AP Euro Ch.25

Conrad von Hotzendorf

(1852-1925) Chief of the Austrian staffs who argued for an attack on Serbia in response to the assassination plot against Archduke Francis Ferdinand.

Count Stefan Tisza

(1861-1918) Hungarian chief of staff who opposed an attack on Serbia because of the threat of Russian intervention and without a firm commitment from Germany. Thus, a declaration of war hinged on German support.

E.D. Morel

(1873-1924) English journalist who helped expose the cruelties done the people of the Congo under King Leopold II.

Boer War

(1899-1902) War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies.

Russo-Japanese War

(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious and causes the Russian Revolution of 1905

US territories

1. Puerto Rico 2. Guam 3. American Samoa 4. US Virgin Islands 5. Washington DC

How many treaties were there?

5 Treaties

Battle of the Somme

A 1916 WWI (1914-1918) battle between German and British forces. Ending in a stalemate, the bitter three-month conflict is notable for the high number of casualties- 1.25 million men killed or wounded - and the first use of tanks in warfare.

Erich Ludendorff

A German general who assisted Paul von Hindenburg in achieving victories at the Battle of Tannenberg and the Battle of the Masurian Lakes, where they destroyed Russian troops. Throughout the rest of the war, Ludendorff continued to serve Hindenburg, first as chief of staff and later as quartermaster general.

What government did Germany have after WWI?

A Republic

Marne

A battle where, despite the French and British underestimating German power and overestimating the power of troop morale, it freed troops up to fight the main German army. They were able to stop German advancement on Paris. Changed the nature of the war to one of position rather than movement.

Economic Consequences of the Peace

A book by John Maynard Keynes that was a scathing attack on reparations and other economic aspects of the peace after WWI. It depicted Wilson as a fool and hypocrite, argued the Treaty of Versailles was immoral and unworkable, and compared it to Rome's destruction of Carthage. He said it would bring economic ruin and war, which sparked a movement of backing out of the treaty's negotiations, like Britain's support France.

Mustafa "Ataturk" Kemal

A brilliant commander who successfully led Turkish nationalists in fighting back the Greeks and their British backers. He abolished the Ottoman sultanate and deposed the last caliph. It became a secular state and a force of stability in the region.

Gallipoli

A campaign where the Triple Entente, led by Winston Churchill, proposed to attack the Dardanelles and capture Constantinople, thus knocking Turkey from the war, helping the Balkan front, and easing communications with Russia. It was a clever plan, but poor leadership and execution forced the campaign to be abandoned.

Young Turks

A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era.

Second Balkan War

A conflict that broke out when Italy attacked the Ottoman Empire and forced Turkey to cede Libya and other territory. zthis inspired Bulgaria, unsatisfied with its gained territory, to attack its neighbors, Serbia and Greece, after the First Balkan War. During the conflict, Romania entered the conflict and the Ottoman Empire was able to regain some of their lost territory. It ended in Austria's favor, though Austria was humiliated by the airing of Serbian grievances. Albania became an independent principality.

Suez Canal

A human-made waterway, which was opened in 1869, connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. It left Eygpt bankrupt and they were forced to sell it to Britain

Battle of Marne

A major French victory against the invading German army at the start of WWI. In reality lost Germany the war.

New Imperialism

A new movement from the last third of the century where a European nation invests in the capital of a less-industrialized country. They would make arrangements with the local government through loan and investments or by taking direct political control. They weren't that profitable, but other motives were social darwinism, religion, politics, and emigration.

London Conference of 1913

A peace conference called to sort out territorial adjustments arising from the conclusion of the First Balkan War. Consisted of Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungry, Italy and Russia. The Treaty of London arose from this conference that served to divide Balkan territory.

Schlieffen Plan

A plan developed by Count Alfred von Schlieffen of Germany. They planned to purposely weaken the left army and strengthening the right so France would attack the wrong place. This plan violated Belgian neutrality, alienated Britain, and the troops weren't powerful enough to move swiftly. The plan failed by a narrow margin.

Splendid Isolation

A policy of Britain to stay out of European affairs. This frustrated Germany, who wanted to add the great power to it's Triple Alliance. Eventually, fear of Germany's growing navy and Russia would lead it to break this and ally with Japan, France, and later Russia.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. This legitimized American imperialism in the Western Hemisphere

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless because it lacked an armed forces and required a unanimous consent of it's council to act. It also excluded Germany and the Soviet Union.

