AP Euro Chapter 13
The Fronde
widespread rebellions among French nobles provoked by policies set in place by Richelieu and then Mazarin; took its name from the slingshots used by street boys
James II
Catholic king who took the throne after Charles II; appointed several Catholics to high-standing positions and revoked all laws limiting Catholics' right; was forced to escape to France and therefore give up his throne when William III of Orange invaded England
Louis XIII
French king who ruled with the chief minister Cardinal Richelieu
Louis XIV
French monarch who ruled with absolutism; known as the Sun King; revoked the Edict of Nantes and declared the official religion of France Catholicism; built Versailles, a huge palace and a testimony to his grandeur and power; controlled the nobles by reducing their power, yet making them feel as though they were important; lost the War of the Spanish Succession
Philip V
Louis XIV's grandson who became king of Spain after Charles II, the last Hapsburg king of Spain, died without an heir and left his entire inheritance to this person
John Sobieski
Polish king who led an army to rescue Vienna from attack by the Ottoman Turks
Charles II
Stuart king who restored the monarchy after Cromwell; had secret Catholic sympathies; allied with France against the Dutch; had members elected into Parliament who were submissive to royal will; made a deathbed conversion to Catholicism
John Law
a Scottish mathematician and gambler who the Duke of Orleans turned the financial management of France over to; established a bank in Paris that printed paper money, believing that this would stimulate France's economic recovery from the War of Spanish Succession; organized the Mississippi Company, which wrecked the French economy for a period of time
Clarendon Code
a series of laws imposed by the ultra-royalists in Parliament under the rule of Charles II that excluded Catholics, Presbyterians, and Independents from the official religious and political life of the nation
Action of Union 1707
act that officially combined England and Scotland into Great Britain
Mississippi Bubble
affair caused by the Mississippi Company, a monopoly organized by John Law on the trading privileges with the French colony of Louisiana in America; the company issued shares of its own stock in exchange for government bonds, which had fallen sharply in value; the stock rose, and smart investors too their profits to the bank in Paris to exchange their paper money for gold; the bank, however, did not have enough gold to redeem all the paper money brought to it, and all gold payments were halted
William Laud
archbishop who, with Charles I, attempted to achieve religious conformity by imposing the Anglican church and the Book of Common Prayer on Scotland; was later impeached and then executed by Parliament
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
brilliant minister to Louis XIV whose policies allowed him to maintain a large and powerful army
Cardinal Fleury
came into control of the political direction of France after things were shaken up by the Duke of Orleans; worked to maintain the authority of the monarchy, including ongoing repression of the Jansenists , while continuing to preserve the local interests of the French nobility; pursued economic prosperity at home and peace abroad, which was similar to Robert Walpole of England
Cardinal Richelieu
chief minister who ruled under the reign of Louis III; attempted to impose direct royal administration on France and circumscribed many of the political privileges Henry IV had extended to French Protestants in the Edict of Nantes; helped to lay the way for Louis XIV's rule
Cardinal Mazarin
chief minister who ruled under the reign of Louis III; attempted to impose direct royal administration on France; helped to lay the way for Louis XIV's reign
Declaration of Indulgence
declaration issued by Charles II that suspended all laws against Catholics and non-Anglican Protestants in an attempt to unite the English people behind the war with Holland
Act of Settlement
declared that the English crown go to the Protestant House of Hanover in Germany if Anne, the second daughter of James II and the heir to the childless William III, died without issue
Act of Succession
declared the children of Anne Boleyn legitimate heirs to the throne
Romanovs
dynasty that ruled Russia following the reign of Ivan the Terrible; began with a seventeen-year-old tsar named Michael; included in this dynasty are Ivan V, his sister Sophia, and Peter the Great
Hohenzollerns
family that ruled Brandenburg starting in 1417; had acquired, through inheritance, the duchy of Cleves, the counties of Mark, and Ravensburg, none of which shared a border with Brandenburg; this was the largest block of territory within the Holy Roman Empire besides that of the Hapsburg's; this land eventually became Prussia
Louis XV
