Viruses and Bacteria
What is a Virus?
An infectious agent made up of nucleic acid (DNA OR RNA) wrapped in a protein coat called a capsid.
What are the characteristics of Kingdom Archaebacteria?
Prokaryotes, Cell walls without Peptidoglycan, Unicellular, Autotroph or Heterotroph, lives in extreme environments
Helical Capsid (Definition) and example
Rod like structures with the RNA in the center of the helix. A helix is made by stacking repeating units in a spiral. (Tobacco Mosaic Virus)
Lytic Cycle (Definition)
the process in which a virus overtakes a. cell and uses the cellular machinery of its host to reproduce. Copies of the virus fill the cell to bursting, killing the cell and. releasing viruses to infect more cells
Both bacteria and fungi are...
decomposers
Why do bacteria adapt more quickly to environmental changes compared to humans?
Bacteria reproduce more quickly, speeding up the process of natural selection
What are the 3 Domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
aerobic (definition)
Describes that the organism must live in an oxygen rich environment
anaerobic (definition)
Describes that the organisms does not survive with oxygen
Pathogen (Definition)
Disease producing agent
What are the 6 kingdoms?
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protist, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
What are the characteristics of Kingdom Protist?
Eukaryotes, cell walls with cellulose in some, unicellular or multicellular, autotroph or heterotroph, lives in terrestrial or aquatic environments
What are the characteristics of Kingdom Fungi?
Eukaryotes, cell walls with chitin, most are multicellular, heterotrophs, lives in terrestrial or aquatic habitats
What are the characteristics of the Kingdom Plantae?
Eukaryotes, cells walls with cellulose, multicellular, autotroph, lives in a terrestrial or aquatic environment
What are the characteristics of the Kingdom Animalia?
Eukaryotes, no cell walls, multicellular, heterotrophs, lives in terrestrial or aquatic environments
Give examples of viral diseases.
Herpes, Measles, AIDS, Flu, Tobacco Mosaic Virus
What do all viruses need to reproduce?
Host cells
lytic and lysogenic cycle picture! Study!
Know the steps of each!
What are some beneficial types of bacteria?
Nitrogen Fixing bacteria, bacteria in your gut, bacteria used to make cheese and yogurt
Can antibiotics be used for viruses?
No
Are viruses living? Why?
No; doesn't breathe, doesn't metabolize, doesn't grow, replicates (not reproduces)
Prion
Nonviral partical that has a protein only (no genetic material) and can survive in harsh conditions
Facultative (definition)
Organism can survive with or without oxygen
Viroid
Plant pathogen that consist of a short stretch of highly complementary, circular, single-stranded RNA.
study this chart!
Study This chart!!
Why are retroviruses considered more dangerous?
They force the cell to create viral DNA strands and those strands integrate with the host cell and take over the cell's functions. Since they are part of the cell they reproduce with the cell and are able to be in your body for a longer period of time.
Why dont viruses belong to any kingdom?
They have not nucleus, not organelles, no cytoplasm, or cell membrane.
What is gene therapy?
Viral genetic material is replaced with new DNA, In time this could be used to cure genetic diseases.
Why are some viruses harmful?
Virus invades cell; virus forces cell to make copies of virus; eventually so many copies are made, the cell explodes, releasing all of the new viruses (when your cells make viruses instead of operating normally you get sick)
Defining Properties of Viruses
Viruses are parasites that invade cells; viruses have either DNA Or RNA but not both; Viruses direct the synthesis of new virus within a host cell; newly made viruses infect other cells; viruses are tiny, even compared to a cell
Enveloped Virus (Definition)
Viruses which have a membrane coat surrounding the protein coat or capsid. Common in animal viruses.
What is a retrovirus?
Viruses with RNA that transcribe into DNA
Capsid
What is number 1 referring to?
Genetic Material
What is number 7 referring to?
Surface Markers
What is the stick like things on the outside?
Cluster colony; cocci bacteria
What kind of Colony is this? And what kind of bacteria shape has this type of colony?
Chain colony; bacili
What kind of Colony is this? And what type of bacteria uses this?
Cocci
What kind of bacteria shape are these?
Bacili
What kind of bacteria shape is this?
Spriochete
What kind of bacteria shape is this?
Pair colony
What type of Colony is this?
Bacteriophage
What type of virus is this?
Helical Capsid
What type of virus is this?
Binary Fission
a method of reproduction for bacteria by which the bacterial cells splits to form two new cells `
Pathogenic (Definition)
causes disease
Endospore (definition)
cell with a thick protective coating
What are the characteristics of Kingdom bacteria?
prokaryotes, Cell walls with peptidoglycan, unicellular, autotroph or heterotroph, lives in various habitats
What are the structures found in both eukaryotic and bacterial cells?
ribosomes
Pili (definition)
short hair-like structures used for locomotion by bacteria
Lysogenic Cycle (Definition)
viral replication cycle in which the virus's nucleic acid is integrated into the host cells chromosome; a provirus is formed and replicated each time the host cell reproduces; the host cell is not killed until the lytic cycle is activated
Bacteriophage (definition)
viruses that infect bacteria