George Washington Williams

African-American journalist who visited the Congo in 1890 and openly criticized Leopold II in a letter, but he died before he could expose him further

Alfred von Tirpitz

An admiral and first secretary of the German navy. Largely responsible for the buildup of the German navy prior to the war (known as his risk theory), as well as for the country's aggressive submarine strategy. It damaged Germany's international reputation and led to a futile arms race with Britain.

Entente Cordiale

An agreement between Britain and France that wasn't a formal treaty and had no military provisions, but it settled colonial differences, giving France Morocco and Britain Egypt. It was a long step toward Britain becoming Germany's enemy. The informal alliance would later become formal before the war.

Triple Alliance

An alliance between Germany, Austria, and Italy. It lasted after the Three Emperors' League collapsed after Russia and Austria fought over Serbia and Bulgana. Bismarck arranged it so Germany had three of the great powers as it's allies. Later came to be known as the central powers.

Georges Clemenceau

An effective and almost dictator-like leader of France, who would not take defeat as an answer. He represented France at the Treaty of Versailles

Triple Entente

An informal but powerful association between Britain, France, and Russia create to rival the Triple Alliance. This led to Austria and Germany being overpowered, disturbing the balance.

Congress of Berlin

An internation conference between Britain, Austria, Russia, and Germany to end the war in the Balkans and check Russian intervention in Ottoman and Slavic affairs. Holding it in Germany showed Germans wanted no new territory and sought to preserve peace. Britain and Austria took land from Russia, angering Russia. It also angered Balkan states that were given to Russia. Also involved the partitioning of Africa to the European powers.

Spheres of Influence

Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China)

Difference Between the Vienna and Versailles Settlements

At Vienna, they only had to deal with Europe. France had acknowledged defeat and was willing to uphold the Vienna settlement. Public opinion was not important and they draw maps based on realities of power. At Versailles, they represented constitutional, democratic governments where public opinion was a mighty force. Nationalism was a secular religion and there were many ethnic groups that demanded independence.

Bosnian Crisis

Austria annexed bosnia and herzegovina angering the serbs and russians; William II forced Russia to accept annexes or face war with Germany. Led to the strain in relations between the members of the Triple Entente as Britain and France failed to aid Russia

Lessons Learned from the Second Balkan War

Austrians pushed for Serbia to be removed as a threat to the empire once and for all. Also, Germany and Austria learned that threats of force, not international conferences, made better results.

Battle of Verdun

Battle fought between French and German armies from February to December 1916; more than 700,000 people died - one of the most costly battles of the WWI. Led to the famous quote "They shall not pass"

Battle of Verdun

Battle fought between French and German armies from February to December 1916; more than 700,000 people died - one of the most costly battles of the WWI. The French had few troops, but inflicted as many casualties as they suffered and held strong against Germany troops.

North Africa

Because it was technically a part of the Ottoman Empire, European powers had to secure their economic interests through either economic penetration (investments and loans) or diplomatic pressure.

Why did America join WWI?

Because the Germans returned to unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmerman Telegram

Dual Alliance

Bismarck's (Germany's) secret treaty with Austria which provided for support if attacked by Russia. It sought to isolate Russia.

Reinsurance Treaty

Bismarck's secret negotiation with Russia in which both powers promised to remain neutral if either was attacked.

Who controlled the soviets?

Bolsheviks

After the war ended, large parts of the Ottoman Empire were placed under the control of:

Britain and France

Britain, France, and US Agreement

Britain and the US agreed to help France if Germany attacked it in the Treaty of Versailles

Why did Britain and Russia ally?

Britain was less frightened of Russian power after the Russian Revolution and Russo-Japenese War and was concerned Russia might ally with Germany, who they opposed.

Sir Edward Grey

Britain's foreign minister, foresaw the horror ahead; said "The lamps are going out all over Europe. We shall not see them lit again in our lifetime." He authorized conversations between British and French general staff that later led to an informal and then formal alliance.

