AP Euro Ch.13: Christian Humanism

Philip II

advocate for activist Catholicism; King of Spain; age of Spanish greatness

Ulrich Zwingli

influenced by Christian humanism; began reformation against papal Christianity in Switzerland

Gustavus Vasa

king of independent Sweden; Lutheran Reformation

Elizabeth

lead England to become leader of Protestantism; wise and calm leader of religion

Suleiman the Magnificent

leader of Ottoman Turks; overran Hungary; Christian Europe relieved when stopped

John Calvin

leader of protestant movement; activist form of Protestantism

transubstantiation

literal transformation of bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus

Ninety-Five Theses

marks beginning of reformation; spread to Germany; accused indulgences

Desiderius Erasmus' The Praise of Folly

most influential Christian humanist; lead reformation; changed mindset of church

Christian humanism

movement to reform Christianity; caused by Classical learning of Italian Renaissance spread to northern Europe

the protestant family

mutual love before marriage, less abstinence, women's role to bear children

Francis Xavier

original member of Society of Jesus; spread Catholic Christianity to east; set of to China but died of fever

Jesuits

part of Society of Jesus; big part of Catholic Reformation; founded by Ignatius Loyola

The Peasants War of 1524

peasants plus Thomas Muntzer (ex-Lutheran) vs. rulers plus Luther; Luther had to side with rulers because he relied on them; rulers won

Anabaptists and Munster

peasants, weavers, miners, artisans, separation of church and state; fled to Munster, Germany which became new Jerusalem

Johann Tetzel and indulgences

promised salvation for money; hired by Leo X; funding for construction of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome

Pope Paul III

recognized Jesuits; made a reform commission; establish Roman Inquisition; initiated Council of Trent

Menno Simons

rejuvenated Dutch Anabaptism; peaceful yet strict religion; Mennonites and Amish examples

Bloody Mary

restore Roman Catholicism in England; married Philip II; burned protestant heretics

Book of Common Prayer

revised protestant liturgy; new act of parliament since king Edward VI was only 9 yrs old

Catholic Reformation

revived medieval Catholicism, mysticism, and religious orders

Act of Supremacy

separated church of England and Rome; king became head of church, therefore anyone serving to the pope was of treason

Edward VI

successor of Charles VIII; moved towards protestant, book of common prayer

Martin Luther

taught theology; criticized papal authority, Jews, and peasants

Puritans

tried to ban drinking in taverns and performances; protestant reformers who tried to stop forms of entertainment

Peace of Augsburg

turning point in Reformation; German ruler would decide religion; equality between Lutheranism and Catholicism

Saint Bartholomew's Day

1572 massacre between Catholics and Huguenots

Council of Trent

3 major meetings compromising and restating Catholic beliefs; entered new phase of unity in history

Union of Utrecht

7 northern Dutch Netherland states in protestant union; united as Dutch Republic

the sacraments

Catholic's way of receiving God's grace

Edict of Nantes

Catholicism became France's official religion but gave Huguenots right to worship

priesthood of all believers

Christians who follow word of God and are their own priests; the only authority is the word of God

Huguenots

French Calvinists; strong minority; part of French wars of religion

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor; wanted to preserve unity of Catholic faith and Habsburg dynasty

Geneva

John Calvin became minister; Calvinism replaced Lutheranism and lead reformation

The Edict of Worms

Martin Luther made outlaw within Holy Roman Empire; burned works

the Netherlands

Northern=German culture, Southern=French culture; Philip II tried to regain power; Calvinist revolt against Spanish ruling

New World

Spain relied on importation of gold and silver, disrupted Spanish economy

Battle of Lepanto

Spain won against Turkish; holy league against Turkish moving in on Mediterranean

Saint Teresa of Avila

Spanish mystic, active life of service, founded new order of Carmelite nuns

Spanish Armada

Spanish tried to invade England for supporting Netherland revolt but failed

predestination

belief that God had chosen people to be saved and people to be damned; Calvin's teachings; Luther agreed

salvation by faith

belief that humans are saved by faith in the promises of God, not by their works

Protestant education

believed everyone should have an education provided by the state; divided students based on age

Thomas a Kempis' Imitation of Christ

believed in a judgement day where he/she is examined by their actions and not by words

the Protestant minister

branch from Catholicism; can't get married, clerical celibacy

absenteeism

church officeholders ignored duties and hired others who were sometimes unqualified

Marburg Colloquy

conference with protestant political leaders to form alliance between Swiss and German reformers; agreed on everything except Lord's supper, lead to no alliance

Henry IV

converted to Catholicism for acceptance; ended French wars of religion

Pope Clement VII

fought against Charles V in 2nd Habsburg-Valois war; Charles V sacked Rome

Ignatius Loyola

founded Society of Jesus; The Spiritual Exercises; soldiers for papal policy

Henry VIII

had many wives, only successor was Edward VI

pluralism

high church officials took over more than one church office

Thomas More's Utopia

idealistic life on imaginary island; no greed or fame