A.P. Euro Chapter 13 Exam
anticlericalism
Opposition of the clergy
What was the overriding goal of the Catholic religious orders established in the sixteenth century?
The Catholic Reformation was caused by a drive for internal reform with earlier reform efforts and a counter-reformation which opposed Protestants.
politiques
Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse
Who were the politiques, and what role did they play in France?
The politiques were people of both Catholic and Protestant backgrounds, who claimed that the only way to save France was to have a strong monarchy. The politiques helped gain the Huguenots' freedom and helped restore peace in France.
How did Martin Luther's position as a university professor affect the spread of the Reformation?
The position Luther had as a university professor allowed him to share his ideology with his students. These students, for example in Denmark, would bring these ideas back home to spread with their communities.
Edict of Nantes
A document issued by Henry IV of France (1598) allowing Huguenots to worship publicly in France
Discuss Lutheranism in Hungary.
Lutheranism first came to Hungary from students that study at Wittenburg. The king liked the idea of Lutheranism, however, they were concerned that German heresy would affect the nobles, so Lutheranism never really took off.
How did Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli understand the ritual of the Eucharist?
Martin Luther and his followers believed in consubstantiation, which is the belief that Jesus' body and blood are present with the bread and the wine, due to God's mystery. Zwingli, on the other hand, simply believed that the bread and wine symbolized God's body.
According to Martin Luther, how did one achieve salvation?
Martin Luther believed that the only way to achieve salvation was by faith and scripture only. Faith was a free gift from God's grace and was not gained from one's effort.
How did the Council of Trent deal with the problem of clerical ignorance?
To solve the problem with clerical ignorance, the Council of Trent came to the conclusion that the new recruits for the clergy had to be educated. Not only that, but they also had to accepted by the seminary professors.
According to some historians, Luther did not ask new questions but offered new answers to old questions. What were these questions, and what were Luther's answers?
These questions that Luther was answering were regarding papal taxes, religious faith, and the importance of the scripture. Luther answered these old questions with new ideas and his own beliefs. When Luther publicized "The 95 Theses" he explained that indulgences were a huge sin and that the mourning victims that the pope preys on were being taken advantage of. He also states that the ways of the Catholic Church needed to be abandoned and the idea of Protestantism needs to arise.
What was the fate of most people brought before the Inquisition and accused of witchcraft?
When someone was accused of witchcraft, it was very rare that they got to live. Most of the time the accused would be burned at stake. The persecuted did not have to take personal responsibility for the accusation, which caused people to blame each other more.
Huguenots
French Calvinists
Jesuits
Members of the society of Jesus whose goal was the spread of Roman Catholic faith
How did the established Catholic Church, headquartered in Rome, respond to the challenge presented by Luther and subsequent Protestant reformers? How successful was this response?
(Although Martin Luther was summoned by the Catholic Church to disband his ideas, ultimately, Martin Luther refused to give up his ideas to reform, because he claimed the Catholic Church was a corrupt system.) The Catholic Church requested that Luther meet with a church representative in Rome to discuss his ideas. Martin Luther refused to give up on his idea to reform, so the attempt was not a success.
How do the actions of both Protestant and Catholic leaders exemplify the basic political creed of uniformity prevalent in Europe in the sixteenth century?
(Although the Protestant and Catholic leaders disagreed on many things, ultimately, they both had some of the same ideas in mind because they both wanted the clergy to be more educated, simony needed to end, and clerical life had to be restricted.) Both Protestant and Catholic leaders wanted to change and improve the ways and traditions of the church. Mainly, they both thought that the clergy needed to be more educated, simony needed to end, and clerical life had to be restricted. These three similarities show the basic needs that the two sides agreed needed to change.
Discuss the Reformation in England.
King Henry VIII wanted a divorce from Catherine of Aragon, since she couldn't give him a male heir, however, the pope denied this request. King Henry decided to become the head of the Church of England, allowing him to get a divorce. Later, he would go on to have five more wives, in an attempt to have a male heir to succeed him.
How did the Council of Trent reform the priesthood?
The Council of Trent came to the final decision that to restore the priesthood, they had to make some changes to how they usually ran things. The bishops were given more power and the clergy had to be educated. Along with being educated, the new recruits had to be accepted by the seminary professors in order to even become a part of the clergy.
Discuss the dissolution of the English monasteries.
The Dissolution of English Monasteries was between 1536-1541. It was a time where King Henry VIII disbanded all the monasteries in England. In other words, King Henry broke apart the English monasteries all across England to confiscate their land.
indulgence
A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness to all sins
Spanish Armada
A fleet sent by Philip II of Spain (1588) against England as a religious crusade against Protestantism. It was defeated by the weather and the English fleet
What were the political motivations for European rulers to join the Protestant Reformation? Give specific examples of the links between politics and the reform movement.