five-year-old great grandson of Louis XIV who succeeded him to the throne; his uncle, the Duke of Orleans, became regent and rocked France with financial and moral scandals
William III of Orange
grandson of William the Silent of Orange and hereditary chief executive of the republic in the Netherlands; led the entire European force against France and Louis XIV; eventually invaded England via Parliament's request and assumed the English throne with his wife, Mary II
Peter the Great
half-brother of Ivan V, who he had once co-ruled Russia with; at seven feet tall, he had a very commanding presence and personality; became obsessed with westernizing Russia and building a great navy; studied new technology and everything European; defeated the Swedes in the Great Northern War; built St Petersburg; declared that the patriarch of Russia was no longer head of the church, and created a council of bishops called the Holy Synod that was ruled by a lay person in the government
Pragmatic Sanction
instrument put in place by Charles VI that provided legal basis for a single line of inheritance within the Hapsburg dynasty through his daughter, Maria Theresa, allowing the Austrian Hapsburg Empire to be safe from Spanish invasion
Test Act
law passed by Parliament requiring all civil and military officials of the crown to swear an oath against the doctrine of transubstantiation, something no loyal Catholic could honestly do
Cromwell
leader of England who succeeded Charles I; formerly a leader in the parliamentary army in the English civil war; squashed rebellions in Scotland and severely persecuted Catholics in Ireland; imposed a Puritan republic on England and ruled as a "Lord Protector", which was similar to a military dictator; disbanded Parliament and enforced Puritan prohibitions of dancing, theatergoing, and drunkenness
Bill of Rights
limited the powers of the monarchy and guaranteed the civil liberties of the English nobles; also prohibited Catholics from occupying the English throne
Jansenists
members of a Catholic religious movement in opposition to the Jesuits; adhered to the teachings of St. Augustine, as many Protestants did, and believed that the original sin had so corrupted humankind that individuals could not, by their own effort, contribute anything to their salvation; started by Flemish theologian Cornelius Jansen; officially condemned by Pope Clement XI
St. Petersburg
new capital city of Russia built by Peter the Great; full of western European style homes of Boyars and miniature versions of Versailles; served as Peter the Great's window to Europe
Fredrick William I
most effective monarch to rule the Hohenzollern domains; organized the bureaucracy along military lines, and became obsessed with building a huge, powerful army composed of giants men; built the third largest army in Europe, though Prussia's populations was ranked third in size; was known to trade paintings and artists for giant soldiers from other countries
Boyars
name for Russian nobility; wore long fur coats and large fur hats and had long bears; were very proud of being Russian
Roundheads
name for members of the parliamentary opposition in the English civil wars
Cavaliers
name for the supporters of Charles I in the English civil wars
impositions
new taxes and laws enforced by kings as ways to raise money
Act of Toleration
permitted worship by all Protestants and outlawed only Catholics and those who denied the Christian doctrine of the Trinity; however, it did not extend full political rights to persons outside the Anglican church
Liberum Veto
practice in effect in the Polish legislative body, known as the Sejm (diet); held that if any one member of the body opposed something, then it could not be passed
Parlements
regional judicial bodies in France with whom the king met with informally
Leopold I
ruler of the Hapsburg Empire who resisted the advances of the Ottoman Turks into central Europe; secured Hungary for the Hapsburg Empire
Charles VI
ruler of the Hapsburg empire who came after Leopold I; had no heir, and learning that his death would allow the Austrian Hapsburg empire to be taken by Spain, sought to provide unity within his family so that the empire would not be overthrown
Dutch East India Company
shipping and trading empire in the Netherlands that dominates trade in establishes a primarily Dutch presence in East Asia, particularly in spice-producing islands
Charles I
son of James I, who, like his father, did not get along well with Parliament and resorted to other methods to increase finances, particularly enforcing previously-neglected laws and imprisoning people unjustly; started a rebellion and war on Scotland when he tried to achieve religious uniformity by imposing the Anglican church and the Book of Common prayer on the Scots; sparked the English civil wars by forming an army and invading Parliament
Fredrick I
