AP Euro Semester One Final
The term conquistador means
"military adventurers exploring for the crown"
Machiavelli's ideas as expressed in the prince achieve a model for
A modern secular concept of power politics
The mesoamerica civilization which existed at the time of European exploration was the
Aztec
The major practitioner of the new architecture of the Renaissance as exemplified by the dome of the Cathedral of Florence and the city's Church of San Lorenzo was
Brunelleschi
The most evolutionary of thirteenth and fourteenth-century inventions was/were
Clocks
Philip II and Spain was ultimately unable to defeat
Dutch Republic
Mysticism in the 14th century
Emphasized an intensely personal feeling of oneness with God
The two initial primary goals of Spanish exploration of the new world were to
Enrich the royal treasury and convert the native to Christianity
The major western rival to the British in India in the seventeenth century was
France
Which of the following commodities was France most interested in finding in the new world
Fur
As a result of the peace of Westphalia of 1648
German states were allowed to determine their religion.
James I of England most of the members of Parliament by
Insisting on his right govern through divine right
Dante's Divine Comedy
Is considered a synthesis of medieval Christian thought
Joan of Arc
Liberated the Loire Valley from English control
Descartes believed that he world could be understood by
Mystical experiences
The Schmalkaldic War in Germany ended in 1555 with the
Peace of Augsburg
The Catholic Church pursued galileo and before the inquisition made him
Recant his findings
The capital of the Aztec Empire was
Tenochtitlan
What was Boccaccio's most famous work?
The Decameron
Th European nation that took over the spice trade from Portugal was
The Dutch republic
The devastation of the great plague in the fourteenth century led to
The perception of life as something cheap and passing
The reintroduction of slavery in the fourteenth century occurred largely as a result of
The shortage of labor created by the Black Death
The author of the sixteenth century literary work that describes a utopian society based communal ownership rather than private property is
Thomas More
The costly palace built by Louis XIV, that become the envy of all European monarchs, was
Versailles
Zwingli's interpretation of the Lord's Supper differed from Luther's in that
Zwingli said the ceremony was only symbolic and that no real transformation in the bread and win occurred
The peace of Lodi in 1454 exemplifies what key Italian Renaissance political concept
a balance of power between competing territorial states
Western Europe in the Renaissance saw
a decline in serfdom
During the reign of Edward III of England, the Great Council of the barons
became the House of Lords forming a hereditary body of peers in Parliament
The Glorious revolution in 1688 in England was significant for
bloodlessly deposing James II in favor of William of Orange.
Politically, Italy and Germany were similar in the fourteenth century because
both regions failed to develop a centralized monarchical state.
the Corpus Hermeticum
contained writings on the occult as well as theological and philosophical speculations.
John Locke was responsible for
emphasizing the social contract between the people and government.
The edict of Nantes was all of the following except it
expelled the Huguenots from France.
The Golden Bull in 1356 in Germany
gave seven electors the power to choose the "king of the Romans."
Prior to the Golden Bull of 1356, Germany was a land composed of
hundreds of virtually independent states.
The thirty years war
is considered by most to be part of the larger Bourbon-Habsburg struggle.
The English Bill of Rights
laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy
Which of the following best describes the experience of European explorers and traders in japan
the Japanese initially welcomed the Europeans and their goods but eventually expelled all but the Dutch
During the period of the English Commonwealth
the Lord Protector relied upon the army to maintain his rule
Ars Moriendi refers to the
the art of dying
The Great Schism is known as that period in the history of the Catholic Church marked by
the creation and feuding of multiple popes.
About 1550, the globalization of the world economy under the Spanish began with
the international silver trade
John Wyclif condemned the Church for all the following except that
the pope should be given greater power to eliminate heresy and unbelief.
Changed urban attitudes in the fourteenth century included
the regulation and acceptance of prostitution in most communities
A reason for the success of European joint stock companies in Asia after 1650 was
their ability to arm themselves and fight for their trading rights
The papacy at Avignon
witnessed the creation of a specialized church bureaucracy.
It is estimated that the population of Mexico declined between 1519, when it was roughly 11 million, to ______ by 1600
2.5 million
What was the main cause of the fourteenth century famines?
A little ice age inducing bad weather with heavy rains
The Tudor Dynasty ruled in
England
Victory over the Spanish Armada at the end of the sixteenth century was achieved by
England
The Dutch mystic who founded the Modern Devotion movement and led the group known as the Brothers of the Common Life was
Gerard Groote
Maria winkelmann was a
German astronomer
A subject of particular interest to fifteenth century humanists was
Greek language
Spain's initial claim to Asian territory was based on
Magellan's circumnavigation and exploration
Economic developments in the Renaissance included
Revival of trade
The first European nation to establish formal diplomatic relations with China was
Russia
Antoine Lavoisier is regarded as
The father of modern chemistry
Tycho Brahe recorded astronomical data from
The observatory he built at uraniborg castle
A key economic consequence of the plague was
a decline in manorialism and weakening of feudalism as noble landlords desperate for cash converted peasant labor service to market rents freeing their serfs
The reign of Queen Mary of England was most noted for
a failed Catholic restoration
One overall result of the Great Schism was to
badly damaged the faith of many Christian believers
The development of printing in the fifteenth century
ensured that literacy and new knowledge would spread rapidly in European society.
the edict of Worms
made Martin Luther an outlaw in the Holy Roman Empire
the petition of Right (1628), among other things,
maintained that the King could pass no new tax without the consent of Parliament.
