AP Euro Midterm Review
What was the response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation?
Called the Counter Reformation, Council of Trent was called, Increase in the number of parish grammar schools, Each diocese must have a seminary to educate clergy, Writing of a catechism, Establishment of Jesuits
After 1795, this body of 5 men was established to run France
Directory
What principle did the Stuart rulers of England believe in?
Divine right of kings
What 2 countries during this period had governments based on republicanism and constitutionalism?
Dutch & England
What does the theory of mercantilism postulate?
Economic activity should be regulated by & for the state
What did Christian humanists believe was the ley to reform?
Education
What was the English Revolution of 1688 characterized by
Emergence of constitutionalism, Establishment of natural rights, Defense of private property
What was the purpose of the Peace of Augsburg?
End the Civil War between Catholics & Lutherans in the German states, People would now be the religion of the ruler of their realm
Why were Europeans immune to diseases and the inhabitants of the New World were not?
Europeans were exposed to disease caused by commercial interaction and the native inhabitants of the New World were not exposed to those diseases until Europeans arrived
What was the Columbian Exchange?
Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and people between the Old & New World
How did Peter the Great westernize his country?
Forced boyars to shave beards, Built St. Petersburg to emulate Versailles, Patterned his military after those of western leaders
What countries developed centralized monarchies in the 15th & 16th centuries?
France, Spain, & England
What was the economic effect of Napoleon's Continental System?
French artisans and the middle class suffered, for they were economically damaged by the blockade of Britain as the British used smuggling to get around the blockade.
The Haitian slave revolt of 1791 was a manifestation of...
French notions of "liberty and equality" emanating from the revolution in France.
John Calvin initiated his reform movement in this city
Geneva
What was the Edict of Nantes?
Granted Huguenots in France the right to worship
How did Napoleon consolidate his rule?
He presented himself as a true Son of the Revolution in contrast to the corruption of the Directory.
Who created the Court of the Star Chamber for legal reform and in what country?
Henry VII in England
What corrupt practices in the Church angered Martin Luther?
Indulgences, simony, pluralism, uneducated clergy
Peter the Great most idolized which absolute monarch?
Louis XIV
How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?
Louis XIV's grandson was placed on the throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united
How did Louis XIV's absolutism function in France?
Making war & peace, Regulation of religion, Management of the economy
What did the Dutch East India Company mostly trade?
Mostly traded in spices
What did the Petition of Right (1628) issued by Charles I include?
No taxation without Parliament's consent, No imprisonment without proper cause, No quartering of soldiers or martial law in peacetime
What is empiricism?
Observations are the best source of information
Name a plant that did not travel from the Old World to the New World?
Potato, pumpkins, corn
What did the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes teach about the role of monarchy?
Power of the ruler was absolute and needed to prevent civil war
What invention fueled the Protestant Reformation?
Printing press
Prior to the Scientific Revolution, European knowledge of the earth and in the heavens was based on the work of
Ptolemy & Aristotle
How were Renaissance humanists different from their medieval counterparts?
Renaissance - exalted the dignity of man & Medieval - exalted the dignity of God
What are the basic beliefs of Lutheranism?
Salvation by faith alone, Ministry of all believers, & Authority of the Bible
What were Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain able to accomplish?
Secure their borders, Subdue their realms, Led Inquisition, Christianized the Iberian peninsula, Supported voyages of discovery
What did Peter the Great secure for Russia in the Great Northern War?
Secured a warm water sea port on the Baltic Sea
Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris?
Several thousand Parisian women
What were the effects of the Napoleonic restructuring of Europe and Congress of Vienna?
The end of the Holy Roman Empire, Conflict over territory between Austria and Italy, Restoration of monarchies
The idea that population growth will always outstrip food supply is most attributed to
Thomas Malthus
Why did Henry VIII and Thomas Cromwell dissolve the English monasteries?
To gain their wealth
Why did Henry VIII start the Church of England? Why was he different from other Protestant reformers?
Wanted an annulment and to marry Anne Boleyn so he could have a male heir, Not for religious reasons like Calvin & Luther
Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?