David Lloyd George

Britain's prime minister at the end of World War I whose goal was to make the Germans pay for the other countries' staggering war losses. He represented British at the Treaty of Versailles

Balfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI. Contradicted Britain's promise for an independent Arab state and to divide the Near East with France

Joseph Chamberlain

British imperialist; argued that welfare of Britain depended upon preservation and extension of empire; duty to carry Christianity to colonies. It would provide economic security and finance a great program of domestic reform and welfare

Roger Casement

British representative and diplomat whose report on abuses in the Congo helped bring about the downfall of the Congo Free State

Henry Morton Stanley

British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingstone. He helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State.

Allies of the Central Powers

Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire, and Turkey

Issues with Austria's Collapse

Caused serious economic problems with new borders and tariff walls separating raw materials from manufacturing areas and producers from their markets.

Spread of Communism

Communist governments were established in Bavaria and Hungary and uprisings were held in Berlin. Germany tried to play on fears of communism to get better terms in the Treaty of Versailles, but Europe was still more scared of them

Bismarck's diplomacy

Concentrated on improving Germany's alliance position in Europe rather than gaining territory.

Soviet

Council of workers and soldiers set up by Russian revolutionaries in 1917

Three reasons the provisional government failed in Russia

Disillusionment with the war, shortages of food and other necessities, and peasants' demands for land reform

What happened to Austria?

Divided up between Hungary and Austria. Also lost much land to smaller states

Charlie Chaplin

English comedian and silent film star who was present in a lot of Ally propaganda to gain support for the war and hatred for Germans

British Holdings

Expanded in Canada, India, Australia, and New Zealand

Peace Without Victors

False statement which supposedly described the peace settlement for WWI, despite the fact that Germany and the Soviet Union were left out of most peace talks

Brest-Litovsk

Following the Bolshevik revolution, Russia signed this treaty with Germany to take them out of the war. They seceded Poland, Finland, the Baltir States, and Ukraine and paid a heavy war indemnity. Lenin believed this was needed because Russia was incapable of renewing the war effort and the Bolsheviks needed time to impose their rule.

Czechoslovakia

Formed when the Czechs of Bohemia and Moravia joined with the Slovaks and Ruthenians

By the early 1880s, Bismarck had succeeded in isolating:

France

What were the motivations of the countries at the Treaty of Versailles?

France was eager to weaken Germany and preserve French superiority. Italy continued to seek Italia Irredenta. Britain looked to it's imperial interests. Japan pursued its own advantage in Asia. The U.S. insisted on freedom of the seas and it's right to maintain the Monroe Doctrine.

Treaty San Stephano

Freed the Slavic states in the Balkans from Ottoman rule.

What caused WWI to start?

German ambitions for a higher place in the international order and to become a world power like Great Britain

Philipp Scheidemann

German chancellor who resigned over the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. He called the Treaty an imprisonment of the German people.

Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg

German chancellor, who encouraged the Austrian attack on the Serbs, and who arguably has the longest name in this whole set. He approved the "blank check" for the Austrians. He'd hoped Austria would move quickly to act while the outrage of the assassination was fresh, but they didn't. Also hoped Britain would stay neutral, which they also didn't.

Blank Check

German commitment to support Austria's attack on Serbia

Leo von Caprivi

German general and statesman who succeeded Otto von Bismarck as Chancellor of Germany. Served as German Chancellor from March 1890 to October 1894. Promoted industrial and commercial development, and concluded numerous bilateral treaties for reduction of tariff barriers. He destroyed relations that Bismarck had set in place with Russia when he thought he could ally with Britain.

Weimar Republic

German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy. It was led by Social Democrats and Catholic Center Party.

Who was Britain's primary competition by the end of the 19th century?

Germany

Who was excluded from the Treaty of Versailles?

Germany and Society Union

Prince Bernhard von Bulow

Germany's chancellor during the First Moroccan Crisis who intended to show France how weak it was and to earn colonial concessions. He was gravely mistaken.

Tirpitz's Risk Theory

Germany's plan to catch up in the naval race by putting all resources into the navy hoping that it would pay off.. Introduced dreadnoughts (Huge war ships). They hoped it would force Britain into making colonial concessions.

Advantages of the Triple Entente

Had superiority in numbers and financial resources as well as a command of the sea

William II's Strategy to Win Over Britain

He tried demonstrating Germany's worth as an ally by withdrawing support and even making trouble for Britain. This reflected William's mixed feelings of dislike, jealousy, and admiration of Britain.

What emotional connection did William II have with the assassination of Ferdinand?

