ap euro rubino (unit 2)
Cardinal Richelieu
French chief minister who subsidized the Swedes, hoping to weaken Hapsburg power in Europe
Henry II
French king who was accidentally shot in the face at a tournament celebrating the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
Besides religious reasons, why might Hungary eventually remain Catholic in early modern European history?
Geography Part of Austrian empire In the middle of Austrians and Turks Held on to Catholicism because it was the lesser of two evils (Catholicism vs. Islam)
What was Luther's reaction to the German Peasant Revolts and why? What were the results of these revolts?
German country people protested economic and social injustices, and justified the revolt with (a misinterpretation of) Luthers doctrine. Luther originally supported this, but then changed his mind because he did not want to be affiliated with social revolution, only religious. This rebellion was quickly crushed.
Martin Luther
German professor & priest who wrote the 95 Theses and subsequently led the Protestant Reformation
Catherine of Aragon
Henry VIII's first wife, mother of Mary Henry VIII wanted their marriage to be annulled so he could marry Anne Boleyn and have a son; Pope denied request because of Catherine's relationship with Holy Roman Emperor
Jane Seymour
Henry VIII's third wife, mother of Edward VI Died in childbirth
Describe the social and political impact that the English Reformation had on English society and government.
Henry seized monasteries and distributed their lands to the upper classes, which strengthened them and tied them to both the Tudor dynasty and the English Church Royal government reformed and centralized New departments of state Surplus funds from all departments were applied to those with deficits Greater efficiency and economy
What county dominated the new Dutch nation and why?
Holland because it had the largest navy and the most wealth
Frederick III
Holy Roman Emperor who acquired only a small amount of territory but a great deal of money with marriage to Princess Eleonore of Portugal in 1452
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor who held his first diet in Worms, Germany and summoned Luther to it
Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire originally settled their differences by what agreement in 1555?
Peace of Augsburg (however, this lost support over tie as both Protestants and Catholics wanted to advance their causes)
Leo X
Pope who authorized the sale of indulgences
Paul III
Pope who changed the Catholic Church by being a model of decorum and piety rather than worldliness and power
Why wouldn't the pope grant Henry VIII an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon?
She was the aunt of the Holy Roman Emperor, and doing so would create animosity from the Holy Roman Empire
What was a source of the great Dutch wealthy in their early history?
Shipping because of their good fleet
Philip II
Son of Charles V (HRE) who gained power of the Netherlands as well as Spain
What were the results of the Hapsburg-Valois Wards of the early to mid-16th century?
Spain emerged victorious France had to acknowledge Spanish dominance in Italy Conflict still continued (politically and religiously) France had to increase taxes and borrow heavily
What were the consequences of the English defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588?
Spain rebuilt navy to be even stronger than before War between Spain and England dragged on for years Prevented Philip II from reimposing Catholicism on England by force Increased nationalism in England
1588
Spanish Armada defeated by the Royal Navy when attempting to invade England
What name is given to the southern Dutch counties that remain part of the Spanish empire after the Dutch revolt? What is this region of Europe called today?
Spanish Netherlands Belgium
Spanish Armada
Spanish naval fleet sent by Philip II in 1588 against England as a religious crusade against Protestantism. Defeated due to weather and the English fleet
Why would England support the Dutch Revolt against the Spanish?
Support of Protestantism "The enemy of my enemy is my friend"
Gustavus Adolphus
Swedish king who led his army into Germany to support the Protestant Union
Ulrich Zwingli
Swiss humanist and priest who admired and followed Erasmus's studies; rejected Catholic ideals and relied solely on scripture for guidance
Why would popes resist calls for a general council representing the entire church?
They realized that a general council would lessen their power, but since many people opposed the total authority held by the Pope, they did it anyway in an attempt to win back the favor of the people
Besides those Germans that supported Luther due to religious agreement with him, what other reasons might have drawn certain Germans to his cause?
They used him as a symbol and a weapon of not only religious, but also social and political revolution.
What name is given to the newly independent northern Dutch counties after their successful independence movement against the Spanish?
