ap euro rubino (unit 2)

Cardinal Richelieu

French chief minister who subsidized the Swedes, hoping to weaken Hapsburg power in Europe

Henry II

French king who was accidentally shot in the face at a tournament celebrating the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

Besides religious reasons, why might Hungary eventually remain Catholic in early modern European history?

Geography Part of Austrian empire In the middle of Austrians and Turks Held on to Catholicism because it was the lesser of two evils (Catholicism vs. Islam)

What was Luther's reaction to the German Peasant Revolts and why? What were the results of these revolts?

German country people protested economic and social injustices, and justified the revolt with (a misinterpretation of) Luthers doctrine. Luther originally supported this, but then changed his mind because he did not want to be affiliated with social revolution, only religious. This rebellion was quickly crushed.

Martin Luther

German professor & priest who wrote the 95 Theses and subsequently led the Protestant Reformation

Catherine of Aragon

Henry VIII's first wife, mother of Mary Henry VIII wanted their marriage to be annulled so he could marry Anne Boleyn and have a son; Pope denied request because of Catherine's relationship with Holy Roman Emperor

Jane Seymour

Henry VIII's third wife, mother of Edward VI Died in childbirth

Describe the social and political impact that the English Reformation had on English society and government.

Henry seized monasteries and distributed their lands to the upper classes, which strengthened them and tied them to both the Tudor dynasty and the English Church Royal government reformed and centralized New departments of state Surplus funds from all departments were applied to those with deficits Greater efficiency and economy

What county dominated the new Dutch nation and why?

Holland because it had the largest navy and the most wealth

Frederick III

Holy Roman Emperor who acquired only a small amount of territory but a great deal of money with marriage to Princess Eleonore of Portugal in 1452

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor who held his first diet in Worms, Germany and summoned Luther to it

Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire originally settled their differences by what agreement in 1555?

Peace of Augsburg (however, this lost support over tie as both Protestants and Catholics wanted to advance their causes)

Leo X

Pope who authorized the sale of indulgences

Paul III

Pope who changed the Catholic Church by being a model of decorum and piety rather than worldliness and power

Why wouldn't the pope grant Henry VIII an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon?

She was the aunt of the Holy Roman Emperor, and doing so would create animosity from the Holy Roman Empire

What was a source of the great Dutch wealthy in their early history?

Shipping because of their good fleet

Philip II

Son of Charles V (HRE) who gained power of the Netherlands as well as Spain

What were the results of the Hapsburg-Valois Wards of the early to mid-16th century?

Spain emerged victorious France had to acknowledge Spanish dominance in Italy Conflict still continued (politically and religiously) France had to increase taxes and borrow heavily

What were the consequences of the English defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588?

Spain rebuilt navy to be even stronger than before War between Spain and England dragged on for years Prevented Philip II from reimposing Catholicism on England by force Increased nationalism in England

1588

Spanish Armada defeated by the Royal Navy when attempting to invade England

What name is given to the southern Dutch counties that remain part of the Spanish empire after the Dutch revolt? What is this region of Europe called today?

Spanish Netherlands Belgium

Spanish Armada

Spanish naval fleet sent by Philip II in 1588 against England as a religious crusade against Protestantism. Defeated due to weather and the English fleet

Why would England support the Dutch Revolt against the Spanish?

Support of Protestantism "The enemy of my enemy is my friend"

Gustavus Adolphus

Swedish king who led his army into Germany to support the Protestant Union

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss humanist and priest who admired and followed Erasmus's studies; rejected Catholic ideals and relied solely on scripture for guidance

Why would popes resist calls for a general council representing the entire church?

They realized that a general council would lessen their power, but since many people opposed the total authority held by the Pope, they did it anyway in an attempt to win back the favor of the people

Besides those Germans that supported Luther due to religious agreement with him, what other reasons might have drawn certain Germans to his cause?

They used him as a symbol and a weapon of not only religious, but also social and political revolution.

What name is given to the newly independent northern Dutch counties after their successful independence movement against the Spanish?

United Provinces of the Netherlands

Why would Catholic King of France support the Protestant side in the 16th century German civil war?