He was a close friend of the archduke and was outraged by an attack on royalty.

Bismarck's Policies

He was a force for diplomacy and European peace.

Paul Kruger

He was the head of the Boer resistance during the Second Boer War.

Why was tsar Nicholas unpopular?

He was weak, incompetent, and suspected of being under the domination of his German wife and the insidious peasant faith healer Rasputin.

Who were the chief advocates of the economic interpretation of imperialism?

Hobes and Lenin

Lenin's View on Imperialism

Imperialism is the monopoly stage of capitalism. Argued that competition inevitably eliminates inefficient capitalists and therefore leads to monopoly.

Belgian Congo

In 1879 King Leopold II hired H.M. Stanley to make treaties with African chiefs, giving control of the Congo to Leopold. It became his personal playground and was recognized as such in 1884 by the Berlin conference. Was quested for its rubber and ivory. Soldiers of the Belgian army forced the natives to do work and treated them savagely, often cutting off their hands to prove they used ammunition on humans when they were really using the ammunition on wildlife. Twain and author Conan Doyle spoke out. The Belgian Parliament was horrified and took the colony away from the king in 1908 and it became a Belgian colony.

Result of Second Moroccan Crisis

Increased British fear toward Germany and closer relations between Britain and France

Result of William II's foreign policy

It associated France with Russia and Britain

What happened to the Ottoman Empire?

It collapsed after it failed to support it's allies Germany and Austria. Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, and Palestine were created. (British promises to Arabs and Jews created a new problem in Palestine)

Congress of Vienna and Slaves

It prohibited the Atlantic slave trade

Result of Violation Belgian Neutrality

It sent Britain to war

Vittorio Emanuele Orlando

Italian diplomat and representative at the Treaty of Versailles confrence. Asked for land on the coast of the Adriatic sea.

Recourses from Africa

Ivory, rubber, minerals, diamonds, and gold.

Heart of Darkness

Joseph Conrad, 1902. The story reflects the physical and psychological shock Conrad himself experienced in 1890, when he worked briefly in the Belgian Congo.

King Leopold II

King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the infamous ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908). He bought the colony with his own finances but later handed it over to Belgium.

Problems with the League of Nations

Lack of complete membership Inability to raise an army Required unanimous consent Excluded Germany and the Soviet Union

Alexander Kerensky

Leader of the provisional government in Russia but who failed to properly discipline the army or fix the peasants' problems

Henri Petain

Led the French army at Verdun and eventually became Commander of the French Armies. Coined the phrase "They shall not pass"

Who was German emperor for some time during the war?

Ludendorff

Causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Industrialism, Nationalism

General Erich von Falkenhayn

Moltke's successor, he sought success by an attack on the French stronghold of Verdun. He aimed not to break through French lines, but to inflict enormous casualties. This failed due to France's strong defense.

White Russians

Opposed the communist revolution in Russia and supported the tsar; Became involved in a civil war with the Red Russians who supported the revolution; the White Russians lost the civil war.

Results of WWI

Overseas empires were no longer secure and Europe no longer dominated the world

Reparations

Payment for war damages

Initial Reaction to WWI

People celebrated and believed it would be a swift, glorious victory

Allies of the Triple Entente

Portugal, Italy, Greece, Serbia, Albania, and Romania

Advantages of the Central Powers

Possessed internal lines of communication and having launched their attack first

What was the zenith of German success?

Russia's collapse and leaving of the war

Leon Trotsky

Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army

Balkan War

Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria took Macedonia from the Ottomans in 1912. Russia intervened in support of the states, which caused an international crisis. Serbia then fought Bulgaria in the second Balkan War in 1913 Austria intervened to stop the war. These wars were mostly territorial and were a precursor to World War I.

Which type of group argued most strongly that it was the responsibility of European nations to civilize foreign lands?

Social darwinists

Afrikaners/Boers

South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910. Britain guaranteed them rule over the black and nonwhite populations of Africa

The United States became an imperial and Pacific power in the aftermath of:

Spanish-American War

Scramble for Africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts. It was motivated by intense economic and political competition

New Technology in World War I

Tanks, airplanes, machine guns, poison gas, flame throwers, grenade launchers that significantly changed warfare and the human costs.

What three factors made it possible for Europeans to impose their will on other peoples in the late 19th century?