United Provinces of the Netherlands
Why would Catholic King of France support the Protestant side in the 16th century German civil war?
"The enemy of my enemy is my friend" French foreign policy is to keep Germany divided to prevent the Hapsburgs from obtaining too much power
Thirty Years' War
(1618-1648) war between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire triggered by a Bohemian revolt against the Holy Roman Emperor's officials
Who was involved in the War of the Three Henrys?
*Henry of Navarre* (Bourbon, Huguenot) Henry III (Protestant, current king, son of Henry II & Catherine de Medici) Henry of Guise (Roman Catholic)
List the four phases of the Thirty Years' War and describe the events and results of each.
1. In Bohemia, Ferdinand and and *CATHOLICS* vs. Bohemian Protestants 2. In Denmark, Ferdinand and and *CATHOLICS* vs. Danish Protestants 3. Involved successful intervention by Sweden on *PROTESTANT* side; France helped to limit Hapsburg power 4. Direct French intervention on *PROTESTANT* side
By the death of Henry II in 1559, what percentage of the French population was Calvinist?
10%
In what year did the Dutch gain their permanent independence from the Spanish?
1648
Reformation
16th century religious, political, intellectual, and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era
How many provinces made up the Netherlands in the 16th century?
17
Huguenots
French Calvinists
Name the treaty that declared Dutch independence from Spain.
Act of Abjuration
Institutes of the Christian Religion
Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism
The Dutch in the 16th century mainly followed what version of Protestantism?
Calvinism
Puritans
Calvinists in England
Huguenots
Calvinists in France
Presbyterians
Calvinists in Scotland
When Louis XIII is king, who runs the government and what does he do?
Cardinal Richelieu turns the French Government into an absolute monarchy in order to eliminate chaos and establish stability (full extent of Machiavellianism)
What two names are given to the Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation?
Catholic Reformation & Counter Reformation
Politiques
Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse
Jan Hus
Catholic laymen, leader of Hussite Church in Bohemia
Thomas Cromwell
Chief minister (political advisor) of Henry VIII
In the early 16th century, critics of the Catholic clergy concentrated on what problems?
Corruption of the church and the basic Catholic doctrine itself
Mary Queen of Scots (Stuart)
Cousin of Elizabeth I, next in line to the throne of England, executed by Elizabeth I because she was the center of Catholic plots to overthrow Elizabeth
Mary Tudor
Daughter of Henry VIII & Catherine of Aragon Attempted to return England to Catholicism Called "Bloody Mary" because of the brutal executions of Protestants that she carried out
What technique did early modern Hapsburg monarchs use to enhance their wealth and territorial acquisition?
Diplomatic marriage with foreign monarchs
What effect did the Protestant Reformation have in Poland?
Doctrinal differences among Calvinists,Lutherans and other groups prevented united opposition to Catholicism. King banned Lutheranism; remained Catholic
Johann Tetzel
Dominican friar who ran Archbishop Albert's indulgence sale, and advertised that the purchase of indulgences would bring full forgiveness for one's own sins or release from purgatory of a loved one
Council of Blood
Duke of Alva's tribunal in which 1500 Protestants were executed
Describe the religious situation in England during the reigns of Henry VIII's successors: Edward VI, Mary I (Tudor), Elizabeth I
Edward VI: Protestant Mary I: Catholic; Protestants persecuted Elizabeth I: was Protestant but chose a middle course between Catholicism and Puritans, promoted Church of England
Despite many reasons for the conflict, what event may have sparked the late 16th century Spanish invasion of England?
Elizabeth I (Protestant) executed Mary I (Catholic)
1648
End of Thirty Years' War
As a result of the English Reformation, Henry VII became the supreme head of the Church of _____.
England
Pale
English-controlled part of Ireland surrounding Dublin
Hapsburg-Valois Wars
France vs. Spain Spain was the victor
List the three "weak" sons of Henry II who ruled France in chronological order. Who "really" ruled France during the reigns of these three monarchs?
Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III They were ruled by their mother Catherine de Medici
What two European royal families experienced centuries of conflict in early modern European history and why?