"The enemy of my enemy is my friend" French foreign policy is to keep Germany divided to prevent the Hapsburgs from obtaining too much power

Thirty Years' War

(1618-1648) war between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire triggered by a Bohemian revolt against the Holy Roman Emperor's officials

Who was involved in the War of the Three Henrys?

*Henry of Navarre* (Bourbon, Huguenot) Henry III (Protestant, current king, son of Henry II & Catherine de Medici) Henry of Guise (Roman Catholic)

List the four phases of the Thirty Years' War and describe the events and results of each.

1. In Bohemia, Ferdinand and and *CATHOLICS* vs. Bohemian Protestants 2. In Denmark, Ferdinand and and *CATHOLICS* vs. Danish Protestants 3. Involved successful intervention by Sweden on *PROTESTANT* side; France helped to limit Hapsburg power 4. Direct French intervention on *PROTESTANT* side

By the death of Henry II in 1559, what percentage of the French population was Calvinist?

10%

In what year did the Dutch gain their permanent independence from the Spanish?

1648

Reformation

16th century religious, political, intellectual, and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era

How many provinces made up the Netherlands in the 16th century?

17

Huguenots

French Calvinists

Name the treaty that declared Dutch independence from Spain.

Act of Abjuration

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism

The Dutch in the 16th century mainly followed what version of Protestantism?

Calvinism

Puritans

Calvinists in England

Huguenots

Calvinists in France

Presbyterians

Calvinists in Scotland

When Louis XIII is king, who runs the government and what does he do?

Cardinal Richelieu turns the French Government into an absolute monarchy in order to eliminate chaos and establish stability (full extent of Machiavellianism)

What two names are given to the Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation?

Catholic Reformation & Counter Reformation

Politiques

Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse

Jan Hus

Catholic laymen, leader of Hussite Church in Bohemia

Thomas Cromwell

Chief minister (political advisor) of Henry VIII

In the early 16th century, critics of the Catholic clergy concentrated on what problems?

Corruption of the church and the basic Catholic doctrine itself

Mary Queen of Scots (Stuart)

Cousin of Elizabeth I, next in line to the throne of England, executed by Elizabeth I because she was the center of Catholic plots to overthrow Elizabeth

Mary Tudor

Daughter of Henry VIII & Catherine of Aragon Attempted to return England to Catholicism Called "Bloody Mary" because of the brutal executions of Protestants that she carried out

What technique did early modern Hapsburg monarchs use to enhance their wealth and territorial acquisition?

Diplomatic marriage with foreign monarchs

What effect did the Protestant Reformation have in Poland?

Doctrinal differences among Calvinists,Lutherans and other groups prevented united opposition to Catholicism. King banned Lutheranism; remained Catholic

Johann Tetzel

Dominican friar who ran Archbishop Albert's indulgence sale, and advertised that the purchase of indulgences would bring full forgiveness for one's own sins or release from purgatory of a loved one

Council of Blood

Duke of Alva's tribunal in which 1500 Protestants were executed

Describe the religious situation in England during the reigns of Henry VIII's successors: Edward VI, Mary I (Tudor), Elizabeth I

Edward VI: Protestant Mary I: Catholic; Protestants persecuted Elizabeth I: was Protestant but chose a middle course between Catholicism and Puritans, promoted Church of England

Despite many reasons for the conflict, what event may have sparked the late 16th century Spanish invasion of England?

Elizabeth I (Protestant) executed Mary I (Catholic)

1648

End of Thirty Years' War

As a result of the English Reformation, Henry VII became the supreme head of the Church of _____.

England

Pale

English-controlled part of Ireland surrounding Dublin

Hapsburg-Valois Wars

France vs. Spain Spain was the victor

List the three "weak" sons of Henry II who ruled France in chronological order. Who "really" ruled France during the reigns of these three monarchs?

Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III They were ruled by their mother Catherine de Medici

What two European royal families experienced centuries of conflict in early modern European history and why?

