AP Euro, Chapter 15 IDs

Defenestration of Prague

When protestant nobles declared their resistance by throwing two Habsburg governers and a secretary out of the window of the royal castle in Prague. This began the conflicts between the Protestant Bohemians and Catholic Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand and began the Thirty Year's war in 1618.

Janissaries

a group composed of Christian boys who had been taken from their parents, converted to the Muslim faith, and been subjected to rigid military discipline to form an elite core of 8,000 troops which were personally loyal to the sultan

Absolutism

otherwise known as absolute monarchy, meaning that the ultimate authority of the state resided in the hands of the King who claimed to rule by divine right (the king received his power from God and enforced God's rules) therefor the King's power was considered absolute just like God's

William Shakespeare

(1564-1616) - first appeared in London in 1592 - the most well known and famous theater man of his time - "complete man of the theater" - play-write, actor and shareholder in the chief company of his time, the Lord Chamberlain's Company - master of the English language and instrumental in codifying the language - had a remarkable understanding of human emotion and intellect

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

(1619-1683) Louis XIV's controller of general finance who sought to increase the wealth and power of France through general adherence to mercantilism, which stressed government regulation of economic activities to benefit the state.

Frederick William the Great Elector

(1640-1688) This man: - laid the foundation for the Prussian State - built a large, competent and efficient standing army, and established the General War Commissariat to levy taxes which paid for the army and it's needs - he created Serfdom throughout Brandenburg-Prussia, taking power from the nobles in exchange for giving them tax exemptions and free reigning power over the peasants - and he also followed mercantilist policies to increase Brandenburg-Prussia's economy

English Civil War

(1642-1646) - a war of Parliament (who had many Puritans, led by John Pym) against Charles I - Parliament was victorious in the first faze of this war, due to the creation of the New Model Army, and they captured Charles I - negotiations between parliamentary forces lead to Charles's escape, however he was recaptured - The Presbyterian members of the Parliament were purged and the House of Commons then tried Charles who was charged of treason and adjudged and then beheaded in 1649

Louis XIV

(1643-1715) "the poster King of absolute sovereignty" - this King's strength and tactics for ruling were regarded as the greatest of the seventeenth century. This because he ruled through an absolute monarchy in which his word and power was almighty. This style of ruling is reflected in many of the key parts of society. - Said "one king, one law, one faith" - revoke Edict of Nantes and replaced it with the Edit of Fontainbleu

Leopold I of Austria

(1658-1705) he encouraged the eastward movement of the Austrian Empire however he was challenged by the Ottoman empire

Constitutionalism

- Government in which power is distributed and limited by a system of laws that the rulers must obey - A constitutional system of government and the advocacy of such a system (sourced from the Free Dictionary)

The Fronde

A revolt during Mazarin's rule: - the first one occurred from 1648-1649, led by the nobles of the robe members of which were also members of the Paris Parliament. They strongly opposed the taxes created by the government to pay for the Thirty Years War. It was ended with a compromise between the opposing sides (Mazarin and nobles of the robe). - the Second one occurred from 1650-1652, led by the the nobles of the sword whose ancestors were medieval nobles. Their motive for distress was to overthrow Mazarin for their own personal gain, which was to secure positions and to gain power and strength

Intendants

Royal officials of seventh-century France whose job was to execute the orders of the central government, which they did well at. These people usually came from the middle classes.

William III of Orange

(1672-1702) - a strong Protestant leader - advocated for a decentralized or republic form of government - the major leader of the Glorious Revolution - became the ruler of England after disposing of Charles II

War of Spanish Succession

(1702-1713) the fourth war under the reign of Louis XIV which was fought to over who would be the successor to the Spanish throne. After Charles II, a Habsburg ruler, died he left the throne to Louis XIV as he had no children. However, France and Spain being under the same dynasty caused the formation of a new coalition which wanted to prevent to a formation of a Bourbon hegemony which would upset the delicate European balance of powers. This war was ended with the peace of Urtrecht and the Peace of Rashatt which affirmed that the Spanish and French thrones would remain separate.

