AP European Exam Questions
Which of the following best describes Luther's doctrine of "justification by faith alone"?
Belief in Christ is sufficient justification for receiving God's grace
Which of the following dynasties is correctly identified with the region it ruled?
Hohenzollern dynasty in Prussia
Which master of the High Renaissance began to move toward a style known as mannerism in his later years?
Michelangelo
The author of this passage is
Niccolo Machiavelli
"Windows on the West" is a statement that reflects the foreign and domestic policies of
Peter the Great
Which of the following works would best fit the content of this passage?
The Book of the Courtier
In an attempt to secure recognition of his daughter as empress, Joseph VI issued this edict.
The Pragmatic Sanction
Based on the passage, which of the following policies of Peter the Great would have been supported by Hobbes?
The Table of Ranks
All of the following are true of Renaissance art EXCEPT
art tended to be abstract and formulaic
France in the 17th century differed from England in that it was
moving more toward an absolute monarchy
Which event, more than any other, caused Khrushchev to lose the support of the Soviet people?
the Cuban Missile Crisis
Which of the following stood to benefit the most from the Lutheran revolt in Germany?
the German princes, dukes, and other lesser rulers
Both Kennan and Novikov
viewed each other's state as agressive
Christian humanism and Italian humanism differed in that
Christian humanism looked more to classical Christian writings such as those of St. Augustine
Empiricism is the belief that:
experience, especially of the senses, is the best source of knowledge.
Between the death of Stalin and the rise of Gorbachev, the Soviet Union
experienced some liberalization along with increasing economic decline
The Treaty of Westphalia in 1648
extended legal recognition to the Calvinists
The defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588
gave energy to Protestant resistance everywhere in Europe
The first humanists were:
orators, teachers of rhetoric, and poets.
Under Pope Paul VI the Twenty-First Ecumenical Council made changes in Catholic liturgy, including all of the follwing EXCEPT:
ordaining women
What were the two most important models of European political development in the early modern period?
parliamentary monarchy and political absolutism
Which of the following was NOT an impact of the Age of Discovery on European Civilization?
plagues in Europe due to the inability to fight off diseases transported from the New World
Which of the following actions most closely resembles the advice in the first paragraph of the passage?
Louis XIV's use of Royal Officials
Which of the following immediately resulted from Martin Luther's nailing his list of Ninety-Five Theses to the door of the Castle Church at Wittenberg?
Luther became famous almost overnight, and German officials began proceedings against him.
The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 recognized which of the following as legal religions?
Lutheranism
While Newton used this system of reasoning to help develop the heliocentric theory, this system was used to explore biology in this period by
William Harvey
Which of the following authors most powerfully argued against the claims made by Rousseau?
Wollstonecraft
A new alliance between monarchs and this group helped break the bonds of feudal society.
townspeople
The Protestant Reformation challenged which of the following aspects of the Italian Renaissance?
unquestioning loyalty to traditional religion
Slavery during the Renaissance era
was largely due to labor shortages because of the Black Death
Which phrase best sums up Louis XIV's role as head of the government?
"I am the state"
Which shift in thinking is best exemplified by the reading?
A growing belief that objective knowledge could be acquired through reason
Which best characterizes the weaknesses of the Soviet economy after World War II?
Both inflexible central planning and low worker morale and productivity
In France, the true architect of absolutism was
Cardinal Richelieu
The Jansenists were
Catholics whose ideas were considered by Louis XIV to be threatening
Which of the following statements best characterizes France in the 1660s under Louis XIV?
France was superior to any other European nation in administrative bureaucracy, armed forces, and national unity
His founding of the Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits, reinvigorated the Catholic Church in education, service, and spreading Christianity.
Ignatius of Loyola
The spiritual "to do" list shown above was most likely written by which of the following?
Ignatius of Loyola
This statement most accurately describes the beliefs of
John Calvin
Which of the following would NOT subscribe to this theory of government?
John Locke
The English government from 1649-1660 was officially a
Puritan republic led by Oliver Cromwell
The writer of this passage subscribes to which of the following Protestant traditions
Reform
The seventeenth century picture illustrates
The increasing emphasis on scientific measurement and observation
Generally speaking, Wollstonecraft believes women's role in society
has largely been the result of their subjugation by men
Henry VIII's transition from Catholic to head of the Church of England came about as a result of
his desire to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon and to wed Anne Boleyn
Renaissance society took shape
in the merchant cities of late medieval Italy
Henry of Navarre
issued the Edict of Nantes
Institutes of the Christian Religion by John Calvin is considered to be one of the most significant works in Christianity because it
it is a comprehensive work considered to be the definitive statement of the Protestant faith
The "Glorious Revolution" was so named because
it marked a victory of parliamentary authority over the king and instituted the beginning of a constitutional monarchy
Peasants tended to support the Reformation because
it seemed to promise some form of political liberation and greater social opportunities
The significance of Versailles is found in all of the following EXCEPT
it served as a symbol of the accessibility of the king to all people
The most accurate statement concerning Renaissance humanism would be that
it was a broad-based way of looking at man's place in the world, a new attitude about life
The conservative politics instituted by Margaret Thatcher ("Thatcherism") stressed all of the following EXCEPT:
nationalization of industries
According to Kennedy's analysis in this passage, the enemy of self-determination and freedom is not only the abuse of power by nations such as Cuba, it is
nations who are lazy and lack determination and vision
The document above is an illustration of which of the following trends of the 1700's?
