AP European History Exam Study Guide
Steps taken to unite Germany
- first economic reunification - then political reunification
Brian Mulroney
- Canadian PM - free trade agreements with US - privitization of Canadian corporations - unpopular
Romanian gov Post 1989
- Ceausescu rejects reforms - debt - rise up, C executed - National Salvation Front
Marshal Tito
- Communist leader of Yugoslavia - after death, problems arise 1980
Single Europe Act
- EC's move towards united internal market - eliminate trade barriers
Silvio Berlusconi
- Forza Italia (center-right) - Italian media tycoon - Italian PM
Persian Gulf War
- Iraqui forces occupy Kuwait - US liberation of Kuwait - Soviet Union's support of US
IRA
- Irish Republican Army - attacks against N Ireland gov and ppl -
Romano Prodi
- Italian PM 2006 - Socialist
Alexander Kwasniewski
- Polish president - former communist - market econ
Lech Kaczynski
- Polish president - modernization + tradition
Traian Beasecu
- Romanian president - economic growth - rise of middle class
War in Bosnia
- Serbian forces take 70% Bosnian territory - ethnic cleansing - NATO intervention - split
Which nationalities did were combined in the artificial Yugoslavia?
- Serbs - Croats - Slovenes
Croatia declares indpendance... results
- Slobodan Milosevic invades 1991 - capture 1/3 Croatian territory
Solution to Bosnian War
- Split Bosnia into Serb Republic an Muslim-Croat Federation - NATO monitoring
Settlement over Kosovo
- US and NATO propose peace settlement - 3 Year autonomy - refused by Slobodan Milosevic - bombing of Yugoslavian gov by NATO/US - presence of NATO troops maintain peace
League of Communists
- Yugoslavian collective state presidency - collapses soon after formation
Yeltsin's political reforms
- abolish Congress of People's deputies - 2 chamber Parliament
Tony Blair policies
- centricist - international coalition against terrorism - supported US War in Iraq-- led to popularity delcine
1991 attempted coup
- conservative leaders - try to overthrow Gorbachev - Yeltsin and Russians protection - fails - actually leads to disintegration of USSR
Dayton Ohio Peace Conference
- discuss Bosnian War - negotiations
What problems did Mitterand face
- economic - unemployement
Maastricht Treaty/ Treaty on European Union
- economic and monetary union of Europe - creation of European Union - euro - European Central Bank
Why did Kohl become unpopular
- economic problems - had to raise takes to pay for rebuilding E Germany
How did the Solidarity movement regain power?
- elected in free elections - new government created
Article 6
- guaranteed leading role of communist party - prevented other parties
massacre at Srebrencia
- killing of Bosnian boys and men
Yeltsin's economic reforms
- market economy - hard transition - crime mobs
glastnost
- openness - part of perestroika - freedom of speech and press
What happened to Czechoslovakia in 1993
- peaceful split - Czech Republic - Slovakia
Gorbachev's political reforms
- presidency - parliament - other parties allowed
Chirac's immigrant policy
- restrictions on immigration - send illegal immigrants back to home countries - growth of anti-foreign sentiments - social unrest; Muslim riots
perestroika
- restructuring - Gorbachev's econ reforms - market econ - limited free enterprise - led to social/ political ref
Economics pre-Gorbachev era
- suffering economy - behind US - behind in tech - low standard of living - lack of innovation
Parti Quebecois
- want to seccede from Canada - French speaking province of Quebec - unsuccessful attempt at referendum
Yeltsin's policies with the Caucasus war
- wanted to return breakaway state to Russian control - Fighting in Chechnya
Bush Policies
- war on terrorism - war in Iraq - department of Homeland Security - tax cuts, favor wealthy - defecits - against environmental laws - benefits to US corporations - poor handling of Hurricane Katrina
Clinton economic reforms
- welfare program turned back to states - economy - revival
What led to Thatcher's resignation?
-attempted to replace local property taxes with flat-rate tax - anti-tax riots
September 11
2001; attack on World Trade Center; al-Qaeda
When did the Berlin Wall go down?
November 1990
Ethnic Majority in Kosovo
Albanian
Who succeeded Schroeder? Party?
