AP European History Final Study Guide
What did the provision in the Edict of Nantes that allowed citizens to maintain fortified towns reveal about social conditions?
Protestants and Catholics did not trust one another
The steam engine was revolutionary because it ______
Provided a virtually unlimited source of power
Queen Elizabeth I was cautions and firm with groups such as ______ ensuring that nothing lessened the hierarchical unity of the Church of England
Puritans
In his Discourse on Method, Descartes attacked ______
Received truths
The bourgeoisie was the ______ class
urban middle
Renaissance art was much more likely than medieval art to attempt to represent ______
what we see
In eighteenth-century Europe, the nobility consisted of approximately ______ of the population
1 to 5%
Under Oliver Cromwell, England was officially ______
A Catholic monarchy
Russian victory in the Great Northern War led to _______
A permanent Russian influence on European affairs
The Portuguese exploration of the African coast started out as a search for gold and slaves but by the century's end it had established ________
A sea route around Africa to Asia's spice markets
The change that rationalized the use of land and created higher productivity was the ______
Agricultural Revolution
The events that sparked the Reformation arose from an intersection of which developments?
Anticlerical sentiments and Luther's call for reform
Endemic welfare between the pope and the Holy Roman Emperor ______
Assisted the growth of Italian city-states
During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the discoveries that most captured the public imagination were made in ______
Astronomy
John XXII tried to return the papacy from _____ to Italy
Avingnon
How was the Peace of Augsburg like the Treaty of Westphalia?
Both agreements established that the ruler of a land may determine the official religion of that land
The Industrial Revolution came first to ______
Britain
According to the map, which of the following statements is true?
By 1600, Spain controlled most of costal Central and South America
The Freedom of a Christian, written by Martin Luther, summarized the new teaching of salvation _______
By faith alone
In the years between 1600 and 1750, the cites that grew most vigorously were ______
Capitals and ports
By the time of the Spanish conquest, the Aztecs ruled almost all of ______
Central Mexico
In 1500, the title "duke of Romagna" was given to
Cesare Borgia
For the eighteenth-century Europeans rights were usually ______ rights
Community
Henry IV of France embarked on a foreign policy focused primarily on _______
Preventing Hapsburg encirclement of France
What did Pope Alexander VI hope to gain by securing a friendship with the French King?
Control over regions in Italy
Louis XIV supported all of the following EXCEPT?
Cooperation with the Estates-General
Prussia is unique in early modern history because the Hohenzollerns ________
Created a major new state
King Henery VII recieved the title "Defender of the Faith" from Pope Leo X for ______
Defending the seven sacraments against Luther
In 1409, the Council of Pisa _____
Deposed both the roman and Avignon popes, and elected a new pope
Landlords considered Russian serfs to be ______
Economic commodities
Humanism prepared the way for Protestant reforms in which countries?
England, France, and Germany
St. Petersburg _______
Exemplified Russia's new orientation to the West
Cosimo de'Medici brought stability to which city after his rise to power in 1434?
Florence
The Hundred Years' War took place primarily in _____
France
Who was known as the father of humanism?
Francesco Petrarch
Louis XIV's view of the monarchy was influenced by his experience of the revolt known as the
Fronde
The seven provinces that became the United Provinces of the Netherlands emerged as a nation in 1572 after revolting against ______
Germany
According to the advocates of the "divine right of kings," kings could only be judged by
God
What was the centeral theme of the three papal bulls Boniface VII issued between 1296 and 1302?
God has placed popes above monarchs
Which was the most important intellectual recovery made during the Italian Renaissance?
Greek studies
Jonathan Swift's satire of the new sciences was ______
Gulliver's Travels
What is William of Orange best known for?
He led the movement for the independence of the Netherlands from Spain
What policies did Sir Robert Walpole promote as chief minister in England?
He maintained peace abroad and promoted religious and political liberty at home
How did the Dominican preacher Girolamo Savonarola convince the Florentines to allow King Charles VII of France to enter Florence without resistance?
He told them that the kings arrival was divine vengeance on their immortality.
Foe what is Ulrich Zwingli known?