Wealth created from Italy's trade networks
What is true about economics in the Renaissance?
Wealthy people engaged in philanthropy, Sponsoring art became a way to display economic success, Joining a guild & learning a trade could lead to upward mobility
Why did England's Glorious Revolution come about?
because of a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II
The reforms of Peter the Great allowed him to...
build a stronger & more modernized army & navy
Archbishop Laud tried to force Anglicanism on Church of Scotland which caused Charles I to...
call Parliament to raise $$$ to fight the rebellion
After 1689 - what type of government is found in England?
constitutional monarchy
What was Cromwell's Protectorate really?
military dictatorship
The Concert of Europe refers to the
new informal arrangement for resolving mutual foreign policy issues
What best describes the religious policies of the Dutch?
relative religious tolerance
What was the significance of the 30 Years War?
started over religion but really political struggle for who would control Europe - consequence - population reduced & trade & agriculture greatly reduced
What are themes of Renaissance art?
Classicism, Antiquity, Linear perspective, Chiaroscuro, Proportionality
Following the Oath of the Tennis Court, what form did the French government take?
Constitutional monarchy
Who published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres and rejected the idea of an earth-centered universe?
Copernicus
Who was Thomas More?
English humanist, write about an ideal society in Utopia, martyred
What did Louis XIV never call during his reign?
Estates General
The trade network created by the Dutch was dominated by
Publicly traded joint stock companies
Why did King Louis XVI call the Estates General in 1789?
Raise tax revenue
Like other Northern humanists, what did Erasmus want?
Reform the Church
What is Calvin's theory of predestination?
Regardless of man's actions God chooses some for heaven and some for hell
What did Phillip II of Spain hope to accomplish when he sailed the Armada to England?
Reimpose Catholicism on England by force - he failed
What did the Thermidorian Reaction (1795) result in?
The execution of Robespierre, The closing of the Jacobin Club, A new constitution
How did the nature of armed forces change in later half of 17th century?
standing professional armies funded by taxes
Louis XIV councilors came from...
newly ennobled or upper middle class
Why did many Protestants and Catholics condemn the Anabaptists?
Advocated a complete separation of Church & State
During the 16th century, the discoveries of that most challenged traditional assupmtionswere made in this field of study
Astronomy
The Encyclopedia reflected which primary goal of the Enlightenment?
Attempt to improve society through rational inquiry & education
The Dutch faced an overall economic decline in the 18th century but they still maintained their prominence in...
Banking
What is a major difference between northern humanists and Italian humanists?
Both looked to classical sources but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources
Of the representatives to the Congress of Vienna, which was the least conservative?
Castlereagh of England
How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French Revolution change over the revolution's first two years?
Initially pleased by the revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message.
What are the characteristics of the Agricultural Revolution that started in England?
Innovations, Enclosures, & Selective breeding
Who helped France create a strong economy based on mercantilist policies?
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Which religious reformer had the most direct influence on French Protestantism?
John Calvin
The Glorious Revolution and the concept of representative government was best exemplified by this philosopher?
John Locke in Second Treatise of Civil Government
Why did Louis XIV construct Versailles?
Learned to be weary of uprisings - challenges to royal authority, Show off his wealth, Make nobility more dependent upon him for political power
The attack on the Bastille had what immediate political effect?
The king's plan to reassert his authority was stopped, allowing the National Assembly to continue its work.
Who commissioned the School of Athens and what characteristics of Renaissance art are exhibited in this piece?
The pope - linear perspective, chiaroscuro, proportionality, classicism & antiquity
Spread of publications like the Encyclopedie was facilitated by
The spread of Enlightenment ideas, Increase in the lay literacy, Advent of the printing press
What are the major causes of the French Revolution?
The spread of Enlightenment ideas, The political and economic concerns of the bourgeoisie, Bad harvests and increasing bread prices
What was the Fronde?
uprisings of 1648-1653 - caused by Cardinal Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war
During the Reign of Terror, the Catholic Church...
was abolished and replaced with the Cult of Reason
The Haitian revolt is significant primarily because it
was the first successful slave revolt in modern history.