Angela Merkel; Christian Democrat
Reasons for election of Clinton?
George H W Bush's inability to deal with Reagan's defecit problem
Which US president was in office during the Bosnian War?
Bill Clinton
Who did Gorbachev collaborate with?
Boris Yeltsin
What was the ongoing war during Yeltsin's presidency?
Caucasus
Which party gained the majority in the first free elections in E Berlin?
Christian Democrats
Clinton's successor
George W Bush
Who succeeded Kohl? Party?
Gerhard Schroeder; Social Democrat
When did the Soviet Union officially end?
December 1991
Revolutions of 1989
Fall of Comm regimes in E European satellite states
T or F: Gorbachev was in favor of countries breaking off from the Soviet Union
False; allowed it to happen but did not support
T or F: Putin continued all of Gorbachev's policies of glastnost
False; often silenced media critics
"New Thinking"
Gorbachev's plan for new foreign policy
Who was the USSR's first president? Elected in?
Gorbachev; 1990
Blair's successor? Party?
Gordon Brown; Labour
Which W German chancellor was in power during the reunification of Germany?
Helmut Kohl
Ayatollah Khomeini
Iranian leader; anti-Western
Mitterand's successor? Political leanings?
Jaques Chirac 1995; conservative
Mulroney's successor? Party?
Jean Chretien; Liberal
Thatcher's successor? Party?
John Major; Conservative
Main groups in Iraqi society
Kurds; Sunni; Shi'ite
New Polish President
Lech Walesa (Solidarity)
Baader- Meinhof gang
Left Wing Terrorist group Germany; upper middle class young people against capitalism
Red Brigades
Left Wing Terrorist group Italy; upper middle class young people against capitalism
Which was the first state to declare independence from the Soviet Union
Lithuania
When was Gorbachev chosen as Party secretary?
March 1985
Who began a new era for the Soviet Union?
Mikhail Gorbachev
Chirac's successor?
Nicolas Sarkozy
Which 2 countries were particularly successful in maintaining a free market and democrcy
Poland; Czech Republic
What was one of the main moves after establishing democratic govs in E Europe
Push to join EU and NATO
Charles Martel Club
Right Wing Terrorist group France; wanted authoritarian regime
New Order
Right Wing Terrorist group Italy; wanted authoritarian regime
Timisoara Demonstration
Romanian people against oppression of Ceausescu; crushed revolt
Voljislav Kostunica
Serbian leader more willing to cooperate with NATO rename Yugoslavia -- Serbia and Montenegro
Who became the leader of the Serbian Communist Party in 1987?
Slobodan Milosevic
War in Kosovo
Slobodan Milosevic's invasion of Kosovo
Which states sought independence from Yugoslavia
Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina
INF Treaty
Soviet Union and United States; eliminate intermediate-range nuclear weapons; dampen arms race
Chretien's successor? Party?
Stephen Harper; Liberal
Major's successor? Party?
Tony Blair; Labour
T or F: Slobodan Milosevic was against the dissolution of Yugoslavia
True
Main Military Power in Post-Cold War World
United States
Czech gov Post 1989
Vaclav Havel as president; democracy
Who replaced Yeltsin?
Vladmir Putin
Kosovo Liberation Army
against Serbian Rule Serb forces massacre Albanians in attempt to stop KLO
National Salvation Font
assumed leadership of Romania after the fall of Ceausescu
Why did George W Bush start a war in Afghanistan?
attempt to get rid of terrorist groups
Political state of Kosovo pre invasion
autonomous
Why did George W Bush start a war in Iraq?
charged Saddam Hussein with supporting al-Qaeda (doubtful)
What kind of gov did Hungary set up after 1989?
democratic republic
Why did Italy suddenly lean towards communism 1996?
discovery of political corruption - bribes
Jean Chretien
economic growth
Congress of People's Deputies
first Soviet parliament
Rene Levesque
leader of Parti Quebecois
1990s birthrate
lower; declining
Byproduct of Gorbachev's glastnost (in regard to E Europe)
nationalities problem arises
ethnic cleansing
term used to describe atrocities committed by Serbian army against Muslim Bosnians