new forms of literature were made available for a growing educated audience
Most philosophes sought the:
reform of monarchy
Most English natural philosophers of the seventeenth century believed that:
religion and science were mutually supportive.
The Dutch Golden Age was characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
religious intolerance which divided the country
The Helsinki Accords:
represented a step forward in recognizing human rights in Eastern Europe
During the Khrushchev era (1953-1964) the Soviet Union
retreated from some Stalinist practices and talked about "peaceful coexistence"
In 1961 Kennedy made his proposal to the UN because of
the Soviet build-up of nuclear weapons
Which of the following developments most likely explains the reason for the production of documents such as the one above?
the admiration of Greek and Roman ideals
The Soviet regime's approach to dissent as exemplified in the passage would be most significantly changed as a result of which of the following?
the implementation of Gorbachev's policies of perestroika and glasnost
From the perpective of Richelieu
the king needs to take action to secure royal authority over groups who threaten his power
Italian Society during the 14th century could best be described as
the most highly urbanized society in Europe
With the growing cost of warfare in the 15th and 16th centuries, monarchs needed new national sources of income and created them by taxing all of the following EXCEPT:
the nobility.
Calvin and Luther would disagree over
the presence of Christ in the Eucharist
The physiocrats believed:
the primary role of the government was to protect private property rights
The primary difficulty encountered by Austria in the development of an absolute monarchy in the 17th and 18th century was
the problem of ethnic diversity
The concept of patronage which drove the Renaissance in Italy referred to
the purchase of the services of artists and writers by wealthy aristocrats and merchants
The chief disagreement between Luther and Zwingli at the Marburg Colloquy involved
the question of Christ's physical presence in the Eucharist
Evidence of the "Americanization" of European culture in the post-World War II era is represented by American dominance in all of the following EXCEPT
the rise of the welfare state
The political sentiment expressed in the poster would have the greatest influence on which of the following?
the student rebellions of 1968
In comparing the policies of Prussian rulers with Peter the Great, one similarity would be
the use of the boyars and junkers as government officials and military officers
This passage takes the position that
the will of the people is to be reduced to one will, that being of a single man or assembly
This passage suggests that
the writer has a great deal of personal influence with the king
Upon which of the following did the Holy Roman Emperor bestow the title "King in Prussia?"
Frederick III
This monarch embodies enlightened absolutism more than any other. He/she forged a state that commanded the loyalty of the military, the junker nobility, the Lutheran clergy, and a growing bureaucracy.
Frederick the Great
The reasoning described above was used to undermine
Classical scientific views
Which was the only Communist country to accept Marshall Plan aid?
Yugoslavia
All of the following are examples of mercantilist policies EXCEPT
encouraging free trade between countries to benefit all parties involved
This passage suggests which of the following concerning the role of women in Renaissance Italy
A woman was more of a decorative than a substantive person in Renaissance society
Beneficiaries of the 1772 partition of Poland included:
Austria, Prussia, and Russia
All of the following were 20th century artistic movements EXCEPT
Baroque
England became a fully Protestant country during the reign of which of the following?
Edward VI
The approach to knowledge demonstrated by men like Kepler was applied to religious doctrine by many elites, producing which of the following differences between elite and common religious beliefs?
Elite beliefs were more orthodox while common beliefs were often based on pagan practices
The "Via Media" or "Middle Way" reflected the attitude of this politique toward resolving the issue of religious differences in England
Elizabeth I
Which of the following sacraments were found to be proper by Martin Luther?
Eucharist (Communion)
Which of the following was a consequence of the Columbian exchange referenced by Diamond?
Europeans' expansion of the African slave trade
This early Italian Renaissance poet known as the "father of humanism", who emphasized the use of classical Latin and was noted for his love sonnets dedicated to an older woman named Laura was
Francesca Petrarch
The revolt by the nobility against France's increasingly centralized monarchy from 1648-1652 was called the
Fronde
Which of the following figures played a key role in the popularization of the Copernican system?
Galileo
This political party was formed in 1979 in Europe and immediately became an electoral force for environmental issues such as global warming, and pollution of water and the air.
German Greens
During the Peasants' Revolt, Luther sided with the
German nobility
Thomas Hobbes and John Locke would most likely agree on which of the following statements?