Oliver Cromwell

- dedicated Puritan who helped form the New Model Army - instrumental leader of the Parliamentary forces in the English Civil War - had vastly different ideas than those of the Levellers - destroyed both the King and Parliament - helped draw up the Instrument of Government, England's first and only constitution - 1655 he dissolved parliament and divided the country into eleven regions each ruled by a major general who served virtually as a military governor - resorted on to military force to maintain the rule of the independents - died in 1658

Treaty of Westphalia

- ended the war in Germany in 1648 - made clear that religion and politics were separate - marks the beginning of a modern international order in which sovereign states began to operate as equals within a secular frame work

Peter the Great

- reigned over Russia from 1689 to 1725 - a rude and coarse man who had poor manners - had goals to Europeanize Russia, largely in technical ways, he wanted to implement their technologies to better the power of Russia through a great army and navy - reorganized the central government along Western lines - created a senate to supervise the administrative machinery of the state, however it was fairly ineffective and he then instituted the Western idea of "colleges" otherwise know as boards of administrators who had specific jobs - instituted the Table of Ranks to create an opportunity for non-noblemen to serve the state and join the nobility - adopted Western mercantilist policies to help fund his armies - sought to control the Russian Orthodox Church - created many domestic reforms which reflected Western culture, women greatly benefited from these reforms

Baroque Period

- replaced Mannerism art forms - embraced by the Catholic reform movement - the artists of this style worked to bring Renaissance ideals and spiritual feelings together - light and shadow techniques - this art form was used by many Monarchs as well as Catholic patrons to show their wealth and power Artists: - Paul Rubens (1577-1640), painted The Landing of Marie de' Madici at Marseilles, Flemish artist - Gian Lorenzo (1598-1680), architect and sculptor, completed Saint Peter's Basilica at the Vatican, as part of this he sculpted the Throne of Saint Peter and the Ecstasy of Saint Theresa - Artemisia Gentileschi (1593-1653), painted Judith Beheading Holoferness

The Restoration

Charles II returned to England after 11 years of exile, because of the English revolution the power of Parliament was recognized and it keep most of the power it had won during the war. In addition an new parliament was formed which restored the Anglican Church as the official church of England. Charles opposed this however and issued the Declaration of Indulgence. The parliament again fought back however and they passed the Test Act of 1673 and they greatly opposed the thought of Charles's Catholic brother James being the next heir to the throne. James then inherited the throne and proceed to progress his Catholic interests.

Cardinal Richelieu

The minister who took administrative power over the monarch from 1624 to 1642 while the heirs to the throne, Louis XIII and Louis XIV, where in capable to rule due to their young age. (He was their Regent) Further he strengthened the monarch during his time in many ways: - he transformed the Huguenots into more reliable subjects by eliminating their political and military power while still maintaining their religious rights - he eliminated at plots formed by influential nobles which posed major threats to royal authority - he brings Mercantilism to France - Most importantly he started the use of intendants which helped him to directly execute the orders from the central government - however his one downfall was finance, during his time the French debt continued to grow

Witchcraft 16th & 17th Century

This evolved from Religious uncertainties of the people and a society that was in turmoil at the time. Many communal values were changing as the a new economic ethic evolved. Women in need were especially susceptible to suspicion as they sold things such as herbs and potions to earn money, making them perfect scapegoats to the ongoing issues in the 16th and 17th Centuries. - the medieval church connected these people to the activities of the devil - women were more commonly persecuted as they were generally considered inferior to men - More than 100,000 people persecuted on charges of this - intense torture was the usually the part of the practice when persecuted - people confessing to this practice of said they engaged in practices such as swearing allegiance to the devil, attending sabbats, and copulating with the devil as well as the use of ointment, powders, and incantation to harm others.

The Glorious Revolution

William of Orange was invited to invade England by a group of prominent noblemen which sparked this revolution. King James fled. William and Mary were confirmed as monarchs, they enacted the Bill of Rights in 1689, and then the Toleration Act of 1689 . This revolution is often viewed as the end of the seventeenth century struggle between king and parliament.

Versailles

a chateau constructed under the reign of Louis XIV which served many purposes; it was the residence of King Louis XIV, a reception hall for state affairs, and office building for the members of the king's government and the home of thousands of royal officials and aristocratic courtiers. This grand building became a symbol of the French absolutist state, a representation of the power of Louis XIV (the Sun King), and a visible representation of France's superiority and wealth

Mannerism

the idea that the artist has individual techniques; reflective of the environment of post Renaissance, had a deliberate attempt to break down the High Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, and moderation - Features of this include: dissonance and discord, emotion, imagination, instability, distortion and elongation, dark an disturbing imagery, lurid colors, crowed spaces, void of a center point or figure, hanging/floating figures Artists include: - El Greco, painted Laocoon, settled in Spain - Caravaggio, painted

Gustavus Adolphus

the king of Sweden 1611-1632 - responsible for reviving Sweden and transforming it into an great Baltic power - devout Lutheran - fought in Germany for the rights of fellow Lutherans - developed the first standing army of conscripts, notable for the flexibility of its tactics and used cavalry in a more mobile fashion - use of movable cannons greatly helped his army - died at the Battle of Lutzen in 1632