AP Euro Chapter 14: The Catholic Reformation

Anabaptists

A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.

Pope Pius II

A corrupt Pope that practiced Pluralism

Justification by faith

Martin Luther's concept that faith alone is enough to bring salvation

The wives of Henry VIII

Catherine of Aragon (Marriage annulled) Ann Boleyn (Executed for not producing male babies) and four others

Transubstantiation

Catholic doctrine of the Eucharist (ch. 14): that when the bread and wine (the elements) are consecrated by the priest at Mass, they are transformed into the actual Body and Blood of Christ.

Theocracy

Church run state

Book of Common Prayer

Influenced by Edward VI; strongly Protestant ideas, written by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, it simplified the order for all services of the Church of England.

95 Theses

Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the church door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation. He specifically argued the morality of indulgences.

Pope Julius II

Used indulgences to fund St. Peter's basilica

Charles V's invasion of Rome

When Pope Clement wavered in his support of Charles, Charles let his troops ransack rome and take the Pope.

Doctrine of Indulgements

1. God is merciful 2. God is just 3. The church can forgive sins

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

Johann Tetzel

A Dominican friar that drew much attention for selling indulgences near Luther's parish

Jesuits

A religious order known as the Society of Jesus, created to strengthen support of the Church during the Counter-Reformation. Founded by Ignatius de Loyola in 1534, these "soldiers of the Counter-Reformation" were committed to doing good deeds in order to achieve salvation.

Shmalkaldic League

Defensive alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century. Had a substantial military to defend its political and religious interests.

Johannes Eck

Hostile debater to Luther

Pope Paul III

Italian pope who excommunicated Henry VIII, instituted the order of the Jesuits, appointed many reform-minded cardinals, and initiated the Council of Trent. He investigated many of the abuses in the church.

King Henry XIII

King of England that established the Anglican Church. He is known for having six wives, including Catherine of Aragon, who he tried to get an annulment from but he was denied by Pope Clement. Because of this, Henry signed the act of Supremacy, saying the State had power over the Church. His children were Edward, who kept the England Protestant, Mary, who tried to "recatholicize" England, and Elizabeth, who made England protestant.

John Calvin's beliefs

Predestination

The index

The list of books prohibited by the Catholic Church (obviously Luther's and Calvin's works are included in the Index). The goal was to protect the faith and morals of Catholics by preventing people from being contaminated. It was created during the Counter-Reformation as a way of stopping the spread of Protestantism.

John Knox

This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church. He had Calvinist views

Pope Alexander XI

corrupt Pope of the Renaissance who had mistresses and children

Thomas Cranmer

Appointed as archbishop of the new church by King Henry, he annulled the king's previous marriage with Catherine of Aragon and in 1533 Henry and Anne Boleyn successfully married. He also wrote the book of Common Prayer

Peasant Revolt of 1525

Attempt by peasants, exited by Lutheranism, to end serfdom but actually condemned by Luther and crushed by German princes.

Tridentine Decree

Bishops had to reside in their own diocese (ended pluralism, simony, and sale of indulgences), concubines had to be given up, bishops had almost absolute jurisdiction over their diocese and were supposed to visit each house of worship at least once every two weeks, each dioceses had to establish a seminary to educate and train clergy, more interest on teaching and instructing the laity, marriage vows had to be made publish so here wouldn't be any dispute about property, denials of marriage, banishment of indulgences, pluralism was supressed

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Institutes of Christian Religion

Calvin's basic doctrine; stated that God was all powerful and humans were wicked; God knew who was going to heaven and who was going to hell

Huguenots

Calvin's followers in France

Book of Common Order

Created by John Knox. It became the liturgical directory (public worship) for the Presbyterian Church

Spiritual Exercises

During a year of intense prayer, St. Ignatius was inspired to write this guide for spiritual perfection, which is divided into reflections and meditations meant to help the believer emulate Christ.

Puritans

English Calvinists

Martin Luther's beliefs

Justification by faith; Immorality of Indulgences and the Church in General; religious truth and authority lies in the Bible

Act of Supremacy

Law passed by Parliament that made the King head of the church in England

Consubstantiation

Luther's belief that the bread and wine is not changed but that Christ is present in spirit only

Holy Office

Official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy and to promote sounds doctrine on faith and morals. The Holy Office had power to arrest, imprison, and execute.

Act of submission of the clergy

Prevented the Church from making any regulations without the Kings consent

Elizabeth I

Queen of England from 1558 to 1603; a skillful politician and diplomat, she reasserted Protestant supremacy in England.

Catholic Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. (p. 447)

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism. He looked to the state to supervise the church. Banned music and relics from services. Killed in a civil war.

Counter Reformation

The Catholic Church's attempt to stop the protestant movement. This involved persecution.

John Calvin

The Frenchman was influenced by Luther and converted religions and became a highly influential Protestant leader. His "The Institutes of the Christian Religion" which expressed his view on Christian teachings as faith oriented. He believed in predestination

The Vernacular

The native language. church disliked this and wrote in Latin so people won't read and think. Martin Luther was the first to translate the bible from Latin. He did this while hiding in Frederick the Wise's castle

Genevan Consistory

absence from sermons, criticisms of ministers, dancing, card playing, family quarrels, and heavy drinking were investigated and punished by this. John Calvin created this

Ursuline Nuns

found by Angela Merici; women who tried to raise women's education awareness. They taught young girls and re-Christianized mothers and wives. First teaching of women established in the church. Similar to the Jesuits