He was the leader of the Swiss Reformation
The Enlightenment was the movement that ______
Held that change and reform were both desirable through the application of reason and science
What is true of Philip II of Spain's reign?
His military attacks ended Turkish control of the Meditranian
King Louis XIV bade life difficult for ________
Huguenots
Peter the Great's "Europenization" of Russia consisted primarily of _______
Importing western technocrats and technology to his country
The idea that humans were, by nature, creatures of reason and basic goodwill is an idea braced by ______
Locke, in opposition to the ideas of Thomas Hobes
The most elaborate baroque monument to political absolutism was ______
Louis XIV's palace at Versailles
Who addressed the issue of planetary motion and established a basis for physics that endured for more than two centuries?
Isaac Newton
According to Pascal's famous wager, ______
It is best to believe God exists and stake everything to gain the lot, if God should prove not to exist, comparatively little will have been lost
Which of the following expresses a viewpoint held by Machiavelli?
Italian political unity and independence where ends that justified any means
What inventor became famous for using an iron plow and planting wheat with a drill?
Jethro Tull
The scientific fact that the orbits of planets are elliptical was discovered by ______
Johannes Kepler
The economic basis of eighteenth-century life was ______
Land
The painting Robert Andrews and His Wife illustrates what traditional linkage of the Old Regime?
Land and Nobility
What social group suffered the greatest decline in power as a result of the black death?
Landowners
The Treaty of Westphalia finally granted Calvinists ______
Legal recognition
The experiences of the English Civil War led Thomas Hobbes to summarize his views about strong central government in his book ______
Leviathan
The Magna Carta
Limited the power of the English king
Many of Peter the Great's most important policies were aimed at
Limiting the power of the traditional Russian nobility
Galileo believed that all aspects of nature could be described in terms of ______
Mathematical relationships
The primary reason monarchs sought out new sources The inquisition was a key national agency established in 1479 for the purpose of ______
Monitoring the activity of converted Jews and Muslims in Spain
Introduced from the New World, what new product allowed a more certain food supply in Europe and enabled more children survive to adulthood?
Potato
On the continent, the Old Regime was characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
Powerful representative assemblies
According to Francis Bacon, the Bible and nature ______
Must be compatible because they shared the same author
Ultimately, the Hundred Years' War was about _____
National Sovereignty
Who published On The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres and rejected the notion of an earth-centered universe?
Nicolaus Copernicus
Generally speaking the black death moved _____ through Europe.
North and West
When James I and Charles I attempted to rule as strong monarchs, they were blocked primarily by ______
Parliament
What were the two dominant models of European political development in the early modern period?
Parliamentary monarchy and political absolutism
What government was able to build a strong monarchy with a secure financial base that was not dependent on noble estates, diets, or assemblies?
Political absolutism embodied in France
What conditions in Africa facilitated the capture and forced transport of African slave labor?
Political unrest and inter-tribal warfare
Based upon your knowledge of the text, which of the following is the most probable cause of the witch hunts?
Religious divisions and warfare threatened the security of society and the witches were the scapegoats of a social panic.
Although he invented analytic geometry, whose most important contribution was to develop a scientific method that relied more on deduction?
René Descartes
The Thirty Years' War began as a _______
Revolt of Bohemian Protestant nobility against an unpopular king
French nobles were divided between nobles "of the sword" and nobles "of the ______"
Robe
Which of these statements best summarizes trends in England and France in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth centuries?
Royal power centralized, and national consciousness grew
The term 'Machiavellian' has become synonymous with ______
Ruthless political expediency
Luther's impulse to reform church doctrine focused on ______
Salvation
Charles I might have ruled indefinitely without Parliament had his religious policies not provoked war with ______
Scotland
Hobbes saw human beings as ______
Self-centered, power-hungry creatures
Europe's balance of power was upset when Prussia's King Frederick II seized the Austrian province of ______
Seliesia
The Berlin Academy of Science denied Maria Winkelmann's application to continue her husband's study because ______
She was a woman
Among the social and economic consequences of the bubonic plague was a
Shrunken labor supply
The term "Old Regime" has come to refer to the ______
Social, political, and economic relationships in Europe just prior to the French Revolution
In which of these would you most likely to encounter small, nuclear households?