Hapsburgs vs. Valois Conflict stemmed from Maximilian I's marriage to Mary of Burgundy Valois feared the potential of the powerful Hapsburg family to become universal monarchs of Europe
What were the results of the German religious war of the 16th century for the Holy Roman Empire (Peace of Augsburg) and personally for the emperor Charles V?
In general, Lutheranism was recognized in the Holy Roman Empire. For Charles V personally, he became a monk and decided to divide Germany from his non-German territories. His brother, Ferdinand I, inherited Austria and the Holy Roman Empire, and his son, Philip II, inherited Spain.
What social and political consequences can be attributed to Luther translating the Bible into German?
It inspired nationalism and German pride yet simultaneously divided the Holy Roman empire by religion. If it was written in Latin, it would suggest Latin/Catholic superiority.
Explain the results of the Council of Trent and therefore their overall strategy as to how to Catholic Church should respond to the Protestant Reformation.
It laid a solid basis for the spiritual renewal of the Catholic Church. The decision was made to reform the church in two ways: fix corruption (simony, nepotism, etc.) and reaffirm basic doctrine.
1607
Jamestown (first permanent British settlement in North America) is established
Henry VIII
King of England who formally parted from Rome and established the Anglican Church as the official church of England, making himself the head 6 wives, wanted a son so there would be a legitimate male heir to the throne
Francis I
King of France who tried two new device to raise revenue: the sale of public offices and a treaty with the papacy
Philip II
King of Spain who married Mary Tudor in an attempt to reunite England with Catholic Europe
Spiritual Exercises
Loyola's classic work full of his philosophical insights on religion which led to his formation of the Society of Jesus
How did the early Protestant Reformation affect the role of women in society?
Luther's claim that all vocations have equal merit, the Protestant rejection of monasticism and celibacy, the insistence that all laity (including women) should read the Bible, and Luther's acceptance of sexual desire (within marriage) all contributed to some minor improvement in women's circumstances.
Explain the basic doctrinal arguments that Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, and other early Protestant leaders agreed on in their break with the Roman Catholic Church.
Mainly Eucharist (AKA communion, the Lord's supper, etc) Catholicism: transubstantiation Luther: believed that Christ is present during Eucharist but not because of the priest Zwingli: saw it as a memorial which Christ is present in spirit among the faithful, but not in the bread and wine
1517
Martin Luther publishes the 95 Theses
Arthur (Tudor)
Older brother of Henry VIII First heir to throne & husband of Catherine of Aragon
Edward VI
Only son of Henry VIII Sickly Short reign Promoted Protestantism
Besides religious reasons, why might Bohemia join the Protestant side against the Holy Roman Emperor?
Opposed to the Catholic Hapsburgs "the enemy of my enemy is my friend"
Which countries composed the two sides of the Thirty Years' War?
Protestant Germany (Protestant Union), Denmark, Sweden, and France VS Catholic Germany (Catholic League), Austria, and Spain
Quakers
Protestant group known for their pacifism
Henry of Navarre
Protestant politique who became King Henry IV
Religiously, as a result of the Dutch revolt against Spanish rule, the northern Dutch counties were ______ and the southern Dutch counties were ______.
Protestant; Catholic
2 parts of the counter reformation
REFORM: fix corruption & reaffirmation of beliefs END PROTESTANTISM: intellectually (spread Catholicism and re-convert) and through force (inquisition of heretics, and war with Protestants)
Low Countries
Refers to Netherlands and Belgium (below sea level); Lutheran
What form of government did the Dutch establish after gaining independence from Spain?
Republic (no monarch)
Lutheranism spread fairly quickly to what region of Europe to the north of the Holy Roman Empire?
Scandinavia
Anne Boleyn
Second wife of Henry VIII, mother of Elizabeth Executed for alleged adulterous incest so that Henry VIII could remarry
Why might loyalty to the Catholic Church have remained strong in Ireland?
The English tried to impose their church on Ireland, but they remained Catholic because of their opposition to England
When Luther's rebellion resulted in war, what factor besides religion divided the Holy Roman Empire?
