AP Euro: Chapter 17
What was the Seven Years' War over?
Maria Theresa trying to regain control of and then divide Prussia (from Frederick the Great), the land that her father left her
Joseph II
Maria Theresa's son, who abolished serfdom and allowed peasants to pay in money rather than in labor (this was later undone to regain order)
What did the Habsburgs do for bureaucracy?
Perfected it
What was the main cause of the Enlightenment?
Scientific Revolution
Copernican hypothesis
idea that the sun rather than the earth was the center of the universe
How did Ptolemy say planets move?
in epicycles, small circles, within deferents, larger circles
law of inertia
law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force
Brahe
leading astronomer of Europe with observations of new star and had the most sophisticated observatory
What were scientists like in protestant countries?
made scientific inquiry a question of individual conscience
salonnieres
mediated debates/discussions
Voltaire
most famous philosophe; championed religious tolerance
rococo
popular style in Europe in the 18th century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry eyed lovers protected by Cupid
What caused the spread of the Enlightenment?
reading revolution and discussion and debate at salons
What was the favorite word of enlightened thinkers?
reason
David Hume
said mind was ONLY impressions, which undermined the power of reason
rationalism
secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith and everything was to be submitted to reason
What did the Scientific Revolution begin with?
study of the cosmos
Haskalah
the Jewish Enlightenment of the second half of the 18th century, lead by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn
deism
the belief that God created the universe and let it run according to natural laws
cameralism
view that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good
Encyclopedia
written by a group of Philosophes to record all new information; Diderot was the chief editor
Montesquieu
wrote satires criticizing society; promoted liberty and prevention of tyranny and wanted seperation of powers
Who supported and didn't support Copernicus?
Supported: Brahe & Kepler's research Against: Catholic Church- where is heaven? Science over God, Galileo Galilei was tortured to deny that he supports him
How did the Catholic church respond to Copernicus's theory?
They banned his works and denied that the world is heliocentric (Copernicus was Catholic)
For Voltaire, God was?
a clock maker who built an orderly system and then stepped back and let it run
natural education
-children are naturally good and entitled to an education, focusing on freedom and happiness -education should vary because people develop at different rates -children should be encouraged to draw their own conclusions "discovery learning" **Roussea supported**
What did Kepler find?
-elliptical orbits -plants don't move at a constant speed -time for complete orbit is dependent on planet's distance from the sun (part of gravitation) *He united cosmology and math
How did the Scientific Revolution effect the economy?
It increased the amount of funding
What did the Copernican hypothesis indicate about Heaven?
The location of Heaven is unknown
What is the rationale behind the concept of benevolent absolutism?
it was the best chance of improving society considering the monarchs would never give up their power
Pierre Bayle
most famous skeptic, who wrote the popular, Dictionary, and increased interest in Judaism
salons
regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science and philosophy
How was science a part of society?
sponsored by governments and monarchs & created an international scientific community
How did the government respond to new scientific development?
supported and directed research and the state sponsored national academies of science; scientists questioned government however
enlightened absolutism
term coined by historians to describe the rule of the 18th century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress and tolerance
What were Catherine the Great of Russia's goals for her reign?
*Integrate western Europe's culture into Russia *Domestic Reform -restricted torture and allowed some religious tolerance, improved education, and improved government *Territorial expansion (SUCCESSFUL) -Poland disappeared
What did they believe/know about the body?
-Blood, phlegm, black and yellow bile imbalance= illness, which was "cured" by blood letting (expelling "excess" blood) -Experimented by studying corpses and experimenting with medicine -Blood circulates through veins and arteries
What were the three reasons that France led the Enlightenment?
-French was the international language of educated classes -Weren't as restrained on what they could say about the church and the state -Reached large audience through the Republic of Letters
What proved the Copernican theory?
-Jupiter's moon couldn't be embedded in a crystal sphere based on what Galileo saw with his telescope -Brahe & Kepler's findings (individually) also supported the theory
What reforms did Maria Theresa (Austrian Habsburgs) introduce to strengthen the state and its efficiency?
-Limited Papacy's political influence -Strengthened Central Bureaucracy, made nobility pay taxes, sorted Provinces -Improved Agricultural Workers (less power of serfs)
What are the three concepts that compose enlightened thinking?
