AP Euro: Chapter 17

What was the Seven Years' War over?

Maria Theresa trying to regain control of and then divide Prussia (from Frederick the Great), the land that her father left her

Joseph II

Maria Theresa's son, who abolished serfdom and allowed peasants to pay in money rather than in labor (this was later undone to regain order)

What did the Habsburgs do for bureaucracy?

Perfected it

What was the main cause of the Enlightenment?

Scientific Revolution

Copernican hypothesis

idea that the sun rather than the earth was the center of the universe

How did Ptolemy say planets move?

in epicycles, small circles, within deferents, larger circles

law of inertia

law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force

Brahe

leading astronomer of Europe with observations of new star and had the most sophisticated observatory

What were scientists like in protestant countries?

made scientific inquiry a question of individual conscience

salonnieres

mediated debates/discussions

Voltaire

most famous philosophe; championed religious tolerance

rococo

popular style in Europe in the 18th century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry eyed lovers protected by Cupid

What caused the spread of the Enlightenment?

reading revolution and discussion and debate at salons

What was the favorite word of enlightened thinkers?

reason

David Hume

said mind was ONLY impressions, which undermined the power of reason

rationalism

secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith and everything was to be submitted to reason

What did the Scientific Revolution begin with?

study of the cosmos

Haskalah

the Jewish Enlightenment of the second half of the 18th century, lead by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn

deism

the belief that God created the universe and let it run according to natural laws

cameralism

view that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good

Encyclopedia

written by a group of Philosophes to record all new information; Diderot was the chief editor

Montesquieu

wrote satires criticizing society; promoted liberty and prevention of tyranny and wanted seperation of powers

Who supported and didn't support Copernicus?

Supported: Brahe & Kepler's research Against: Catholic Church- where is heaven? Science over God, Galileo Galilei was tortured to deny that he supports him

How did the Catholic church respond to Copernicus's theory?

They banned his works and denied that the world is heliocentric (Copernicus was Catholic)

For Voltaire, God was?

a clock maker who built an orderly system and then stepped back and let it run

natural education

-children are naturally good and entitled to an education, focusing on freedom and happiness -education should vary because people develop at different rates -children should be encouraged to draw their own conclusions "discovery learning" **Roussea supported**

What did Kepler find?

-elliptical orbits -plants don't move at a constant speed -time for complete orbit is dependent on planet's distance from the sun (part of gravitation) *He united cosmology and math

How did the Scientific Revolution effect the economy?

It increased the amount of funding

What did the Copernican hypothesis indicate about Heaven?

The location of Heaven is unknown

What is the rationale behind the concept of benevolent absolutism?

it was the best chance of improving society considering the monarchs would never give up their power

Pierre Bayle

most famous skeptic, who wrote the popular, Dictionary, and increased interest in Judaism

salons

regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science and philosophy

How was science a part of society?

sponsored by governments and monarchs & created an international scientific community

How did the government respond to new scientific development?

supported and directed research and the state sponsored national academies of science; scientists questioned government however

enlightened absolutism

term coined by historians to describe the rule of the 18th century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress and tolerance

What were Catherine the Great of Russia's goals for her reign?

*Integrate western Europe's culture into Russia *Domestic Reform -restricted torture and allowed some religious tolerance, improved education, and improved government *Territorial expansion (SUCCESSFUL) -Poland disappeared

What did they believe/know about the body?

-Blood, phlegm, black and yellow bile imbalance= illness, which was "cured" by blood letting (expelling "excess" blood) -Experimented by studying corpses and experimenting with medicine -Blood circulates through veins and arteries

What were the three reasons that France led the Enlightenment?

-French was the international language of educated classes -Weren't as restrained on what they could say about the church and the state -Reached large audience through the Republic of Letters

What proved the Copernican theory?

-Jupiter's moon couldn't be embedded in a crystal sphere based on what Galileo saw with his telescope -Brahe & Kepler's findings (individually) also supported the theory

What reforms did Maria Theresa (Austrian Habsburgs) introduce to strengthen the state and its efficiency?

-Limited Papacy's political influence -Strengthened Central Bureaucracy, made nobility pay taxes, sorted Provinces -Improved Agricultural Workers (less power of serfs)

What are the three concepts that compose enlightened thinking?

