AP Euro Exam Protestant Reformation

Wartburg Castle

Luther was hidden here by the Elector of Saxony when he was banned from the Empire, here he translated the Bible into the German vernacular

95 Theses

Luther's essay that he pinned on the Castle Church at Wittenberg-showed issue should be debated complained about German money going to Rome and pope selling misleading indulgences without control over purgatory, ideas spread by printing press

Elizabeth I

politique, Church of England followed a middle-of-the-road Protestant Course, Protestant, restored glorification financially to Europe

Henry VIII (tudor)

powerful english monarch, supported the Church and criticized Luther "The Defense of the Seven Sacraments", "King's Great Matter"-needed divorce from Catherine of Aragon (Marry)who couldn't give him a son, split with church who wouldn't recognize divorce-married Anne Boleyn (Elizabeth), finally Jane Seymour (Edward) papacy wouldn't annul first marriage because Catherine's nephew was Charles V

selling of indulgences

practice that began during the times of the Crusades to convince knights to fight and secure a spot in heaven and released them from purgatory, used to fund St. Peter's Basilica

politiques

public figures who placed politics before religion and believed that no religious truth was worth civil war, Queen Elizabeth and Henry of Navarre were politiques and that caused them to have extremely successful rules

The English Reformation

political act rather than religious

Martin Luther

95 theses, many supporters-Lutherans, Dominicans wanted to charge him with heresy Address to the Christian Nobility-secular government rights to reform the church On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church-attacked church teachings of sacraments Liberty of a Christian Man-grace is the sole gift of god-one is saved by faith alone, and the Bible is the sole source-five solas!! against monasticism (when monks stop all worldly pursuits) and the insistence on the celibacy of the clergy

Diet of Worms 1521

A court of inquisition that was to decide the fate of Martin Luther. He was to recant or else... meeting of the German nobility Questioned by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

seven sacraments

Baptism, Confirmation or Chrismation, Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony.

John Calvin

Born in France, settled in Geneva, Switzerland "Institutes of the Christian Religion" ideals of predestination and the "elect" tried to make Geneva the protected Calvinist city, no gypsy readings or taverns

Catherine d'Medici and St. Bart's Day Massacre (8/24/1572)

Catherine d'Medici, catholic mob violence to kill Huguenots (French Protestants)

Catholic Reformation

Catholic response to Protestant Reformation

Counter-Reformation

Catholic response to internally reform in response to the Protestant Reformation, Popes appointed devout and learned men as bishops and cardinals; Brought the Inquisition to Rome, established the Index of Forbidden Books; Banned the sale of indulgences, tightened discipline for clergy; Better-educated priests worked more forcefully for the church, old and new religious orders spread Catholicism (Jesuit Order)

Johann Tetzel

Dominican friar, sent to preach indulgences throughout Germany with the phrase "As soon as the gold in the basin rings, right then the soul to heaven springs"

Charles V

Elected to rule electoral states over Franic I because of Fugger bribe money, ultimately unable to control empire, ended any possibility of united christendom with the Peace of Augsburg, involved in` Spain, Netherlands, etc.-unable to deal with revolt in Germany because of this and extended wars with France and Ottoman

Albert of Hohenzollern

Fuggers....come back

Society of Jesus (Jesuit Order)

Ignatius of Loyola, spirit would exist without the bible, focused on missionary work to convert people to Catholicism Loyola's ideas in his "Spiritual Exercise", total obedience to the church-successful missionary work in Poland

Zwingli and Luther differences in the Eucharist

Luther rejected transubstantiation because he believed christ is evident in everything, Luther believed the bread and wine literally turned into blood and flesh of Jesus when eaten-met at marburg to discuss and decided to keep their sects of Protestantism separate-Lutheranism and Zwinglianism

Frederick the Elector of Saxony

North German prince who was a patron to Luther

Act in Restraint of Appeals

Parliamentary statute which declared all spiritual cases within the Kingdom were within the King's jurisdiction and authority, not the pope's

German Peasants' Revolt 1525

Revolt in 1525 of peasants that seeked the abolishment of serfdom, reform of the clergy and to end taxes-burned church property

Peace of Augsburg 1555

Schmalkaldic league able to select their own state's religion choose either Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism, end of universal Christendom

John Knox

Scottish leader of the Presbyterian church, taught in Geneva by Calvin

Edward VI

Son of Henry VIII, brief reign, attempt at instituting genuine Protestant theology into the Church of England

Avignon Papacy

The Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1377 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon rather than in Rome. The situation arose from the conflict between the Papacy and the French crown.