Accepting Protestantism gave European rulers the right to legally confiscate lush farmland, rich monasteries, and wealthy shrines. Many European rulers decided to join Protestantism because they could increase their financial and political power, as well as gain independence from the emperor. King Christian IV was one of these rulers. He joined the Reformation to gain independence from the Catholic Church.
What did the Calvinists believe about work or labor?
Calvinists believed that work and labor was a way to help God see them as worthy to come of Heaven upon death, despite their fate already being decided.
The Institutes of the Christian Religion
Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism
Describe the process that led Denmark-Norway to become a Lutheran kingdom.
Danish scholars that studied at Wittenburg spread Lutheranism across Denmark from hearing of Luther's 95 theses. The king, Christian III liked the idea of Lutheranism, so he broke away from the Catholic Church and it was smooth sailing in Denmark. However, in Norway and Iceland, there were a few rebellions.
Explain how Elizabeth I handled religious affairs.
Elizabeth I had inherited a nation that had a large split between religions. To counteract these differences, she made the church and government officials swear that she was supreme in matters of religion and politics. She believed in Protestant ideas and required all her subjects to attend the Church of England.
Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed?
Elizabeth believed that Mary was creating a plan to assassinate her.
The Christian Church had experienced periodic calls for reform prior to Martin Luther's rebellion. Why did Luther's challenge to the sale of indulgences spark such a startling revolution in European history?
In response to these indulgences, Martin Luther voiced his opinion by creating and publicizing his letter called "The 95 These", which listed 95 reasons why indulgences undermined the importance of God's word and the need to preach the Gospel. Luther refused to back this call to reform and used the newly created printing press to spread his word to more people.
Why did John Calvin reject the idea of free will?
John Calvin disliked the idea of free will because he believed that it would detract from the sovereignty of God. God would not have as much power if people were allowed to do whatever they wished.
Why did Henry VIII want to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon?
King Henry VIII wished to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon because she could not provide him with a male heir.
Why did Luther's ideas appeal to many German rulers?
Luther addressed the Germans as "we Germans", which gave the Germans a feeling of nationality. This gave German rulers, who were confused by the complex religious feelings at this time, a sense of purpose.
What was an indulgence, and how did Luther's theology of salvation reject indulgences?
Luther had a strong belief that a person could only gain salvation from faith and scripture alone, not human effort. Luther rejected the idea of indulgences because he saw them as ineffective because the church did not have a sure way to secure a person's place after death. Indulgences took away the importance of the Gospel and the need to preach it.
Although the Protestant Reformation is usually interpreted as a religious movement, it had a profound impact on European civilization in general. Discuss the political, social, and economic consequences of the Reformation. How did the Reformation affect women?
Politically, the Reformation did quite a bit of harm to European civilization. As monarchs changed, the religion usually shifted, keeping the people from following one religion. Also, the monarchs started to fight even more amongst their own family. Socially, the Reformation caused many wars and no one could agree with each other. Many disagreed with their leaders' choice of religion, causing revolts. Economically, the church had less funding, since the sale of indulgences was seen as a sin by more people now. The reformation was a mix of good and bad for women. Monasteries closed, making marriage the only real job for upper-class Protestant women, and some women were sent to convents.
Discuss the impact of the Calvinist doctrine of predestination.
The Calvinist doctrine of predestination was seen as a pessimistic view of God for some. For others, this idea of predestination gave Calvinist followers a good work ethic, in which they hoped that they could be "elected" into Heaven against their pre decided fate.
Discuss the Edict of Nantes.
The Edict of Nantes was a document issued by King Henry IV of France in 1598, which allowed Huguenots, also known as French Calvinists, to publicly worship and live freely in certain parts of France. This helped restore peace in France.
Describe the Pilgrimage of Grace.
The Pilgrimage of Grace was a large rebellion against the religious changes in the north. These religious changes were caused by King Henry VIII.
How effective was the Universal Inquisition established by the papacy in 1542?
The Universal Inquisition successfully put an end to the heresy in the Catholic Church in the Papal States. Anyone outside of the Papal States was barely affected by the change.
Discuss the Ursuline order of nuns.
The Ursuline order of nuns was the first women's religious order that concentrated on educating young girls. The hope was to re-Christianize society by training future wives and mothers.
Union of Utrecht
The alliance of seven northern provinces that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands
predestination
The idea that God already determined the fate of a person based on their will and purpose
Protestant
The name originally given to followers of Luther, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups
Holy Office
The official Roman Catholic agency (1542) to combat international doctrinal heresy
Why did most ordinary Poles oppose the Lutheran reform movement?
The reason why most ordinary Poles opposed the Lutherans was that they held strong anti-German feelings.
Discuss the goals of the Council of Trent.
The two main goals of the Council of Trent were for the Catholics to create friendly relationships with the Protestants to possibly could to an agreement with the Reformation and to find a way to reform the Catholic Church. The Council of Trent did succeed in laying down a solid plan for the spiritual renewal of the church. However, they did not succeed in making peace with the Protestants.