Hapsburgs vs. Valois Conflict stemmed from Maximilian I's marriage to Mary of Burgundy Valois feared the potential of the powerful Hapsburg family to become universal monarchs of Europe

What were the results of the German religious war of the 16th century for the Holy Roman Empire (Peace of Augsburg) and personally for the emperor Charles V?

In general, Lutheranism was recognized in the Holy Roman Empire. For Charles V personally, he became a monk and decided to divide Germany from his non-German territories. His brother, Ferdinand I, inherited Austria and the Holy Roman Empire, and his son, Philip II, inherited Spain.

What social and political consequences can be attributed to Luther translating the Bible into German?

It inspired nationalism and German pride yet simultaneously divided the Holy Roman empire by religion. If it was written in Latin, it would suggest Latin/Catholic superiority.

Explain the results of the Council of Trent and therefore their overall strategy as to how to Catholic Church should respond to the Protestant Reformation.

It laid a solid basis for the spiritual renewal of the Catholic Church. The decision was made to reform the church in two ways: fix corruption (simony, nepotism, etc.) and reaffirm basic doctrine.

1607

Jamestown (first permanent British settlement in North America) is established

Henry VIII

King of England who formally parted from Rome and established the Anglican Church as the official church of England, making himself the head 6 wives, wanted a son so there would be a legitimate male heir to the throne

Francis I

King of France who tried two new device to raise revenue: the sale of public offices and a treaty with the papacy

Philip II

King of Spain who married Mary Tudor in an attempt to reunite England with Catholic Europe

Spiritual Exercises

Loyola's classic work full of his philosophical insights on religion which led to his formation of the Society of Jesus

How did the early Protestant Reformation affect the role of women in society?

Luther's claim that all vocations have equal merit, the Protestant rejection of monasticism and celibacy, the insistence that all laity (including women) should read the Bible, and Luther's acceptance of sexual desire (within marriage) all contributed to some minor improvement in women's circumstances.

Explain the basic doctrinal arguments that Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, and other early Protestant leaders agreed on in their break with the Roman Catholic Church.

Mainly Eucharist (AKA communion, the Lord's supper, etc) Catholicism: transubstantiation Luther: believed that Christ is present during Eucharist but not because of the priest Zwingli: saw it as a memorial which Christ is present in spirit among the faithful, but not in the bread and wine

1517

Martin Luther publishes the 95 Theses

Arthur (Tudor)

Older brother of Henry VIII First heir to throne & husband of Catherine of Aragon

Edward VI

Only son of Henry VIII Sickly Short reign Promoted Protestantism

Besides religious reasons, why might Bohemia join the Protestant side against the Holy Roman Emperor?

Opposed to the Catholic Hapsburgs "the enemy of my enemy is my friend"

Which countries composed the two sides of the Thirty Years' War?

Protestant Germany (Protestant Union), Denmark, Sweden, and France VS Catholic Germany (Catholic League), Austria, and Spain

Quakers

Protestant group known for their pacifism

Henry of Navarre

Protestant politique who became King Henry IV

Religiously, as a result of the Dutch revolt against Spanish rule, the northern Dutch counties were ______ and the southern Dutch counties were ______.

Protestant; Catholic

2 parts of the counter reformation

REFORM: fix corruption & reaffirmation of beliefs END PROTESTANTISM: intellectually (spread Catholicism and re-convert) and through force (inquisition of heretics, and war with Protestants)

Low Countries

Refers to Netherlands and Belgium (below sea level); Lutheran

What form of government did the Dutch establish after gaining independence from Spain?

Republic (no monarch)

Lutheranism spread fairly quickly to what region of Europe to the north of the Holy Roman Empire?

Scandinavia

Anne Boleyn

Second wife of Henry VIII, mother of Elizabeth Executed for alleged adulterous incest so that Henry VIII could remarry

Why might loyalty to the Catholic Church have remained strong in Ireland?

The English tried to impose their church on Ireland, but they remained Catholic because of their opposition to England

When Luther's rebellion resulted in war, what factor besides religion divided the Holy Roman Empire?

The desire for states' rights

Why would the French government not have a "political need" to rebel against Rome in the Protestant Reformation?