Governments originate from the consent of the governed
Which of the following concepts most strongly contradicts Hobbes' ideas outlined in this passage?
Habeas Corpus
Peter the Great used all of the following to attempt to modernize the Russian state EXCEPT
He adopted a stance of more religious tolerance.
Which of the following is NOT true of Machiavelli?
He was not a humanist.
All of the following are true of the Council of Trent EXCEPT
It conceded several important theological points to the Protestants
Which of the following does NOT characterize the nature of the Scientific Revolution?
Its proponents were hostile to established Christianity
The opinion that the revival of ancient learning would usher in a new age of secular and scientific values was proposed by the historian
Jacob Burckhardt
Politically, the Glorious Revolution replaced
James II with William and Mary
Which of the following factors led most directly to Martin Luther's posting of his "Ninety-Five Theses" on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg?
John Tetzel's claim that indulgences remitted sins and released the dead from punishment in purgatory
Which pope was referred to as the "warrior pope" due to his interests in political intrigue and military strength?
Julius II
The landowning nobility of Prussia were known as the
Junkers
Because of the many talents displayed by the subject of this passage, it can be most accurately attributed to this best representative of the "Renaissance man".
Leonardo da Vinci
Which of the following would NOT be included in the ranks of the "new monarchies"?
Lorenzo Medici of Italy
As absolutism spread into Eastern Europe, the Monarchs of Austria, Russia, and Prussia emulated the rule of Louis XIV. Which of the following actions not only reflects the policies of Louis XIV but also reflects the passage above?
Maria Theresa of Austria made herself the head of the Catholic Church in Austria, keeping Rome out of political affairs
Erasmus had a profound effect and influence upon this individual:
Martin Luther.
In his statue David, ____________ attempts to portray the theme of humanism through the beauty and vigor of youth and the perfection of the human form.
Michelangelo
The production of works like the text above helped to do which of the following?
Popularize Enlightenment ideas and mold public opinion
A historian arguing that Rousseau's views represented a continuity in European history would point to which of the following?
Renaissance claims that women were less capable of reasoning than men
The passage above represents the shift in European thinking from relying totally on the teachings of Scholasticism to what type of thinking?
Renaissance humanism
Humanism prepared the way for educational and religious reforms in all of the following countries EXCEPT:
Russia
Which of the following statements best describes the impact of the ideas of Locke on serfdom?
Serfdom was seen as inhumane and unjust.
Which of the following European leaders described the Cold War division of Europe in this fashion?: "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent."
Sir Winston Churchill
After the division of Germany into east and west, the city of Berlin remained in ___ occupied territory.
Soviet
The Habsburg-Valois wars were wars fought between France and:
Spain; Spain won all four major battles.
The interrogation recorded in the passage best demonstrates continuity with which of the following?
Stalin's policies toward political opponents
Which of the following actions by Louis XIV most closely reflects the description in the passage
The revocation of the Edict of Nantes
Writings like those above emerged mainly as a result of which of the following?
The scientific rationalism of the 16th century
All of the following characterized northern humanists EXCEPT:
They were hostile to classical culture.
Of the following people, whose theories most closely align with the passage?
Thomas Hobbes
The sermon, "On the Choice and Freedom of Foods", was delivered by this man in the aftermath of the "Affair of the Sausages," marking the beginning of the Swiss reform movement.
Ulrich Zwingli
Which Communist country successfully asserted its independence from Moscow's control soon after the end of World War II?
Yugoslavia
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of humanism?
a focus on the chivalric traditions of the medieval era
Changes affecting women in Western Europe since the 1950s include
a much greater participation in the labor force
The obstacle to the building of a nation-state in Poland through a strong, centralized government was
all of the above: the traditional powers of the szlachta that each king had to sign at succession, the use of the liberum veto against the king's decisions, and no means of levying taxes or raising a powerful army
Elizabeth I's religious settlement is best described as
an Episcopal system with broadly defined Protestant doctrine and traditional Catholic ritual
The passage above appears to make a strong case for
an absolute monarchy
The Golden Bull was an agreement to
attempt to bring national unity in the Holy Roman Empire and provide a means of electing new emperors
This passage suggests an artist who passionately and carefully approaches the celebration of human figures in art which was indicative of
both classicism and humanism
The European Economic Community had its origins in an earlier agreement about
coal and steel production
One of the most important causes of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States after World War II was
competition between rival political and economic systems in the U.S. and USSR
Ferdinand and Isabella were able to do all of the following EXCEPT
conquer most of southern France.
