AP Euro Chapter 14: The Catholic Reformation
Anabaptists
A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.
Pope Pius II
A corrupt Pope that practiced Pluralism
Justification by faith
Martin Luther's concept that faith alone is enough to bring salvation
The wives of Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon (Marriage annulled) Ann Boleyn (Executed for not producing male babies) and four others
Transubstantiation
Catholic doctrine of the Eucharist (ch. 14): that when the bread and wine (the elements) are consecrated by the priest at Mass, they are transformed into the actual Body and Blood of Christ.
Theocracy
Church run state
Book of Common Prayer
Influenced by Edward VI; strongly Protestant ideas, written by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, it simplified the order for all services of the Church of England.
95 Theses
Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the church door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation. He specifically argued the morality of indulgences.
Pope Julius II
Used indulgences to fund St. Peter's basilica
Charles V's invasion of Rome
When Pope Clement wavered in his support of Charles, Charles let his troops ransack rome and take the Pope.
Doctrine of Indulgements
1. God is merciful 2. God is just 3. The church can forgive sins
Peace of Augsburg
1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler
Martin Luther
95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.
Johann Tetzel
A Dominican friar that drew much attention for selling indulgences near Luther's parish
Jesuits
A religious order known as the Society of Jesus, created to strengthen support of the Church during the Counter-Reformation. Founded by Ignatius de Loyola in 1534, these "soldiers of the Counter-Reformation" were committed to doing good deeds in order to achieve salvation.
Shmalkaldic League
Defensive alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century. Had a substantial military to defend its political and religious interests.
Johannes Eck
Hostile debater to Luther
Pope Paul III
Italian pope who excommunicated Henry VIII, instituted the order of the Jesuits, appointed many reform-minded cardinals, and initiated the Council of Trent. He investigated many of the abuses in the church.
King Henry XIII
King of England that established the Anglican Church. He is known for having six wives, including Catherine of Aragon, who he tried to get an annulment from but he was denied by Pope Clement. Because of this, Henry signed the act of Supremacy, saying the State had power over the Church. His children were Edward, who kept the England Protestant, Mary, who tried to "recatholicize" England, and Elizabeth, who made England protestant.
John Calvin's beliefs
Predestination
The index
The list of books prohibited by the Catholic Church (obviously Luther's and Calvin's works are included in the Index). The goal was to protect the faith and morals of Catholics by preventing people from being contaminated. It was created during the Counter-Reformation as a way of stopping the spread of Protestantism.
John Knox
This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church. He had Calvinist views
Pope Alexander XI
corrupt Pope of the Renaissance who had mistresses and children
Thomas Cranmer
Appointed as archbishop of the new church by King Henry, he annulled the king's previous marriage with Catherine of Aragon and in 1533 Henry and Anne Boleyn successfully married. He also wrote the book of Common Prayer
Peasant Revolt of 1525
Attempt by peasants, exited by Lutheranism, to end serfdom but actually condemned by Luther and crushed by German princes.
Tridentine Decree
Bishops had to reside in their own diocese (ended pluralism, simony, and sale of indulgences), concubines had to be given up, bishops had almost absolute jurisdiction over their diocese and were supposed to visit each house of worship at least once every two weeks, each dioceses had to establish a seminary to educate and train clergy, more interest on teaching and instructing the laity, marriage vows had to be made publish so here wouldn't be any dispute about property, denials of marriage, banishment of indulgences, pluralism was supressed
Council of Trent
Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.
Institutes of Christian Religion
Calvin's basic doctrine; stated that God was all powerful and humans were wicked; God knew who was going to heaven and who was going to hell
Huguenots
Calvin's followers in France
Book of Common Order
Created by John Knox. It became the liturgical directory (public worship) for the Presbyterian Church
Spiritual Exercises
During a year of intense prayer, St. Ignatius was inspired to write this guide for spiritual perfection, which is divided into reflections and meditations meant to help the believer emulate Christ.
Puritans
English Calvinists
Martin Luther's beliefs
Justification by faith; Immorality of Indulgences and the Church in General; religious truth and authority lies in the Bible
Act of Supremacy
Law passed by Parliament that made the King head of the church in England
Consubstantiation
Luther's belief that the bread and wine is not changed but that Christ is present in spirit only
Holy Office
Official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy and to promote sounds doctrine on faith and morals. The Holy Office had power to arrest, imprison, and execute.
Act of submission of the clergy
Prevented the Church from making any regulations without the Kings consent
Elizabeth I
Queen of England from 1558 to 1603; a skillful politician and diplomat, she reasserted Protestant supremacy in England.
Catholic Reformation
Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. (p. 447)
Ulrich Zwingli
Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism. He looked to the state to supervise the church. Banned music and relics from services. Killed in a civil war.
Counter Reformation
The Catholic Church's attempt to stop the protestant movement. This involved persecution.
John Calvin
The Frenchman was influenced by Luther and converted religions and became a highly influential Protestant leader. His "The Institutes of the Christian Religion" which expressed his view on Christian teachings as faith oriented. He believed in predestination
The Vernacular
The native language. church disliked this and wrote in Latin so people won't read and think. Martin Luther was the first to translate the bible from Latin. He did this while hiding in Frederick the Wise's castle
Genevan Consistory
absence from sermons, criticisms of ministers, dancing, card playing, family quarrels, and heavy drinking were investigated and punished by this. John Calvin created this
Ursuline Nuns
found by Angela Merici; women who tried to raise women's education awareness. They taught young girls and re-Christianized mothers and wives. First teaching of women established in the church. Similar to the Jesuits