son of the Great Elector who built palaces, founded universities, patronized the arts, and lived luxuriously; put his army at the disposal of Leopold I in the Wars of Spanish Succession, and therefore earned the title "King of Prussia";
Puritan Republic
system of government set up by Oliver Cromwell in England after the civil wars; became more of a military dictatorship than a republic; enforced Puritan prohibitions such as dancing, theatergoing, and drunkenness
Mary II
the Protestant eldest daughter of James II who married William III of Orange and thus became an English monarch
Petition of Right
the document Parliament required Charles I to sign which required that he stop enforcing loans or taxation with consent of Parliament, imprisoning men without just reason, and forcing civilians to house soldiers
George I
the elector of Hanover who became king of Great Britain under the Act of Settlement; challenged for the throne by James Edward Stuart, the Catholic son of James II
Streltsty
the guard set up by tsars to protect Moscow and Russia; they became greedy, however, and would bully tsars into giving them more money and power, or assassinate them
Divine Right
the idea that kings were appointed by God and therefore could only be judged by God; held that although kings might be duty bound to reflect God's will in their rule, they were not duty bound to reflect the will of nobles and parliaments
Junkers
the name for Prussian nobility
Glorious Revolution
the overthrowing of the Catholic king of England, James II, by the Protestant William II of Orange and his wife Mary II
The Restoration
the restoring of the English government back to a monarchy by Charles II after the rule of Cromwell, who had changed the English government to a Puritan republic
Anne
the second daughter of James II and the heir to William III of Orange, and thus the English throne
James I
the son of Mary Queen of Scots and member of the Stuart family who succeeded the childless Elizabeth I to the English throne; believed that he would rule well without Parliament, and therefore called them into session very rarely; sought other means for income, such as impositions; strongly Anglican ruler who ended the war with Spain, making his subjects distrust him, as they viewed this as a pro-Catholic move; rumored to be the homosexual lover of the Duke of Buckingham
Aleksei
the son of Peter the Great; never demonstrated intelligence or ambition, unlike his father, and was therefore a disappointment; became involved in a conspiracy to overthrow his father as ruler, and eventually died after being tortured, imprisoned, and sentenced to death
Treaty of Dover
the treaty the declared the formal alliance of England and France against the Dutch, their commercial competition; in a secret portion of this treaty, Charles II pledged to publicly announce his conversion to Catholicism as soon as conditions permitted
Robert Walpole
took the government from George I based on royal support, his ability to handle the House of Commons, and his control of government patronage; promoted trade and peace abroad; built a powerful navy and large, strong army
Treaty of Ultrecht
treaty that ended the War of Spanish Succession and declared that Philip V remain king of Spain, gave England Gibraltar and the island of Minorca (making it a Mediterranean power), and made Louis XIV recognize the right of the House of Hanover to the English throne
Duke of Orleans
uncle and regent of Louis XV; a gambler who turned financial management of the kingdom over to John Law; attempted to draw the French nobility into the decision-making process of the government, lessening the power of the monarchy by setting up a system of councils on which nobles were to serve along with bureaucrats; formally gave full power to the Parlement of Paris to allow or reject laws
Great Northern War
war between Sweden and Russia for land surrounding the Baltic Sea; ended in Russian victory when Peter the Great defeated the Swedish Charles XII at the Battle of Poltava in Ukraine
War of Spanish Succession
wars that began when Charles II, the last Hapsburg king of Spain, died without an heir and lift his entire inheritance to Louis XIV's grandson, Philip of Anjou, leaving Spain and its American Empire to the France; England, Holland, and the Holy Roman Empire formed an alliance to ensure the balance of power and make sure that the Spanish could keep their land, and Louis further provoked them by supporting the Stuart claim to the English throne; first time in Louis's reign that France went to war with inadequate finances and poorly-trained troops; Spain won and Philip V remained king, and Louis recognized the right of the House of Hanover to the English throne
Long Parliament
when Charles I assembled the members of Parliament for a lengthy amount of time in order to convince them to help him raise finances to stop the Scottish rebellion