Council of Constance

The Council of Constance is the 15th century ecumenical council recognized by the Roman Catholic Church, held from 1414 to 1418. The council ended the Western Schism, by deposing or accepting the resignation of the remaining papal claimants and electing Pope Martin V.

Great Schism

The East-West Schism, also called the Great Schism and the Schism of 1054, was the break of communion between what are now the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, which has lasted since the 11th century.

papal Inquisition

The Inquisition was a group of institutions within the government system of the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy. It started in 12th-century France to combat religious sectarianism, in particular the Cathars and the Waldensians. ... The term Medieval Inquisition covers these courts up to mid-15th century, individuals deemed to heresy were put to death for their religious beliefs

Protestant Reformation

The Protestant Reformation was a major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Its religious aspects were supplemented by ambitious political rulers who wanted to extend their power and control at the expense of the Church. Resulted in great split of Western Christendom, dethroning the pope as the single religious authority in Europe

Emperor Maximilian (HRE)

died in 1519 and was replaced with Charles V after power struggle with Francis I to see who would sit on imperial throne

Index of Prohibited Books

Works from writers such as Erasmus and Galileo, forbade Catholics to read books harmful to or immoral to faith

German Prince

adopted Protestantism because they wanted sovereignty from Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V

Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary)

attempted to bring England back to the Catholic Church, married to Catholic Philip II of Spain, restored formal links between England and the papacy, several hundred Englishmen burned at the stake-"Bloody Mary"

Pope Leo X

believed Luther was no threat, not interested in fighting with a monk, later demanded Luther recant his ideas-excommunicated when he refused to do so

Problems the Church faced on the eve of the Reformation

black death led to anticlericalism, poorly educated lower clergy, simony (indulgences and selling of church offices)

Act of Supremacy

capped off the English Reformation in 1534, acknowledging that the King of England was the Supreme Head of the Church of England

Anabaptists

denied idea of infant baptism, must be old enough to make the conscious decision to practice Christianity as adults rebaptism declared capital offense in HRE (pope and Luther against as well) and attacks against Anabaptists were worse after they took over the city of Munster and tried to get rights like men with multiple wives

Antitrinitarians

denied the spiritual validity of "The Trinity"-hunted down by both Catholics and Lutherans

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

dominated by the papacy and enhanced the papacy's power, placed limitations on simony and the selling of church offices, enhanced education of the clergy, salvation from faith and good works, source of faith was the Bible as well as traditions from the Church

Pope Martin V

election as Pope ended the Great Schism

Calvinism

established church in Scotland, French known as Huguenots, important sect during the Catholic counter-reformation, Puritans were English calvinists--pilgrims

Schmalkaldic War

fought between Charles V and some of the German protestant princes, Charles initially prevailed, eventually forced to sign Peace of Augsburg

pietism

individual relationship with God reducing importance of Roman hierarchical church

Jan Hus

led revolt in Bohemia that combined religious and nationalistic elements, rector of the University of Prague , authority of the Bible and not the church that ultimately mattered, condemned as heretic and burned at the stake by Pope Martin V-Council of Constance , followers rebelled in Bohemia which took many years to put down

Transubstantiation

miraculous transformation of bread and wine into blood and flesh of Jesus during the Eucharist, Luther didn't believe in this as he believed

John Wycliffe

questioned worldly wealth of the church, miracle of transubstantiation, teachings of penance, and selling of indulgences, urged followers (Lollards) to interpret the Bible for themselves, translated the Bible into English

Ulrich Zwingli

teachings to Swiss city of Zurich , difference in ideas of Eucharist, focused on social reform

John Eck

theologian who challenged Luther, called him a Hussite while luther knew Huss had been condemned at Council of Constance

Reformation Parliament

used to give Henry VIII religious authority

Radical Reformation

variety of religious sects that developed during the sixteenth century inspired by Luther's challenge to the established church-needed further moral transformation of society

Luther's response to revolutionaries

wrote letter to the Pope to show no mercy, misinterpreted, 'Against the Robbing and Murderous Hordes of Peasants"