AP European History Exam Study Guide

Steps taken to unite Germany

- first economic reunification - then political reunification

Brian Mulroney

- Canadian PM - free trade agreements with US - privitization of Canadian corporations - unpopular

Romanian gov Post 1989

- Ceausescu rejects reforms - debt - rise up, C executed - National Salvation Front

Marshal Tito

- Communist leader of Yugoslavia - after death, problems arise 1980

Single Europe Act

- EC's move towards united internal market - eliminate trade barriers

Silvio Berlusconi

- Forza Italia (center-right) - Italian media tycoon - Italian PM

Persian Gulf War

- Iraqui forces occupy Kuwait - US liberation of Kuwait - Soviet Union's support of US

IRA

- Irish Republican Army - attacks against N Ireland gov and ppl -

Romano Prodi

- Italian PM 2006 - Socialist

Alexander Kwasniewski

- Polish president - former communist - market econ

Lech Kaczynski

- Polish president - modernization + tradition

Traian Beasecu

- Romanian president - economic growth - rise of middle class

War in Bosnia

- Serbian forces take 70% Bosnian territory - ethnic cleansing - NATO intervention - split

Which nationalities did were combined in the artificial Yugoslavia?

- Serbs - Croats - Slovenes

Croatia declares indpendance... results

- Slobodan Milosevic invades 1991 - capture 1/3 Croatian territory

Solution to Bosnian War

- Split Bosnia into Serb Republic an Muslim-Croat Federation - NATO monitoring

Settlement over Kosovo

- US and NATO propose peace settlement - 3 Year autonomy - refused by Slobodan Milosevic - bombing of Yugoslavian gov by NATO/US - presence of NATO troops maintain peace

League of Communists

- Yugoslavian collective state presidency - collapses soon after formation

Yeltsin's political reforms

- abolish Congress of People's deputies - 2 chamber Parliament

Tony Blair policies

- centricist - international coalition against terrorism - supported US War in Iraq-- led to popularity delcine

1991 attempted coup

- conservative leaders - try to overthrow Gorbachev - Yeltsin and Russians protection - fails - actually leads to disintegration of USSR

Dayton Ohio Peace Conference

- discuss Bosnian War - negotiations

What problems did Mitterand face

- economic - unemployement

Maastricht Treaty/ Treaty on European Union

- economic and monetary union of Europe - creation of European Union - euro - European Central Bank

Why did Kohl become unpopular

- economic problems - had to raise takes to pay for rebuilding E Germany

How did the Solidarity movement regain power?

- elected in free elections - new government created

Article 6

- guaranteed leading role of communist party - prevented other parties

massacre at Srebrencia

- killing of Bosnian boys and men

Yeltsin's economic reforms

- market economy - hard transition - crime mobs

glastnost

- openness - part of perestroika - freedom of speech and press

What happened to Czechoslovakia in 1993

- peaceful split - Czech Republic - Slovakia

Gorbachev's political reforms

- presidency - parliament - other parties allowed

Chirac's immigrant policy

- restrictions on immigration - send illegal immigrants back to home countries - growth of anti-foreign sentiments - social unrest; Muslim riots

perestroika

- restructuring - Gorbachev's econ reforms - market econ - limited free enterprise - led to social/ political ref

Economics pre-Gorbachev era

- suffering economy - behind US - behind in tech - low standard of living - lack of innovation

Parti Quebecois

- want to seccede from Canada - French speaking province of Quebec - unsuccessful attempt at referendum

Yeltsin's policies with the Caucasus war

- wanted to return breakaway state to Russian control - Fighting in Chechnya

Bush Policies

- war on terrorism - war in Iraq - department of Homeland Security - tax cuts, favor wealthy - defecits - against environmental laws - benefits to US corporations - poor handling of Hurricane Katrina

Clinton economic reforms

- welfare program turned back to states - economy - revival

What led to Thatcher's resignation?

-attempted to replace local property taxes with flat-rate tax - anti-tax riots

September 11

2001; attack on World Trade Center; al-Qaeda

When did the Berlin Wall go down?

November 1990

Ethnic Majority in Kosovo

Albanian

Who succeeded Schroeder? Party?

