AP Euro Unit 5: The Enlightenment

geoffrin

(1699- 1777) She ran the most celebrated salon in Paris. It was attended by the greatest minds such as Montesquieu and Adam Smith.

edmund burke

(1729-1797) Member of British Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought.

Beccaria

(1738-1794) wrote 'On Crimes and Punishments', wanted laws to conform to rational laws of nature

après moi le deluge

" After me the flood "- attributed to Louis XV of France(1715-1774). Recognition that things deteriorating in France but also seen as characterizing his personal attitude toward conditions in France.

ecrasez l'infame

"Crush the infamous thing" meaning bigotry, intolerance, and superstition. He assaulted not only the Catholic Church but the whole Christian view of the world. Argued for "natural religion" and voltaire

frederick II

"Frederick The Great"-1712-1786;King of Prussia, aggressive in foreign affairs. Used military to increase power. Encouraged religious tolerance and legal reform.

montesquieu

"The Spirit of the Laws"; tried to use scientific method to find natural laws that govern the social and political relationships of human beings; identified 3 types of governments: republics, despotism, and monarchies; invented separation of powers

philosophe

A thinker who uses logic and reason to investigate the nature of the universe, human society and morality

Social Contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

Catherine the great

An enlightened despot who ruled over Russia. She is responsible for many positive changes in Russia, as well as securing the country a warm water port.

placemen

Men whose position in government were depended on their ministerial patrons, meaning anyone who had gained power due to office, rank, or title. They were widely opposed near the end of the 18th century in England and were slowly removed from government thanks to Edmund Burke and his Economical Reform of 1782

muzhik

Name given to Russian serf/peasant.

warren hastings

The first British governor-general in India who increased British control over the region, yet did not want an English domination.

Reading Revolution

The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse.

potemkin villages

artificial one-street villages constructed by Potemkin to hide the real dilapidated villages when Catherine the Great went on a tour of her provinces; "bogus evidence of nonexistent prosperity"

legislative commission

consultative assembly from which Catherine obtained a good deal of information on conditions in the country and concluded that she possessed a strong hold upon Russia

Fontanelle

conversation on the plurality of worlds

John Wesley

creater of methodist church engaged in good works

germaine de stael

founder of French Romanticism, she wrote many works that attacked the tyranny of Napoleonic rule.

free gift

gift given to the king by the church because they were exempt from taxes, was smaller that direct taxation.

Causes of Enlightenment

intellectual life and religious life separate, rationalism, scientific method applied, questioning religion, renaissance, individual genius, reformation, religious wars

regulating act of 1773

legislation passed by the British Parliament (brought on by Lord North) for the regulation of the British East India Company's Indian territories, mainly in Bengal. It was the first intervention by the British government in the company's territorial affairs and marked the beginning of a takeover process that was completed in 1858. (TB)

condorcet

liberal economy free and equal public education equal rights for women and ppl of all races idea of progress and indefinite perfectability

hume

mind is simply a bundle of impressions caused by sensory intake sort of anti-reason

tory

an American who favored the British side during the American Revolution

maria theresa

(Ruled 1740-1780) Daughter of Charled VI, who's inheritance of the Austrian throne sparked the War of the Austrian Succession. She survived the war only by giving Silesia to Frederick II of Prussia. Became heiress of Austria and her husband became Holy Roman Emperor. Mother of Joseph II.

joseph II

(r. 1780-1790) coregent with his mother (Maria Theresa) from 1765 until her death-controlled Catholic church closely; granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews; abolished serfdom; peasant labor to be converted into cash paymentscountry in turmoil at death

emile

-analyzed social facts, social solidarity, divison of labor, social integration, and religion

wealth of nations

18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies.

Taille

A direct tax from which most French nobles were exempt

Salonieres

A group of edcated, aristocratic women in eighteenth-century France who supported and sponsored Enlightenment and its leading thinkers.

Enlightenment

A movement of ideas that occurred in Europe between 1680 and 1790. Attempted to apply reason to understand, explain and even change the world.

turgot

A physiocrat in France in the 1700s who wanted economic reform by removing feudal dues and streamlining government expenses. He was questioned by the nobility and was fired after 18 months. (TB)

Mesmer

Austrian physician who created a stir in Paris by arranging seances where people were touched by wands or sat in tubs to receive "animal magnetism" to maybe cure illnesses. Was an early stage in in discovery of hypnosis. This man's name --> mesmerism (hypnosis).

sketch of the progress of the human mind

BY CONDORCET Wrote this testament to the Enlightenment. Belief that all peoples would participate eventually in the same progress. Traced development of human history through nine eras, contending that in the tenth era peace, virtue and justice would prevail.

democratic revolution

Began about 1750, during which the citizens of the United States, France, and other countries broadened their participation in government. This revolution suggested that people organize society and that human intervention can therefore resolve social problems.

Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

Book written by Gibbon which told that the growth of Christianity was the major reason for the collapse of Rome

commonwealthmen

British political writers whose radical republican ideas influenced the American revolutionaries

act of union of 1801

Created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, which lasted until 1922. United Cath and Presb Irish uprising against Brit while busy with French in war - 1798. Brit had suppressed rebellion and then turned to centralizing. Ended separate kingdom of Ireland and Irish parliament. Irish to be represented in Westminster. These provisions incorporated in Act of Union.e

ancients and moderns

Dispute in 17th century between men of letters in France and England. Ancients held that the works of the Greeks and Romans had never been surpassed. The Moderns, pointing to science, art, literature, and invention, declared that their own time was better than the ancients because building on work of their predecessors achievements. Quarrel never settled but in 1700 a great many people were in the Modern camp.

Laissez faire

Economic liberalism that believes in unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.

pugachev's rebellion

Emelyan Pugachev promised the serfs land of their own and freedom from their lords, initiating a peasant revolt, the largest of the 18th century.

physiocrates

Enlightenment thinkers who looked for natural laws to define a rational economic

lespinasse

Epitome of Enlightenment hostess of salon

corvee

Forced labor that required peasants to work for a month out of the year on roads and other public projects

patriot king

George III worked to heighten the power of the king by working through the kings friends

thaddeus kosciusko

He led a revolutionary political movement in 1794 which proposed the abolition of serfdom. It got no help from the revolutionaries governing France and was crushed in the third partition.

Gibbon

Historian The Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire Humans are always progressing

illuminati

Holy Spirit directly operates upon the mind of the bible student and enables him to perceive or understand the message of the writers

Salon

Informal gatherings, usually sponsored by middle-class or aristocratic women, that provided a forum for new ideas and an opportunity to establish new intellectual contacts among supporters of the Enlightenment in the 18th century. These informal gatherings gave intellectual life an anchor outside the royal court and church-dominated universities and afforded an opportunity to test ideas or present unpublished works.

The Public

Libel

maupeou parlements

Maupeou created a new and docile French parlement of royal officials to begin taxing the privileged groups

Freemasonry

People who held typical enlightenment views met secretly in lodges Brought different social classes together

Voltaire

Persian Letters history on Louis XIV social freedoms politically conservative (pro kings)

partitions of poland

Poland divided between Russia, Austria, and Prussia; changed the balance of Europe as a whole; Russia, Austria, and Prussia progressed passed France

dissenters

Protestant whose views and opinions differed from those of the Church of England

Considerations on Poland

Rousseau applied ideas of Social Contract to more concrete form (Poles) and became the first systematic theorist of a conscious and calculated nationalism.

effects of the enlightenment

Scientific method by Francis Bacon, people questioned things more, American revolution, Philosophers wrote topics that relate to government, politics, and rights development of modernity focus on progress god is the earths creator

rousseau

Social Contract general will should always be followed

smith

The Wealth of Nations market economy free market "invisible hand"

The Spirit of Laws

This work by Montesquieu called for a separation of powers and heavily influenced the formation of American government

hereditary subjects

Under Frederick the Great, serfs were considered this to the Lord. They were never free to leave the lord's estate.

cameralism

View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good

Philosophical Letters on the english

Voltaire helped popularize english ideas in france with this

la barre

Voltaire wrote to exonerate a youth named La Barre who had been executed for defiling a wayside cross.

kant

What is the Enlightenment? free speech free press metaphysics: what we know and how we know it

Origin of Inequality Among Men

Written by Rousseau, in 1753, stated that civilization was the source of much evil and a state of nature would be much better.

d'holbach

Wrote "System of Nature", argued that humans were machines governed by outside forces. He believed that free will, God, and immorality of the soul were myths. Aggressively atheist.

encyclopedists

a group of 18th-century writers in France who compiled and wrote the Encyclopédie, edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert

the messiah

a masterpiece of Scriptural text which presents the theme of redemption, starting with the Old Testament prophecies and showing their fulfillment in Christ's birth, death, resurrection and Second Coming. by Handel

Jean calas

accused of killing his son to prevent him converting to Roman Catholicism, defended by Voltaire

constitution of 1791

all 3 estates have equal power in government, National Assembly becomes Legasliative Assembly, absolute monarchy is abolished, forcing the king to obey limited monarchy

arts and sciences

scientific societies and academies seeking knowledge and education in both the arts and the sciences drove the expansion of print culture and more literacy popularization of science

atlantic revolution

series of revolutions that took place during the late 18th centuries (1770s to 1820s) American and French Revolutions were part of it also known as democratic revolution

Pietism

stresses inner spiritual growth grew during the enlightenment movement in the lutheran church

stanislas poniatowski

succeeded Augustus III in Poland, ex lover of Catherine the Great; he tried to impose reforms in Poland, but Catherine hated that and then she invaded.

india office

supervised governing of indian subcontinent

liberum veto

voting in Polish parliament had to be unanimous for changes to be made; thus, little could be done to systematically strengthen the kingdom

Sophie

widow or writer (died in Terror); became salon hostess in Paris; became writer; translated Adam Smith; liberal opposition

diderot

writes encylopedia