They had already formally parted from Rome, forming their own Gallican church, so anything wrong with the Roman Catholic Church was irrelevant to the French.

Why might the rise of Protestantism in Spain and/or France be more easily squelched?

The rulers in these countries are both strict and devoutly Catholic.

Why would the Catholic French support the Protestant side in the Thirty Years' War?

Their foreign policy is to weaken Hapsburg power by whatever means necessary in order to prevent universal monarchy

In general, describe the different approaches demonstrated by the Medieval popes, Renaissance popes, and the Counter Reformation popes, concerning their leadership of the Catholic Church.

There is a strong correlation between the power of papal authority and the pope's involvement in the world (involvement increases when authority is decreased and vice versa) MEDIEVAL: unquestionable power, so involvement in the world was unnecessary RENAISSANCE: worldliness increased during Renaissance so popes became more involved to reclaim power; popes were worldly and corrupt COUNTER REFORMATION: models of decorum and piety, fought back and declared authority like late Medieval popes

What did Henry IV mean when he was quoted as saying, "Paris is well worth a Mass"?

While Henry IV was originally Protestant, he converted to Catholicism because in his eyes, it was a small sacrifice if it meant he could be the King of France.

Thomas More

Writer of "Utopia", king's chancellor and friend Beheaded by Henry VIII after he disagreed with the king's decision to part from Rome so that he could grant himself an annulment

Roman Inquisition

a committee of six cardinals with judicial authority over all Catholics and the power to arrest, imprison, and execute suspected heretics

Edict of Nantes

a document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France

95 Theses

a letter written by Luther to the Archbishop which argued that the indulgences undermined the seriousness of the sacrament of penance, competed with the preaching of the Gospel and downplayed the importance of charity in the Christian life

Pilgrimage of Grace

a massive rebellion that proved to be the largest in English history, caused by popular opposition in the north to the religious changes made by Henry VIII

John Knox

a minister who studied in Geneva with Calvin and was instrumental in getting the Scottish Parliament to establish a Calvinist church as the official state church of Scotland (Presbyterianism)

Protestant

a term that generally applies to all non-Catholic western European religions

The reign of Henry IV prepared a way for French ________ in the 17th century by helping restore internal peace in France.

absolutism

What city became a model Calvinist community in the 16th century, and what type of lifestyle would be emphasized by Calvinist leaders?

city: Geneva lifestyle: theocratic government; Protestant work ethic

Book of Common Prayer

created by Thomas Cranmer, included the order for all services and prayers of the Church of England in stately, dignified English

iconoclasm

destruction of religious images and relics (which were regarded as sacrilegious by Protestants) as a means of purifying the church

Magyar

dominant ethnic group in Hungary

Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

ended the Hapsburg-Valois wars

Describe the doctrinal practices of the Church of England.

essentially the same as the Catholic doctrine

House of Orange

family that held the office of stadholder in several of the UPN

Part of the resistance to Catholic Rome was fueled by nationalistic resentment by those who saw church leaders in their regions as _________.

foreign

Catholic League

formed in retaliation to the formation of the Protestant Union

John Calvin

founder of Calvinism, a Protestant sect based on the concept of predestination

Ignatius Loyola

founder of the Jesuits spent a year in seclusion, prayer, and asceticism while recovering from a battle wound to the leg

Anabaptists

general name given to several Protestant groups who believed that only adults could make an informed decision about baptism (and thus entry into the Christian community) and who therefore refused to have their children baptized. Because of their belief in pacifism and that the Christian could not participate in civil affairs (by implication the separation of church and state) Luther, Calvin, and Catholics condemned and persecuted them

In the Netherlands, what began as a movement for the reformation of the church, developed into a struggle for Dutch __________.

independence

Edict of Restitution

issued by the Holy Roman emperor; said that all Catholic properties lost to Protestants since 1552 were to be restored, and only Catholics and Lutherans were granted religious tolerance

Margaret of Valois

king of France's sister who married Henry of Navarre in an attempt to reconcile Catholics and Huguenots