-Natural science should be used to understand all aspects of life -the scientific method could be used to discover the laws of human society and nature -Progress to create better societies and people
Rosseau
-Popular Sovereignty (vote on representatives) -general will reflected common interests of all -wanted gender roles to be divided and for women to stay at home -one of most influential Enlightenment thinkers
What did Galileo Galilei do?
-Used controlled experiments to formulate laws of motion and inertia that were expressed in mathematical formulas -First to use telescope for astronomical observation (lead to irrefutable support for heliocentric view) -RETRACTED SUPPORT FOR COPURNICAN THEORY when tried and threatened to be tortured
How did John Locke differ from Rene Descartes?
-all ideas are derived from experience -human development is therefore determined by education and social institutions, for good or for evil
inductive method
Bacon's method of direct observation of phenomena that creates data that is recorded and used to create a hypothesis that is later retested; controlled experiments
Where was the Enlightenment most developed?
France
Scientific Method
a combination of Bacon's inductive and Descartes' deductive methods that required: -belief in existence of regular patterns in nature -controlled experiments to record facts and verify hypotheses -search for mathematical formulas
empiricism
a theory that Bacon formalized, of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation
Republic of Letters
an imaginary transnational realm of the well-educated
What art styles were present in this time period?
baroque to rococo
What did Rene Descartes do?
discovered relationship between geometry and algebra; motion is constant & created Cartesian dualism
Pragmatic Sanction
the diplomatic agreement that had guaranteed Maria Theresa's inheritance from her father
sensationalism
the idea that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions
Enlightenment
the influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress
Boyle's law
the pressure of a gas varies inversely with volume
Cartesian dualism
Descarte's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter
What caused the Scientific Revolution?
-medieval universities -ancient works recovered through translations -Patrons funded scientific investigations -Artists valued realism and perspective, which lead to the value of close observation and mathematics -Printing was cheaper and faster -Seamen had navigational problems and issues with scientific instruments -Interest in astrology *Had believed only God could create such magic, but science explained mysteries
What did philosophes support?
1. Reason 2. Nature and natural laws 3. Happiness 4. Progress 5. Liberty -freedom of expression 6. Toleration -full religious tolerance
deductive method
Descartes' method of doubting all "known" things and used logical reasoning to deduce various inferences
How were radical works spread?
As manuscripts to avoid being destroyed
What was believed about religious truth?
Could never be certain
What did Robert Boyle do?
Founded chemistry; elements composed of small atoms; created Boyle's law
Frederick the Great of Prussia
Frederick caused the Seven Years' War by taking Prussia from Maria Theresa (broke the Pragmatic Sanction) -allowed his subjects to believe as they did and improved school
experimental method
Galileo's approach that the proper way to explore the workings of the universe was through repeatable experiments rather than speculation
What did the church believe about the placement of earth?
God put Earth in the center of the universe (geocentric view); Earth is thus a special place
How did people view race?
Half viewed race as a hierarchy and others used the logic that race was due to climate
What was the 1st major text of the Enlightenment and what did it say?
John Locke's "Essay Containing Human Understanding"; all knowledge from experience
law of universal gravitation
Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
How was the lower class involved in the Enlightenment?
Peasants and urban laborers were thought to be too untalented to be included in the Enlightenment, but they were still exposed to the ideas of the age through coffee shops (equalizing force) and book lending libraries
What put an end to Catherine the Great's domestic reforms?
Peasants protested serfdom, taxes, and army service, making them be viewed as dangerous
Who was the most famous skeptic of The Enlightenment?
Pierre Bayle
What was the greatest European power?
Prussia
What countries led the way in the new style of enlightened monarchs?
Prussia, Russia, and Austria
Who brought Aristotelian philosophy into harmony with Christian doctrine?
St. Thomas Aquinas
What was Voltaire's attitude towards government?
The best one could hope for was a good monarch. -citizens only depend on the laws that protect their freedom
natural philosophy
an early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; encompassed everything we consider "science" today
public sphere
an idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economics, and politics
Baruch Spinoza
excommunicated from Jewish community for his religious ideas; believed body and mind are united & God and nature are synonyms
What was science's attitude towards women?
female members weren't allowed in the academies
philosophes
group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow creatures in the Age of Enlightenment
reading revolution
the transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of partriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse
How did philosophes feel about women?
the treatment of women was the best indicator of society's decency and civilization
How did Jews handle discrimatory laws against them?
they advocated for their freedom and civil rights and Joseph II helped integrate them into population and they eventually won full legal and civil rights