The so-called "Rump Parliament" established after 1649
consisted of radical Puritans who supported Cromwell
Based on his concerns, Kennan went on to propose a US policy called
containment
To strengthen his hold as king of England, Henry Tudor did all of the following EXCEPT
declare war on Spain to secure naval supremacy
Many philosophes believed in a "rational" version of religion known as:
deism
From this passage, it can be surmised that the most important duty of the Prince is to
ecure the protection of his state at any cost or perhaps lose it
The Spanish first used a system called ________________ whereby they would pay for the rights to use Indian labor on their agricultural lands, supposedly in return for caring for the Indians. This system was later replaced by other means.
encomienda
The Petition of Right that Parliament pushed upon Charles I
forbade forced loans without the consent of Parliament
The Arab oil embargo of 1973-1974 pressed home the message to the industrailized West that:
foreign, potentially hostile, countries control critical resources
Under the Brezhnev Doctrine, the Soviet Union
gave itself the right to interfere in the affairs of other communist countries
The growing integration of all the peoples of the planet into a single economic and political model and accelerating the interchange of products, ideas, and other aspects of culture.
globalization
The interrogator's reference to "imperialist states" is best understood in the context of which of the following?
ideological conflicts associated with the Cold War
Exploration and colonization of the New World in the sixteenth century impacted the European balance of power by
increasing the power of Spain and Portugal.
The goal of Philip II in the Netherlands was to
make the area politically docile and religiously uniform
Galileo believed that all aspects of nature could be described in terms of:
mathematical relationships.
Most proponents of the new science sought to explain the natural world through
mechanical metaphors.
The philosophy of economics that is described by this passage would best be characterized as
mercantilism
According to Wollstonecraft, Rousseau defines women primarily as
objects of men's affections and suppliers of their needs
"We shall never be clearly convinced as we ought to be, that our salvation flows from the fountain of God's free mercy, till we are acquainted with His eternal election, which illustrates the grace of God by this comparison, that He adopts not all promiscuously to the hope of salvation, but gives to some what He refuses to others." This passage refers to the doctrine of
predestination
Which best explains the decline of Dutch power?
provincial disunity and commercial decline due to competition from more powerful nations such as England
The Thirty Years' War
saw the emergence of France as the most powerful nation on the continent
Values that were important to Mirandola and others like him included.
secularism and individualism
Which of the following were the three major components of the colonial economy of Latin America:
shipping, agriculture, and mining.
Novikov seemed to suggest that the United States
sought to influence Eastern European countries
At this time Kennedy was also concerned about what other area of conflict in which the US lagged behind?
space exploration
The invention of the printing press that led to the above picture aided in.
spreading the Renaissance beyond Italy
The Protestant Reformation
tended to strengthen the power of secular authorities
What does this passage seem to imply about the role of the king in the economy?
that royal investment is the key to a robust economy
Which statement best explains why many violent clashes have broken out between ethnic and religious groups in Central and Eastern Europe since the fall of Communism?
the Communist regimes suppressed or permitted only cultural expression of national ambitions, and now these ethnic differences have resurfaced.
According to Diamond's argument, the most important factor for the success of European colonization of the Americas lay in
the biological and environmental advantages held by Europeans.
What event marked the beginning of Algerian nationalism?
the conflict at Sétif between Muslims and French settlers
The creators of the poster also likely opposed which of the following?
the continued French government of Algeria
A key provision of the 1991 Maastricht Treaty called for:
the creation of a unified currency
The attitude exemplified by the poster was likely LEAST influenced by which of the following?
the creation of the United Nations
Which of the following developments most likely explains the reason for the production of documents such as the one above?
the desire to promote and further religious study
Which of the following might have most immediately resulted from the invention of the printing press?
the development of religious groups such as Lutherans, Calvinists, and other reformers
One positive influence of the Reformation on the status of Protestant women was
the double standard on adultery was eliminated
This article was most likely written in response to
the establishment of a Marxist regime by Fidel Castro
What event caused the United States to dramatically change its outlook on the situation in Indochina?
the establishment of the People's republic of China
The revocation of the Edict of Nantes resulted in all of the following EXCEPT:
the execution of a majority of the Protestant nobility.
In Barbara Tuchman's book, The Distant Mirror: the Calamitous Fourteenth Century, the author's main point is what can happen when
the gap between the ideal and the real in society widens too far
Kennedy made the trip shown in the photograph partly in response to
the government of East Berlin stopping the free movement between East and West Berlin
Vietnamization involved:
the gradual withdraw of U.S. troops from Vietnam to be replaced by the South Vietnamese
This invention greatly contributed to the growth of.
the growth of vernacular literature
The phrase cuius regio, euius religio refers to the policy that
the religion of an area is determined by the political leader of that area
The rise of and use of clocks fits in with the theme of humanism in that
they depicted man's attempt to quantify and control time
President Reagan did all of the following as he intensified the Cold War struggle EXCEPT:
tighten the grain embargo of the Soviet Union
The Table of Ranks was instituted by Peter the Great in order to
to attempt to bring the boyars into service to the state