tried to invade England for supporting Netherland revolt but failed
predestination
belief that God had chosen people to be saved and people to be damned; Calvin's teachings; Luther agreed
salvation by faith
belief that humans are saved by faith in the promises of God, not by their works
Protestant education
believed everyone should have an education provided by the state; divided students based on age
Thomas a Kempis' Imitation of Christ
believed in a judgement day where he/she is examined by their actions and not by words
the Protestant minister
branch from Catholicism; can't get married, clerical celibacy
absenteeism
church officeholders ignored duties and hired others who were sometimes unqualified
Marburg Colloquy
conference with protestant political leaders to form alliance between Swiss and German reformers; agreed on everything except Lord's supper, lead to no alliance
Henry IV
converted to Catholicism for acceptance; ended French wars of religion
Pope Clement VII
fought against Charles V in 2nd Habsburg-Valois war; Charles V sacked Rome
Ignatius Loyola
founded Society of Jesus; The Spiritual Exercises; soldiers for papal policy
Henry VIII
had many wives, only successor was Edward VI
pluralism
high church officials took over more than one church office
Thomas More's Utopia
idealistic life on imaginary island; no greed or fame