Two key areas of Renaissance technological innovation were
mining and metalworking, including manufacture of firearms.
Thomas hobbes
stated that mankind was animalistic, and needed a strong government to maintain social order.
The most valuable product from the west Indies
sugar
The mainland states of Southeast Asia had better success in resisting European encroachment than did the Spice islands and Malay states because
they were more cohesive politically with strong monarchies
The aristocracy of the sixteenth century was
to dominate society as it had done in the Middle Ages.
Meister Eckhart
was a mystic who claimed that one could achieve a union of the soul with God.
Italian Renaissance humanism in the early fifteenth century, above all else
was based on the study of the Greco-Roman classics.
After 1648, the Holy Roman Empire
was not really an empire at all but rather a loose association of 300 German states.
The Renaissance papacy
was often seen as corrupt and debauched, as evidenced by Alexander VI.
the Reformation in England under Henry VIII
was triggered by Henry's desire to annul his marriage
Louis XIV restructured the policy-making machinery of the French government by
(a and b) personally dominating the actions of his ministers and secretaries and stacking the royal council with loyal followers from relativity new aristocratic families.
First ignored by the Europeans, both america (except for Mexico) finally drew settlers because of the
Abundant fish and fur
England's break with the Roman Church become official with the passage of the
Act of Supremacy
The anapbaptists
Advocated adult baptism, and if they had been baptized as children, a second baptism
The crucial battle of the Hundred Years' War that was won by Henry V in 1415 and that led to the treaty and apparent victory in the war for Henry and England was the Battle of
Agincourt
Federigo da Montefeltro of Urbano was
An example of a skilled, intelligent, independent Italian warrior prince
During the 17th century, Royal and princely patronage of science became
An international phenomenon
Among the great and influential female religious mystics of the fourteenth century was
Catherine of Siena
Organized religions in the 17th century rejected scientific discoveries that
Conflicted with the Christian view of the world
Th liberal education taught by Vittorino da Feltre
Contained as its primary goal the creation of well-rounded, virtuous and ethical citizens
Pico Della Mirandola's Oration on the Diginity of Man stated that humans
Could be whatever they chose or willed
England under the reign of Edward III witnessed the
Crown's acceptance of Parliaments right to approve royal taxation and to inspect government accounts
In the conduct of the Hundred Years War, a sure sign of feudalism's decline was the
Decisive role of peasants foot soldiers rather than mounted knights
Kepler's laws of planetary motion gained acceptance despite
Disproving Aristotle's conviction that the motion of the plantes was steady and unchanging
By 1550, Portugal established colonies in which of the following distant places
East Africa, india, and south china
Frances bacon emphasized the importance on
Empirical experimental observation
Which of the following pair of European nations followed Portugal in establishing trading posts in asia
England and holland
Which of the following European kingdoms claimed territory in North America after 1500
England, Spain, France
The progress of the Hundred Years' War was characterized by
English use of peasant soldiers and the longbow
Italian artists in the fifteenth country began to
Experiment in areas of perspective
The Medici controlled the finances of the Italian city-state of
Florence
Although Charles V had many adversaries, his chief concern during his reign was
Francis I of France
The Jesuit missionary who propagated Christianity in India, Malacca and the Moluccas, and Japan, and who died just before reaching China was
Francis Xavier
Benedict de Spinoza claimed
God was not just the creator of the universe, he was the universe
Post-plague socioeconomic relations between Reich and poor in Europe
Got much worse as materially threatened nobles began to regard wealthier peasants and their new-found desires for meat and wine with utter contempt
Galileo's observations found that planets were not made of some perfect substance but
Had natural properties similar to the earth
What was the commercial and military league set up off the north coast of Germany?
Hanseatic League
In 1415, the Hundred Years' War was restarted by the English King
Henry V
Which of the following statements best applies to Peter the Great of Russia?
