AP Euro Midterm Review

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What was the response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation?

Called the Counter Reformation, Council of Trent was called, Increase in the number of parish grammar schools, Each diocese must have a seminary to educate clergy, Writing of a catechism, Establishment of Jesuits

After 1795, this body of 5 men was established to run France

Directory

What principle did the Stuart rulers of England believe in?

Divine right of kings

What 2 countries during this period had governments based on republicanism and constitutionalism?

Dutch & England

What does the theory of mercantilism postulate?

Economic activity should be regulated by & for the state

What did Christian humanists believe was the ley to reform?

Education

What was the English Revolution of 1688 characterized by

Emergence of constitutionalism, Establishment of natural rights, Defense of private property

What was the purpose of the Peace of Augsburg?

End the Civil War between Catholics & Lutherans in the German states, People would now be the religion of the ruler of their realm

Why were Europeans immune to diseases and the inhabitants of the New World were not?

Europeans were exposed to disease caused by commercial interaction and the native inhabitants of the New World were not exposed to those diseases until Europeans arrived

What was the Columbian Exchange?

Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and people between the Old & New World

How did Peter the Great westernize his country?

Forced boyars to shave beards, Built St. Petersburg to emulate Versailles, Patterned his military after those of western leaders

What countries developed centralized monarchies in the 15th & 16th centuries?

France, Spain, & England

What was the economic effect of Napoleon's Continental System?

French artisans and the middle class suffered, for they were economically damaged by the blockade of Britain as the British used smuggling to get around the blockade.

The Haitian slave revolt of 1791 was a manifestation of...

French notions of "liberty and equality" emanating from the revolution in France.

John Calvin initiated his reform movement in this city

Geneva

What was the Edict of Nantes?

Granted Huguenots in France the right to worship

How did Napoleon consolidate his rule?

He presented himself as a true Son of the Revolution in contrast to the corruption of the Directory.

Who created the Court of the Star Chamber for legal reform and in what country?

Henry VII in England

What corrupt practices in the Church angered Martin Luther?

Indulgences, simony, pluralism, uneducated clergy

Peter the Great most idolized which absolute monarch?

Louis XIV

How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?

Louis XIV's grandson was placed on the throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united

How did Louis XIV's absolutism function in France?

Making war & peace, Regulation of religion, Management of the economy

What did the Dutch East India Company mostly trade?

Mostly traded in spices

What did the Petition of Right (1628) issued by Charles I include?

No taxation without Parliament's consent, No imprisonment without proper cause, No quartering of soldiers or martial law in peacetime

What is empiricism?

Observations are the best source of information

Name a plant that did not travel from the Old World to the New World?

Potato, pumpkins, corn

What did the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes teach about the role of monarchy?

Power of the ruler was absolute and needed to prevent civil war

What invention fueled the Protestant Reformation?

Printing press

Prior to the Scientific Revolution, European knowledge of the earth and in the heavens was based on the work of

Ptolemy & Aristotle

How were Renaissance humanists different from their medieval counterparts?

Renaissance - exalted the dignity of man & Medieval - exalted the dignity of God

What are the basic beliefs of Lutheranism?

Salvation by faith alone, Ministry of all believers, & Authority of the Bible

What were Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain able to accomplish?

Secure their borders, Subdue their realms, Led Inquisition, Christianized the Iberian peninsula, Supported voyages of discovery

What did Peter the Great secure for Russia in the Great Northern War?

Secured a warm water sea port on the Baltic Sea

Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris?

Several thousand Parisian women

What were the effects of the Napoleonic restructuring of Europe and Congress of Vienna?

The end of the Holy Roman Empire, Conflict over territory between Austria and Italy, Restoration of monarchies

The idea that population growth will always outstrip food supply is most attributed to

Thomas Malthus

Why did Henry VIII and Thomas Cromwell dissolve the English monasteries?

To gain their wealth

Why did Henry VIII start the Church of England? Why was he different from other Protestant reformers?

Wanted an annulment and to marry Anne Boleyn so he could have a male heir, Not for religious reasons like Calvin & Luther

Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?