The desire for states' rights
Why would the French government not have a "political need" to rebel against Rome in the Protestant Reformation?
They had already formally parted from Rome, forming their own Gallican church, so anything wrong with the Roman Catholic Church was irrelevant to the French.
Why might the rise of Protestantism in Spain and/or France be more easily squelched?
The rulers in these countries are both strict and devoutly Catholic.
Why would the Catholic French support the Protestant side in the Thirty Years' War?
Their foreign policy is to weaken Hapsburg power by whatever means necessary in order to prevent universal monarchy
In general, describe the different approaches demonstrated by the Medieval popes, Renaissance popes, and the Counter Reformation popes, concerning their leadership of the Catholic Church.
There is a strong correlation between the power of papal authority and the pope's involvement in the world (involvement increases when authority is decreased and vice versa) MEDIEVAL: unquestionable power, so involvement in the world was unnecessary RENAISSANCE: worldliness increased during Renaissance so popes became more involved to reclaim power; popes were worldly and corrupt COUNTER REFORMATION: models of decorum and piety, fought back and declared authority like late Medieval popes
What did Henry IV mean when he was quoted as saying, "Paris is well worth a Mass"?
While Henry IV was originally Protestant, he converted to Catholicism because in his eyes, it was a small sacrifice if it meant he could be the King of France.
Thomas More
Writer of "Utopia", king's chancellor and friend Beheaded by Henry VIII after he disagreed with the king's decision to part from Rome so that he could grant himself an annulment
Roman Inquisition
a committee of six cardinals with judicial authority over all Catholics and the power to arrest, imprison, and execute suspected heretics
Edict of Nantes
a document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France
95 Theses
a letter written by Luther to the Archbishop which argued that the indulgences undermined the seriousness of the sacrament of penance, competed with the preaching of the Gospel and downplayed the importance of charity in the Christian life
Pilgrimage of Grace
a massive rebellion that proved to be the largest in English history, caused by popular opposition in the north to the religious changes made by Henry VIII
John Knox
a minister who studied in Geneva with Calvin and was instrumental in getting the Scottish Parliament to establish a Calvinist church as the official state church of Scotland (Presbyterianism)
Protestant
a term that generally applies to all non-Catholic western European religions
The reign of Henry IV prepared a way for French ________ in the 17th century by helping restore internal peace in France.
absolutism
What city became a model Calvinist community in the 16th century, and what type of lifestyle would be emphasized by Calvinist leaders?
city: Geneva lifestyle: theocratic government; Protestant work ethic
Book of Common Prayer
created by Thomas Cranmer, included the order for all services and prayers of the Church of England in stately, dignified English
iconoclasm
destruction of religious images and relics (which were regarded as sacrilegious by Protestants) as a means of purifying the church
Magyar
dominant ethnic group in Hungary
Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
ended the Hapsburg-Valois wars
Describe the doctrinal practices of the Church of England.
essentially the same as the Catholic doctrine
House of Orange
family that held the office of stadholder in several of the UPN
Part of the resistance to Catholic Rome was fueled by nationalistic resentment by those who saw church leaders in their regions as _________.
foreign
Catholic League
formed in retaliation to the formation of the Protestant Union
John Calvin
founder of Calvinism, a Protestant sect based on the concept of predestination
Ignatius Loyola
founder of the Jesuits spent a year in seclusion, prayer, and asceticism while recovering from a battle wound to the leg
Anabaptists
general name given to several Protestant groups who believed that only adults could make an informed decision about baptism (and thus entry into the Christian community) and who therefore refused to have their children baptized. Because of their belief in pacifism and that the Christian could not participate in civil affairs (by implication the separation of church and state) Luther, Calvin, and Catholics condemned and persecuted them
In the Netherlands, what began as a movement for the reformation of the church, developed into a struggle for Dutch __________.