His program of Europeanization was predominantly technical and aimed at modernizing the military
in France, the Protestant minority was known as
Huguenots
Blaise pascal believed that
Humans could not understand infinity, only god could
Margaret cavendish attached the belief that
Humans through science were masters of nature
Galileos ideas on motion included the principle of
Inertia
Perhaps the most famous of Italian ruling woman was
Isabella d'Este
Which of the following is true about the commercial revolution in europe
Joint stock companies providing the means for individual investors to profit from overseas commercial adventures
Frederick William the great Elector build Brandenburg-Prussia into a significant European power by
Making the General war Commissariat the bureaucratic machine of his state
Which of the following statements best describes marriage in Renaissance Italy?
Marriages were usually arranged, to strengthen familial alliances.
All of the following monarchs were successful in continuing the centralization of their "new monarchies" except
Maximilian I of the HRE
Which of the following does not explain the European dominance over Native American groups after 1492
Natives were pacifist is and would not resist
The fifteenth century theologian who claimed that reason could not prove spiritual truth was
Occam
The Parliamentarians were unsuccessful in the English Civil war because
Of the effectiveness of Oliver Cromwell's New model army
The European nation that had the first direct contact with China since Marco Polo was
Portugal
The nation that first established trading posts in india, launching the rapid expansion of the spice trade, was
Portugal
Which of the following are among the chief characteristics of John Calvin's reform movement?
Predestination and the absolute sovereignty of God
what was the name of the Renaissance painter who was noted for his painting "the school of Athens"
Raphael
Northern European humanists such as Erasmus studiously learned Greek expressly to
Read the New Testament in its original Greek version and comprehend better the early new writings
The council of Trent
Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings against the Reformation
The word "Renaissance" means
Rebirth
The sponsorship of the exploration by Spain in 1492 was made possible by the recent...
Reconquista of Iberia
The Black Death
Recurred in severe outbreaks for centuries
Issac Newton's scientific discoveries although readily accepted in his own country were
Resisted on the continent
Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau
Revoked the earlier Edict of Nantes, curtailed the rights of French Protestants, and caused thousands of highly skilled Huguenots to flee the country
The chronological order in which European kingdoms sailed to the americas was
Scandinavians, Spanish, Portuguese
Rene descartes philosophy stressed
Separation of mind and matter
Among the adverse economic and population changes in fourteenth-century Europe were
Shrinking peasant land holdings, exodus of residents from rural areas, rising the # of poor people (All the above)
In what way did the Spanish exploration in the new world affect European economies
Silver and gold brought back from the new world created inflationary pressures
the British East India Company official who fought off the French threat in India was
Sir Robert Clive
Which region most effectively avoided European control
Southeast Asia
The first kingdom to sponsor the successful circumnavigation of the globe
Spain
In the late fifteenth century, Italy become a battle ground for the competing interests of
Spain and France
As louis XIII's Chief minster, Cardinal Richelieu was most successful in
Strengthening the central role of the monarchy in domestic and foreign policy
A major impetus for the colonization of Brazil by Portugal was the European demand for
Sugar
The major difference between England's North American colonies and those of France was that
The English colonial population was much greater than the European population of New France
Jesuit missionaries were successful in converting many Chinese's to Christianity because
The Jesuits pointed to similarities between Christian morality and Confucian ethics
Which of the following highlights the basic difference between the Spanish and Portuguese empires after 1450
The Spanish were more territorial while the Portuguese had limited holdings
The immediate cause of the Hundred Years' War between France and England grew out of
The dispute over the duchy of Gascony
the "Golden Age" of the Dutch Republic in the seventeenth century witnessed
The economic prosperity of the United Provinces ruined by series of wars late in the century and the temporary weakening of the States general (B and C)
The scientific societies of early moder Europe established
The first scientific journals appearing regularly
Portugal's handicap in its attempt to dominate southeast Asian trade was that
The kingdom was too small, lacking a sufficient population to govern an empire
Copernicus's heliocentric theory was based on
The observations of several earlier astronomers and his own computations
Humanism's main effect on the writing of history was
The secularization of historiography and the explanation of change over time
Before copernicus, most people believed
The universe to have a stationary earth at the centrar and heavenly spheres orbit it
Which of the following is the underlying premise of mercantilism
There is a limited amount of bullion in the world, and the nation that controls the most will dominate politically and economically
All of the following are true about the administration of the Spanish empire in the new world except
There was no opposition to Spanish treatment of the Indians in the new world
Women benefited from the Black Death because
There were new employment opportunities.
Which of the following is not true of Northern Renaissance artists?
They valued the secular human form as the primary subject of painting.
Newton's universal law of gravitation proved that
Through mathematical proof it could explain all motion in the universe
The papal decree in 1494 which split the explored world between the Portuguese and the Spanish was called
Treaty of tordesillas
castiglione's the Courtier was a
Very popular handbook laying out the new skills in politics, the arts, and personal comportment expected of Renaissance aristocrats
All of the following were factors that motivated European exploration except
Wanting to enslave native people
The English Peasants Revolt in France in 1381
Was caused by the rising economic expectations of ordinary people
The Peasants' War of 1524-1525
Was strongly opposed by Luther who saw it as a social revolution from below against God's divine order
The economic policies of Jean-Baptist Colbert, Louis XIV's controller general of finances
Were based on the economic theory of mercantilism that stressed government regulation
The "new monarchs" of the late fifteenth century in Europe
Were forced upon the acquisition and expansion of power
According to Jacob Burkhardt, the Renaissance in Italy represented
a distinct break from the Middle Ages and the true birth of the modern world.