-Natural science should be used to understand all aspects of life -the scientific method could be used to discover the laws of human society and nature -Progress to create better societies and people

Rosseau

-Popular Sovereignty (vote on representatives) -general will reflected common interests of all -wanted gender roles to be divided and for women to stay at home -one of most influential Enlightenment thinkers

What did Galileo Galilei do?

-Used controlled experiments to formulate laws of motion and inertia that were expressed in mathematical formulas -First to use telescope for astronomical observation (lead to irrefutable support for heliocentric view) -RETRACTED SUPPORT FOR COPURNICAN THEORY when tried and threatened to be tortured

How did John Locke differ from Rene Descartes?

-all ideas are derived from experience -human development is therefore determined by education and social institutions, for good or for evil

inductive method

Bacon's method of direct observation of phenomena that creates data that is recorded and used to create a hypothesis that is later retested; controlled experiments

Where was the Enlightenment most developed?

France

Scientific Method

a combination of Bacon's inductive and Descartes' deductive methods that required: -belief in existence of regular patterns in nature -controlled experiments to record facts and verify hypotheses -search for mathematical formulas

empiricism

a theory that Bacon formalized, of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation

Republic of Letters

an imaginary transnational realm of the well-educated

What art styles were present in this time period?

baroque to rococo

What did Rene Descartes do?

discovered relationship between geometry and algebra; motion is constant & created Cartesian dualism

Pragmatic Sanction

the diplomatic agreement that had guaranteed Maria Theresa's inheritance from her father

sensationalism

the idea that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions

Enlightenment

the influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress

Boyle's law

the pressure of a gas varies inversely with volume

Cartesian dualism

Descarte's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter

What caused the Scientific Revolution?

-medieval universities -ancient works recovered through translations -Patrons funded scientific investigations -Artists valued realism and perspective, which lead to the value of close observation and mathematics -Printing was cheaper and faster -Seamen had navigational problems and issues with scientific instruments -Interest in astrology *Had believed only God could create such magic, but science explained mysteries

What did philosophes support?

1. Reason 2. Nature and natural laws 3. Happiness 4. Progress 5. Liberty -freedom of expression 6. Toleration -full religious tolerance

deductive method

Descartes' method of doubting all "known" things and used logical reasoning to deduce various inferences

How were radical works spread?

As manuscripts to avoid being destroyed

What was believed about religious truth?

Could never be certain

What did Robert Boyle do?

Founded chemistry; elements composed of small atoms; created Boyle's law

Frederick the Great of Prussia

Frederick caused the Seven Years' War by taking Prussia from Maria Theresa (broke the Pragmatic Sanction) -allowed his subjects to believe as they did and improved school

experimental method

Galileo's approach that the proper way to explore the workings of the universe was through repeatable experiments rather than speculation

What did the church believe about the placement of earth?

God put Earth in the center of the universe (geocentric view); Earth is thus a special place

How did people view race?

Half viewed race as a hierarchy and others used the logic that race was due to climate

What was the 1st major text of the Enlightenment and what did it say?

John Locke's "Essay Containing Human Understanding"; all knowledge from experience

law of universal gravitation

Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

How was the lower class involved in the Enlightenment?

Peasants and urban laborers were thought to be too untalented to be included in the Enlightenment, but they were still exposed to the ideas of the age through coffee shops (equalizing force) and book lending libraries

What put an end to Catherine the Great's domestic reforms?

Peasants protested serfdom, taxes, and army service, making them be viewed as dangerous

Who was the most famous skeptic of The Enlightenment?

Pierre Bayle

What was the greatest European power?

Prussia

What countries led the way in the new style of enlightened monarchs?

Prussia, Russia, and Austria

Who brought Aristotelian philosophy into harmony with Christian doctrine?

St. Thomas Aquinas

What was Voltaire's attitude towards government?

The best one could hope for was a good monarch. -citizens only depend on the laws that protect their freedom

natural philosophy

an early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; encompassed everything we consider "science" today

public sphere

an idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economics, and politics

Baruch Spinoza

excommunicated from Jewish community for his religious ideas; believed body and mind are united & God and nature are synonyms

What was science's attitude towards women?

female members weren't allowed in the academies

philosophes

group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow creatures in the Age of Enlightenment

reading revolution

the transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of partriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse

How did philosophes feel about women?

the treatment of women was the best indicator of society's decency and civilization

How did Jews handle discrimatory laws against them?

they advocated for their freedom and civil rights and Joseph II helped integrate them into population and they eventually won full legal and civil rights