Wealth created from Italy's trade networks

What is true about economics in the Renaissance?

Wealthy people engaged in philanthropy, Sponsoring art became a way to display economic success, Joining a guild & learning a trade could lead to upward mobility

Why did England's Glorious Revolution come about?

because of a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II

The reforms of Peter the Great allowed him to...

build a stronger & more modernized army & navy

Archbishop Laud tried to force Anglicanism on Church of Scotland which caused Charles I to...

call Parliament to raise $$$ to fight the rebellion

After 1689 - what type of government is found in England?

constitutional monarchy

What was Cromwell's Protectorate really?

military dictatorship

The Concert of Europe refers to the

new informal arrangement for resolving mutual foreign policy issues

What best describes the religious policies of the Dutch?

relative religious tolerance

What was the significance of the 30 Years War?

started over religion but really political struggle for who would control Europe - consequence - population reduced & trade & agriculture greatly reduced

What are themes of Renaissance art?

Classicism, Antiquity, Linear perspective, Chiaroscuro, Proportionality

Following the Oath of the Tennis Court, what form did the French government take?

Constitutional monarchy

Who published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres and rejected the idea of an earth-centered universe?

Copernicus

Who was Thomas More?

English humanist, write about an ideal society in Utopia, martyred

What did Louis XIV never call during his reign?

Estates General

The trade network created by the Dutch was dominated by

Publicly traded joint stock companies

Why did King Louis XVI call the Estates General in 1789?

Raise tax revenue

Like other Northern humanists, what did Erasmus want?

Reform the Church

What is Calvin's theory of predestination?

Regardless of man's actions God chooses some for heaven and some for hell

What did Phillip II of Spain hope to accomplish when he sailed the Armada to England?

Reimpose Catholicism on England by force - he failed

What did the Thermidorian Reaction (1795) result in?

The execution of Robespierre, The closing of the Jacobin Club, A new constitution

How did the nature of armed forces change in later half of 17th century?

standing professional armies funded by taxes

Louis XIV councilors came from...

newly ennobled or upper middle class

Why did many Protestants and Catholics condemn the Anabaptists?

Advocated a complete separation of Church & State

During the 16th century, the discoveries of that most challenged traditional assupmtionswere made in this field of study

Astronomy

The Encyclopedia reflected which primary goal of the Enlightenment?

Attempt to improve society through rational inquiry & education

The Dutch faced an overall economic decline in the 18th century but they still maintained their prominence in...

Banking

What is a major difference between northern humanists and Italian humanists?

Both looked to classical sources but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources

Of the representatives to the Congress of Vienna, which was the least conservative?

Castlereagh of England

How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French Revolution change over the revolution's first two years?

Initially pleased by the revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message.

What are the characteristics of the Agricultural Revolution that started in England?

Innovations, Enclosures, & Selective breeding

Who helped France create a strong economy based on mercantilist policies?

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Which religious reformer had the most direct influence on French Protestantism?

John Calvin

The Glorious Revolution and the concept of representative government was best exemplified by this philosopher?

John Locke in Second Treatise of Civil Government

Why did Louis XIV construct Versailles?

Learned to be weary of uprisings - challenges to royal authority, Show off his wealth, Make nobility more dependent upon him for political power

The attack on the Bastille had what immediate political effect?

The king's plan to reassert his authority was stopped, allowing the National Assembly to continue its work.

Who commissioned the School of Athens and what characteristics of Renaissance art are exhibited in this piece?

The pope - linear perspective, chiaroscuro, proportionality, classicism & antiquity

Spread of publications like the Encyclopedie was facilitated by

The spread of Enlightenment ideas, Increase in the lay literacy, Advent of the printing press

What are the major causes of the French Revolution?

The spread of Enlightenment ideas, The political and economic concerns of the bourgeoisie, Bad harvests and increasing bread prices

What was the Fronde?

uprisings of 1648-1653 - caused by Cardinal Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war

During the Reign of Terror, the Catholic Church...

was abolished and replaced with the Cult of Reason

The Haitian revolt is significant primarily because it

was the first successful slave revolt in modern history.


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