AP Euro Chapter 4: The wars of religion
Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
August 18, 1572. Queen Catherine de Medici of France orders the massacre of thousands of Protestants who attended the wedding in Paris of her daughter, Margaret, to Henry of Navarre.
War of the three Henrys
• Henry III 1574-1589 - Has Henry of Guise assassinated in 1588 • Henry of Guise - Distraught member of family assassinates Henry III in 1589 • Henry of Navarre - Becomes king of France by default.
Concordat of Bologna
(1516) This was the treaty with the papacy and France, where Francis I agreed to recognize the supremacy of the papacy over a universal council. In return, the French crown gained the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots. This treaty was signed as a way for Francis I to make money. This allowed the French to pick their own priests for the churches, as a last resort to save money.
Henry II
(1519~1559)King of France from 31 March 1547 until his death in 1559.His untimely death in a jousting tournament, leaving his young sons on the throne under the influence of such dominant people as Mary Queen of Scots and Queen Catherine de Medici marked the beginning of decades of religious violence in France between Protestants and Catholics.
Peace of Augsberg, 1555
(1555) It was turning point agreement between Charles V and German Princes to the historic reformation and it ended the German religious warfare. It declared that Lutheranism was a legal, permanent religion along with Catholicism. It also stated that German princes could determine the religion over his subjects.
Edict of Nantes, 1598
1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants
Louis XIII
1610-1643; inherited throne at very young age; ruthless and cruel to nobility; appointed Cardinal Richelieu as president of council of ministers who consolidated French power to the throne; restricted Edict of Nantes; no power to tax
Swedish interlude of 30 yrs war
1630-1635, Sweden under the rule of Gustavus Adolphus invades Germany from the north and is eventually defeated by the HRE
Treaty of Westphalia
1648 Peace of Westphalia. Ended the Thirty Years War; recognized Dutch Indepence, extended terms of the Peace of Augsburg to Calvinists, weakend the authority of the Holy Roman Empire; turning point in European political, religious, social history
Origins of Absolutism
A political belief that one ruler should hold all of the power within the boundaries of a country. Goal: to control every aspect of society. Believed in: divine right; idea that God created the monarchy and they were God's representative.
Danish period of 30 yrs war
Christian IV of Denmark, a Lutheran, entered the war to bolster the weakened Protestant position in Germany and to annex German lands for his son. Ferdinand 2nd countered by commissioning Albert of Wallenstein (1625-1629 ) to raise a mercenary army, which pillaged and plundered Germany and defeated the Danes in 1626.
30 years' war, 1618-1648
EXCEEDINGLY COMPLEX. GERMAN CIVIL WAR FOUGHT OVER CATHOLIC PROTESTANT ISSUE - ESPECIALLY OVER CALVINISM. ALSO FOUGHT OVER CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES, BETW. EMPEROR SEEKING TO BUILD UP THE CENTRAL POWER OF THE EMPIRE AND THE MEMBER STATES STRUGGLING TO MAINTAIN INDEPENDENCE. ALSO BECAME INTERNATIONAL AND FURTHER COMPLICATED BY USE OF MERCENARIES WHOSE LOYALTIES WERE CHANGEABLE.
Treaty of CateauCambresis of 1559
Ended the long conflict known as the Hapsburg-Valois war; Spain was essentially the victor, and France was forced to recognize Spanish control over areas like Italy, etc; this treaty did not end religious conflict however—Catholics and Protestants continued to riot and kill each other.
Elector Frederick
Frederick William the "Great Elector." Calvinist, but allowed religious toleration to Catholics and Jews. Ongoing struggle between Sweden and Poland for control of Baltic after 1648 and wars of Louis XIV created atmosphere of permanent crisis. He oversaw Prussian militarism and created the most efficient army in Europe. Established Prussia as a Great Power.
Politiques
French political faction with no strong religious ties that tried to manipulate political divisions in France for its own political gain.
Final period of 30 yrs war
Gustas Ablophos (King of Sweden) attacked Catholic forces in Bohemia. He won many battles but died in battle in 1632. This Protestant push, however, got the emperor to annull the Edict of Restitution. In the final phase, the Swedish French Phase, the French cardinal Richelieu, who basically ruled France, aided the Protestants so they would weaken Germany. The HRE ended the war by adding Calvinist to the Peace of Ausberg.
Catholic League
Holy League, was a league of Catholic's that fought in the French Wars of Religion against the Huguenots. The Catholic League received considerable aid from Spain which wanted the eradication of Protestants in Europe. Significance: The Catholic League was significant in the French Wars of Religion because it opposed the Protestants and urged the continuation of the war against the Protestants after Henry III allowed concessions toward the Huguenots. The Catholic League also led the fight against the succession of Henry IV to the throne because Henry IV was a Protestant.
Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)
Huguenot. Became Henry IV and started the Bourbon dynasty, converted to Catholicism to save his dynasty, "Paris is well worth a Mass" Married Catherine de Medici's daughter
Gustavus Adolphus, r. 16111632
Lutheran king of Sweden, also a brilliant military strategist, who began the Swedish portion of the war. He won the battle at Brientenfeld with was a turning point in the war. He was killed in the battle of Lutzen, 1632.
Guise family
One of the Noble families. They were the rival Catholic faction. -Seizes power & persecutes Protestants -1662: find Huguenots worshipping peacefully, go in and attack them, begins the Civil War (40 yrs) -Solution: Royal family arranges a marriage between Catholics and Protestant, Henry Bourbon (Calvin) & Marguerite Valois (Catholic) -Marguerite is in love with Guis, saw it as an opportunity, convince the people to attack the Huguenots coming for the wedding
Admiral Gaspard de Coligny
Part of the Bourbon family and a Huguenot leader. Becomes an adviser to Henry IX. After his attempted assassination by the Guises, caused Catherine to have the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
Ferdinand II
Successor to Matthias as HRE. Arranged troops from Milan, Pope, Bavaria - > Bohemia and defeated Frederick V at battle of the White Mountain in 1620. Frederick fled at "winter king" and lost his ancestral lands in Palatine. Ferdinand got himself elected king of Bohemia and took land from Prot. nobles -> to church and Jesuits streamed in - recatholicising Bohemia.
Beginning of 30 yrs war
The failure of the Peace of Ausberg triggered this war. When the Holy Roman Emperor placed severe restrictions on Protestants (disobeying the Peace of Ausberg) and tried to enforce them, two of his officials were defenestrated at Prague. The emperor resounded by attacking the Calvinist nobility of Bohemia, eliminating them from the empire.
Defenestration of Prague
The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War.
Intendants
Their role in the provinces gave power back to the king. Richelieu strengthened centralized power under the crown by putting them in power. They were monarchy's representatives of the king. Authority was strengthened by Richelieu and was chosen based on merit. (what you know) Loyal to the King. (middle class) They weakened the local nobility. They delivered royal orders, recruited men for the army, collected taxes and more.
Huguenots
a groups of French Protestants that lived from about 1560 to 1629. Protestantism was introduced into France between 1520 and 1523, and the principles were accepted by many members of the nobility, the intellectual classes, and the middle class. At first the new religious group was royally protected, but toward the end of the reign of King Francis I they were persecuted. Nevertheless, they continued to grow.
Albrecht Wallenstein (15831634)
brilliant military strategist who teamed up with Ferdinand, although he was a Protestant. He had a huge army. He won the Battle of Lutzen, but was later assassinated by Ferdinand because he had too much power.
Count Johannes von Tilly (15591632)
commanded the Imperial forces in the Thirty Years' War. He had a string of important victories against the Protestants but was then defeated by forces led by the King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. Along with Duke Albrecht von Wallenstein and Mecklenburg, he was one of two chief commanders of the Holy Roman Empire's forces.
Catherine de' Medici
d.1589 "Queen Mother" Was the wife of Henry II (Valois). She acted as regent during the reign of her three weak and ineffective sons - Francis II (1559-60) Charles IX (1560-74) Henry III (1574-89). Ordered the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre.
Valois kings
descended from Charles of Valois. royal house of France from 1328 to 1589, ruling the nation from the end of the feudal period into the early modern age. The Valois kings continued the work of unifying France and centralizing royal power begun under their predecessors, the Capetian dynasty.
Richelieu
most important advisor to Louis XIII who helped make the king the most powerful individual in France, broke the power of the French nobility, established an administration using intendants, weakened Huguenots, also allied with Protestant forces to defeat the Holy Roman Empire during the French Phase of the Thirty Years' War, his policies reflected Catholic France's paramount diplomatic concerns as political, not religious; can be seen as a politique
Territorial changes b/c of Westphalia
number of countries confirmed in their sovereignty over territories. The territorial clauses all favoured Sweden, France, and their allies. Sweden obtained western Pomerania, the port of Wismar, the archbishopric of Bremen, and the bishopric of Verden. These gains gave Sweden control of the Baltic Sea and the estuaries of the Oder, Elbe, and Weser rivers. France obtained sovereignty over Alsace and was confirmed in its possession of Metz, Toul, and Verdun, which it had seized a century before; France thus gained a firm frontier west of the Rhine River. Brandenburg obtained eastern Pomerania and several other smaller territories. Bavaria was able to keep the Upper Palatinate, while the Rhenish Palatinate was restored to Charles Louis, the son of the elector palatine Frederick V. Two other important results of the territorial settlement were the confirmation of the United Provinces of the Netherlands and the Swiss Confederation as independent republics, thus formally recognizing a status which those two states had actually held for many decades. Apart from these territorial changes, a universal and unconditional amnesty to all those who had been deprived of their possessions was declared, and it was decreed that all secular lands (with specified exceptions) should be restored to those who had held them in 1618.
Henry III
son of Henry II of France and the last Valois to be king of France (1551-1589)