Technology, efficient state governments, and feelings of racial superiority.

Mandates

Territories legally administered under the auspices of the League of Nations but we're in effect ruled as colonies. This was the fate of much of the Ottoman Empire

Three Emperors' League

The 1873 alliance between Germany, Austria, and Russia.

Treaty of Lausanne

The 1923 treaty that ended the Turkish war and recognized the territorial integrity of a truly independent Turkey.

Who initially ruled Russia after the tsar abdicated and a provisional government was formed?

The Constitutional Democrats (Cadets)

What upset Bismarck's complicated system of secret alliances?

The accession of William II to the German throne.

Sarajevo

The capital of Bosnia where Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated. He was touring in the hopes of winning over their support for the emperor. He was shot by a political terrorist society in Serbia called Union or Death, or the Black Hand.

What Serbian government member aided the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand?

The chief of intelligence of the Serbian army's general staff

WWI's Effects on Philosophy

The comfortable nineteenth century assumptions of inevitable progress based on reason, science and technology, individual freedom, democracy, and free enterprise gave way in many places to cynicism, nihilism, dictatorship, statism, official racism, and class warfare.

Winston Churchill

The first lord of the British admiralty and the one who proposed the Gallipoli Campaign in Turkey

Open Door Policy

The policy proposed by the US that opposed foreign annexations in China and allowed entrepreneurs of all nations to trade there on equal terms. All powers except Russia accepted this. This was a response to the fear that Japan emerging as a great power would jeopardize their interests in China.

Petrograd Soviet

The powerful Soviet led by Trotsky and sympathetic to the Bolsheviks

Mobilization

The process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war. Seen as an act of war.

Fourteen Points

The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.

Result of the Battle of Marne

The war becomes defensive, one of position rather than of movement

Policies of the new provisional Russian government

They accepted tsarist foreign policy and continued the war.

Germany's Losses from WWI

They gave Alsace-Lorraine to France, had to create a demilitarized zone west of the Rhine, lost Poland, and had to pay wat reparations for years. Also, it's army was limited to 100,000 men.

Britain in Eygpt

They lent money for the Suez Canal in other works until the government was completely dependent on European creditors. Eventually , the British used this to establish their supremacy in the country. It led to increased Egyptian nationalism and demands for the British to leave

What were British opinions on further political interference in other lands?

They opposed it.

Colonies in the Treaty of Versailles

They were called mandates under the "tutelage" of great powers to advance toward independence, but in actuality, it was just a colony. The league lacked the ability to enforce such regulations

William II

This new German emperor opposed Bismarck, fired him, and ended up being less successful than Bismarck anyway. He ruined Germany's stable alliances, leading to Russia, France, and Britain allying.

Prince Max of Baden

This new leader of the German government asked for peace on the basis of the Fourteen Points.

Lusitania

To impose a strict blockade to starve out their enemies, Britain use warships and Germany responded with submarines. This was a British liner sunk by a German torpedo that carried 118 Americans. President Wilson warned Germany of consequences, but when Germany later resumed submarine warfare, the UD broke off diplomatic relations and declared war.

Morocco Crisis

To test British and French relations, Germany makes a declaration supporting Moroccan independence, a French territory. An international conference is held and France's position in Morocco is confirmed, granting Germany few concessions and bringing France and Britain closer together. Next, Germany sent a warship to Morocco, which panicked Britain, bringing it closer to France.

Germany's defeat was made almost certain when:

United States entered the war

Panther

a German gunboat that was sent to extort colonial concessions in the French Congo and led to an alliance between England and France. Caused the second Moroccan Crisis

Khedives

descendants of Muhammad Ali and rulers of Egypt until 1952.

Jingoism

extreme patriotism

War Guilt Clause

in treaty of Versailles; declared germany and austria responsible for WWI; ordered Germany to pay reparation to Allied powers. German people were outraged as they got no choice but to sign.

Colonel T.E. Lawrence

led Arab revolts against Turkish rule in the Arabian Peninsula that aided the Allies.

General Helmuth von Moltke

served as the Chief of the German General Staff from 1906 to 1914. He believed that the growing power of Russia threatened Germany and that a decisive war against Russia and it's allies was necessary.

When the tsar abdicated, the Russian government fell into the hands of:

the Duma

Red Army

the regular army of the former Soviet Union