Council of Trent

laid a solid basis for the spiritual renewal of the Catholic Church

Duke of Alva

leader of the twenty thousand Spanish troops sent by Philip II to pacify the Low countries

Albert of Wallenstein

legendary leader of the extremely successful Catholic imperial army; was killed by his own emperor because he was so powerful

Colloquy of Marburg

meeting/discussion summoned in 1529 to unite Protestants, but failed to resolve the difference in views on transubstantiation

Jesuits

members of the Society of Jesus; tightly-knit, highly centralized organization that vowed to chastity, poverty, and obedience to the pope

Catherine de Medici

mother of three week rulers (sons of Henry II) whom she dominated

Society of Jesus

new order that played a powerful international role in strengthening Catholicism in Europe as well as internationally

canton

one of the 13 manorial territories in Switzerland

anticlericalism

opposition to the clergy

indulgence

papal statement (in document addressed to an individual) granting remission of priest-imposed penalty for sin (no one knew what penalty God would impose after death). Popular belief, however, held that an indulgence secured complete remission of all penalties for sin, before and after death.

diet

parliment-like assembly of powerful people in the Holy Roman Emperor

Henry IV

politique king of France who lead France out of religious turmoil

Augsburg Confession

primary confession of the faith of the Lutheran Church and one of the most important documents of the Lutheran Reformation (written in German and Latin)

Rapidly reproducing and making known his ideas, Luther's fame and success can be somewhat attributed to the invention of the _________ _____.

printing press

Index of Prohibited Books

published by Holy Office; catalog of forbidden reading including works by Christian humanists like Erasmus, and Protestants

List and explain the importance of the results of the Thirty Years' War (Peace of Westphalia).

reconfirmed Peace of Augsburg and added Calvinism German states became virtually sovereign France gains rights in Alsace and Lorraine Sweden gains northern German territory Dutch Republic gains permanent independence Swiss cantons gain independence

What characteristic of the new Dutch republic enabled them to attract a great dal of foreign capital, investment, and talent?

religious toleration

Hapsburgs

royal family in Austria and the Holy Roman Empire

St. Bart's Day Massacre

savage Catholic attack on Calvinists in Paris during the celebration of the marriage of Margaret of Valois to the Henry of Navarre

The Dutch provinces of the 16th century were _____-governing, and made their living how

self

Diet of Worms

series of imperial meetings where Luther defended his doctrines before the emperor Charles V and refused to recant his doctrines, resulting in Charles V issuing an imperial Edict condemning them

Maximilian I

son of Frederick III who married Mary of Burgundy, which led to conflict between Hapsburgs and Valois

Union of Utrecht

the alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands

Explain the "Protestant Work Ethic" as it related to 16th century Calvinism.

the belief in predestination led to an emphasis on being hardworking, thrifty, profitable, conservative, and moral

transubstantiation

the belief of Catholics and some other Christian churches that the bread and wine that are eaten and drank at Mass changes into the body and blood of Jesus because of the priest; regarded as divine and holy

simony

the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges or status

stadholder

the executive officer in each of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, a position often held by the princes of Orange

Peace of Westphalia

the name of a series of treaties that concluded the Thirty Years' War in 1648 and marked the end of large-scale religious violence in Europe

Holy Office

the official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy

predestination

the teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works

Peace of Augsburg

treaty written in 1555 that ended the German civil war and officially recognized Lutheranism, hence tolerating both Catholics and Lutherans in the Holy Roman Empire in an attempt to create peace

Protestant Union

union of Lutheran princes resulting from the violations of the Peace of Augsburg in the Holy Roman Empire

Salamanca

university in Spain at which Loyola studied

List some consequences of the Peace of Westphalia.

weakened Hapsburg states of Austria and Spain strengthened French position in Europe ended Age of Wars of Religion introduced new method of peace negotiation recognized Europe as a group of independent states with the ability to negotiate for themselves marked the beginning of what became known as the "modern state system"

Katharina von Bora

wife of Martin Luther & former nun; symbolized of the nonexistent emphasis on celibacy in Protestantism and set an example of a pastor's wife