Neoplatonism was based on two primary ideas:
a hierarchy of substances and a theory of spiritual love
The event that sparked the Thirty years War was
a rebellion of Protestant nobles against the Catholic ruler Ferdinand in Bohemia
All of the following were reactions to the great plague except
a reduction in the persecution of religious minorities because of the displeasure it caused God.
The achievements of the Italian Renaissance were the products of
an elite movement, involving small numbers of wealthy patrons, artists, and intellectuals.
The catholic doctrine of transubstantiation opposed by Luther holds that
at communion the bread and wine are miraculously turned into the body and blood of Jesus
The Renaissance popes did all of the following except
attempt to return to the papacy to more humble times.
baroque art
attempted to blend the feelings of the religious reformations with classical renaissance art
Politically, France by the end of the 14th century saw
chaos and civil war as rival noble factions fought for control of the realm.
Pope Boniface VIII
died in 1305 after his captivity at the hands of Philip IV of France.
The chief accomplishment of the Council of Constance (1414-1418) was to
end the Great Schism by forcing the resignation or deposing all existing popes and paving the way for election of only one new pope.
The overall practical political purpose of the court of Versailles was to
exclude the high nobility and royal princes from real power
The Reformation affected the development of education in Europe by
expanding public access to primary schooling and improving secondary schooling through gymnasiums and ministerial training.
Florence was ruled throughout most of the 13th and 14th centuries by the
popolo grasso
Economically, the great plague and the crises of the 14th century
raised wages because of a scarcity of labor
The persecutions against Jews during the Black Death
reached their worst excesses in German cities.
Concerning the sacraments of the Catholic Church, Luther
rejected all of them except baptism and communion, or the Lord's Supper.
Merchants and manufacturers responded to the economic tribulations of the fourteenth century by
restricting competition and resisting the demands of the lower classes.
Under Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain
saw Muslim power vanish from the peninsula.
Slavery in Renaissance Italy
saw slaves from Africa and the eastern Mediterranean used mostly as courtly domestic servants and as skilled workers.
The European aristocracy responded to the adversity of the great plague by
seeking to lower wages by legal means, especially for farm laborers.
The major European disease that resulted in high rates of mortality among the natives of the New World was
smallpox
Absolutism means
ultimate authority rests solely in the hands of a king who rules by divine right.
Marriages in Renaissance Italy
were an economic necessity of life involving complicated family negotiations
banquets during the Renaissance
were used to express wealth and power of an aristocratic family.
The thirty years war
witnessed the devastation of much of Germany and a loss of population
All of the following are correct about Petrarch except he
wrote sonnets in Latin.
A result of the Colombian exchange that proved disastrous to indigenous people in the americas was the
Arrival of new disease pathogens from europe
in Venice, ultimate governmental executive power was held by the
Council of Ten
The Colombian exchange refers to the exchange between europe and the new world of all of the following except
Diamonds
In the 16th century, the beginning of global European imperialism started with
Isolated trading posts in Africa and asia
The Black Death was most devastating in
Italy
The most important religious order in the Catholic Reformation was the
Jesuits
who played a leading role in perfecting movable type of printing?
Johannes Gutenberg
The painter of the Rome's Sistine Chapel ceiling was
Michelangelo
Peter the Great's foreign policy had as its primary goal
Opening of a "window to the West"
The Chinese Dynasty which replaced the Ming in the seventeenth century and which cam from Manchuria was the
Qing
Which of the following is a true statement about the means of overseas expansion during the age of exploration
The growth of centralized monarchies during the renaissance created governments that had the means to support overseas expansion
The Jacquerie refers to
a peasant's revolt in France in 1358.
The Italian Renaissance was primarily
a recovery or rebirth of antiquity and Greco-Roman culture.
The northern Christian humanists
championed the study of classical and early Christian texts to reform the Catholic Church.
The Italian condottieri were
leaders of mercenary bands, occasionally ruling as military dictators
Concerning parent-child relationships in the Middle Ages
parents lavished considerable attention and affection on their offspring.
In reality, the encomienda made the natives of the new world
slaves of the Spanish
The chief ambition of the Venetian city-state in the 14th century was
to create a maritime commercial empire throughout the Mediterranean and Black seas
The percentage of the European population who died between 1347 and 1351 by the Black Death is estimated at
twenty-five to fifty.
The flagellants
were groups that physically punished themselves to win the forgiveness of God.