independence
Edict of Restitution
issued by the Holy Roman emperor; said that all Catholic properties lost to Protestants since 1552 were to be restored, and only Catholics and Lutherans were granted religious tolerance
Margaret of Valois
king of France's sister who married Henry of Navarre in an attempt to reconcile Catholics and Huguenots
Council of Trent
laid a solid basis for the spiritual renewal of the Catholic Church
Duke of Alva
leader of the twenty thousand Spanish troops sent by Philip II to pacify the Low countries
Albert of Wallenstein
legendary leader of the extremely successful Catholic imperial army; was killed by his own emperor because he was so powerful
Colloquy of Marburg
meeting/discussion summoned in 1529 to unite Protestants, but failed to resolve the difference in views on transubstantiation
Jesuits
members of the Society of Jesus; tightly-knit, highly centralized organization that vowed to chastity, poverty, and obedience to the pope
Catherine de Medici
mother of three week rulers (sons of Henry II) whom she dominated
Society of Jesus
new order that played a powerful international role in strengthening Catholicism in Europe as well as internationally
canton
one of the 13 manorial territories in Switzerland
anticlericalism
opposition to the clergy
indulgence
papal statement (in document addressed to an individual) granting remission of priest-imposed penalty for sin (no one knew what penalty God would impose after death). Popular belief, however, held that an indulgence secured complete remission of all penalties for sin, before and after death.
diet
parliment-like assembly of powerful people in the Holy Roman Emperor
Henry IV
politique king of France who lead France out of religious turmoil
Augsburg Confession
primary confession of the faith of the Lutheran Church and one of the most important documents of the Lutheran Reformation (written in German and Latin)
Rapidly reproducing and making known his ideas, Luther's fame and success can be somewhat attributed to the invention of the _________ _____.
printing press
Index of Prohibited Books
published by Holy Office; catalog of forbidden reading including works by Christian humanists like Erasmus, and Protestants
List and explain the importance of the results of the Thirty Years' War (Peace of Westphalia).
reconfirmed Peace of Augsburg and added Calvinism German states became virtually sovereign France gains rights in Alsace and Lorraine Sweden gains northern German territory Dutch Republic gains permanent independence Swiss cantons gain independence
What characteristic of the new Dutch republic enabled them to attract a great dal of foreign capital, investment, and talent?
religious toleration
Hapsburgs
royal family in Austria and the Holy Roman Empire
St. Bart's Day Massacre
savage Catholic attack on Calvinists in Paris during the celebration of the marriage of Margaret of Valois to the Henry of Navarre
The Dutch provinces of the 16th century were _____-governing, and made their living how
self
Diet of Worms
series of imperial meetings where Luther defended his doctrines before the emperor Charles V and refused to recant his doctrines, resulting in Charles V issuing an imperial Edict condemning them
Maximilian I
son of Frederick III who married Mary of Burgundy, which led to conflict between Hapsburgs and Valois
Union of Utrecht
the alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands
Explain the "Protestant Work Ethic" as it related to 16th century Calvinism.
the belief in predestination led to an emphasis on being hardworking, thrifty, profitable, conservative, and moral
transubstantiation
the belief of Catholics and some other Christian churches that the bread and wine that are eaten and drank at Mass changes into the body and blood of Jesus because of the priest; regarded as divine and holy
simony
the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges or status
stadholder
the executive officer in each of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, a position often held by the princes of Orange
Peace of Westphalia
the name of a series of treaties that concluded the Thirty Years' War in 1648 and marked the end of large-scale religious violence in Europe
Holy Office
the official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy
predestination
the teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works
Peace of Augsburg
treaty written in 1555 that ended the German civil war and officially recognized Lutheranism, hence tolerating both Catholics and Lutherans in the Holy Roman Empire in an attempt to create peace
Protestant Union
union of Lutheran princes resulting from the violations of the Peace of Augsburg in the Holy Roman Empire
Salamanca
university in Spain at which Loyola studied
List some consequences of the Peace of Westphalia.
weakened Hapsburg states of Austria and Spain strengthened French position in Europe ended Age of Wars of Religion introduced new method of peace negotiation recognized Europe as a group of independent states with the ability to negotiate for themselves marked the beginning of what became known as the "modern state system"
Katharina von Bora
wife of Martin Luther & former nun; symbolized of the nonexistent emphasis on celibacy in Protestantism and set an example of a pastor's wife