Angela Merkel; Christian Democrat

Reasons for election of Clinton?

George H W Bush's inability to deal with Reagan's defecit problem

Which US president was in office during the Bosnian War?

Bill Clinton

Who did Gorbachev collaborate with?

Boris Yeltsin

What was the ongoing war during Yeltsin's presidency?

Caucasus

Which party gained the majority in the first free elections in E Berlin?

Christian Democrats

Clinton's successor

George W Bush

Who succeeded Kohl? Party?

Gerhard Schroeder; Social Democrat

When did the Soviet Union officially end?

December 1991

Revolutions of 1989

Fall of Comm regimes in E European satellite states

T or F: Gorbachev was in favor of countries breaking off from the Soviet Union

False; allowed it to happen but did not support

T or F: Putin continued all of Gorbachev's policies of glastnost

False; often silenced media critics

"New Thinking"

Gorbachev's plan for new foreign policy

Who was the USSR's first president? Elected in?

Gorbachev; 1990

Blair's successor? Party?

Gordon Brown; Labour

Which W German chancellor was in power during the reunification of Germany?

Helmut Kohl

Ayatollah Khomeini

Iranian leader; anti-Western

Mitterand's successor? Political leanings?

Jaques Chirac 1995; conservative

Mulroney's successor? Party?

Jean Chretien; Liberal

Thatcher's successor? Party?

John Major; Conservative

Main groups in Iraqi society

Kurds; Sunni; Shi'ite

New Polish President

Lech Walesa (Solidarity)

Baader- Meinhof gang

Left Wing Terrorist group Germany; upper middle class young people against capitalism

Red Brigades

Left Wing Terrorist group Italy; upper middle class young people against capitalism

Which was the first state to declare independence from the Soviet Union

Lithuania

When was Gorbachev chosen as Party secretary?

March 1985

Who began a new era for the Soviet Union?

Mikhail Gorbachev

Chirac's successor?

Nicolas Sarkozy

Which 2 countries were particularly successful in maintaining a free market and democrcy

Poland; Czech Republic

What was one of the main moves after establishing democratic govs in E Europe

Push to join EU and NATO

Charles Martel Club

Right Wing Terrorist group France; wanted authoritarian regime

New Order

Right Wing Terrorist group Italy; wanted authoritarian regime

Timisoara Demonstration

Romanian people against oppression of Ceausescu; crushed revolt

Voljislav Kostunica

Serbian leader more willing to cooperate with NATO rename Yugoslavia -- Serbia and Montenegro

Who became the leader of the Serbian Communist Party in 1987?

Slobodan Milosevic

War in Kosovo

Slobodan Milosevic's invasion of Kosovo

Which states sought independence from Yugoslavia

Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina

INF Treaty

Soviet Union and United States; eliminate intermediate-range nuclear weapons; dampen arms race

Chretien's successor? Party?

Stephen Harper; Liberal

Major's successor? Party?

Tony Blair; Labour

T or F: Slobodan Milosevic was against the dissolution of Yugoslavia

True

Main Military Power in Post-Cold War World

United States

Czech gov Post 1989

Vaclav Havel as president; democracy

Who replaced Yeltsin?

Vladmir Putin

Kosovo Liberation Army

against Serbian Rule Serb forces massacre Albanians in attempt to stop KLO

National Salvation Font

assumed leadership of Romania after the fall of Ceausescu

Why did George W Bush start a war in Afghanistan?

attempt to get rid of terrorist groups

Political state of Kosovo pre invasion

autonomous

Why did George W Bush start a war in Iraq?

charged Saddam Hussein with supporting al-Qaeda (doubtful)

What kind of gov did Hungary set up after 1989?

democratic republic

Why did Italy suddenly lean towards communism 1996?

discovery of political corruption - bribes

Jean Chretien

economic growth

Congress of People's Deputies

first Soviet parliament

Rene Levesque

leader of Parti Quebecois

1990s birthrate

lower; declining

Byproduct of Gorbachev's glastnost (in regard to E Europe)

nationalities problem arises

ethnic cleansing

term used to describe atrocities committed by Serbian army against Muslim Bosnians