The Netherlands
Hostilities between Spain and England reached a climax in 1588 when
The Spanish Armada was sent to invade England
The Habsburg-Valois wars were fought between France and ______
Spain
As a result of a scarcity of labor, which of the following nations were the first to quickly turn to importing African slaves?
Spain and Portugal
European voyages of discovery and conquest provided several profound biological impacts on Native Americans, including the ______
Spread of measles and smallpox
The ______ for the West Indies and Brazil became the major center for black slavery in the mid-sixteenth century
Sugar plantations
The ______ of the West Indies and Brazil became the major center for black slavery in the mid-sixteenth century
Sugar plantations
The Reformation broke out the first in the cities of ______
Switzerland and Germany
Which of the following factors allowed European nations to exert influence and dominance over much of the world?
Technological superiority
What industry pioneered the Industrial Revolution?
Textiles
The philosophy of John Locke contributed to the rhetoric surrounding which war?
The American Revolution
A vast increase in the number of Africans brought as slaves to the Americas occurred during the eighteenth century, with most arriving in ______
The Caribbean or Brazil
Who were the supporters of Charles I and Parliament in the English Civil war?
The Cavaliers and the Roundheads respectively
Between 1243 and 1480, Russia was ruled by _____
The Mongols
The heart of the eighteenth-century colonial rivalry in the Americas lay in ______
The West Indies
One of the great political developments in England in the thirteenth century was
The emergence of the English Parliament under Edward I
Denis Diderot, The Encyclopedia, 1751: Which of the following was a major goal of the work as reflected in this excerpt?
The encouragement of skepticism towards all human knowledge
The primary reason monarchs sought out new sources of income in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was
The growing cost of warfare
Which of the following ideas was held to be true in both Renaissance Italy and in Reformation Europe?
The interests of Italy are no longer subordinate to clergy.
Which of the following ideas was held to be true in both Renaissance Italy and in the Reformation Europe?
The interests of laity are no longer subordinate to clergy
After Cromwell's death, the English were soon ready to restore ________
The monarchy and the Anglican Church
Medieval art tended to be abstract and formulaic, whereas Renaissance art showed _____
The natural world and human emotions
What argument about Native Americans caused tension between the mendicant friars and Spanish conquerors?
The need to conquer Native Americans to convert them
The Baron de Montesquieu, the Spirit of the Laws, 1748: The author's statement that... there is no liberty if the judicial power is not separated from the legislative and executive describes which of the following ideas?
The powers of government should be divided between its main branches
The Peace of Augsburg recognized in law what had already been established in practice, which was that ______
The ruler of a land would determine the religion in his territory
A new style of art called "mannerism," allowed the artist to include _____ in his or her work.
The strange and abnormal
The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was?
The subordination of all groups and institutions to the monarchy
Why did German humanists rush to Reuchlin's defense when Pfefferkorn attacked Reuchlin for being a Jew?
To promote academic freedom and good scholarship
Colonial trade in the transatlantic world roughly followed a ______
Triangle
The Spanish voyages of discovery can be seen as an outgrowth of the ______
Unification of Spain
What was the outcome of the 1783 Treaty of Paris?
The treaty granted independence to the American colonies
Many proponents of mechanism believed ______
The world could be explained in mechanical metaphors
What did Mary I of England, Philip II of Spain, and Oliver Cromwell all have in common?
They all sacrificed their political goals by refusing to compromise on religion
How were Jewish children singled our for persecution?
They could be taken from their homes and given Christian instruction
How did the North American colonies impact the Industrial Revolution?
They increased demand for consumer goods
What English humanist wrote a famous book called Utopia?
Thomas More
The first engine using seam power was invented by ______
Thomas Newcomen
What was the primary reason Spanish explorers sailed the Atlantic Ocean?
To find a shorter route to the East Indies
What event completed the glorious Revolution?
William and Mary were proclaimed English monarchs
Which of the following was a clearly defined long-term result in female employment?
Women's work became associated with the home rather than with places where men worked
One way in which the northern humanist Desiderius Erasmus gained fame as a religious reformer was by
editing the works of the church fathers
In the 1700's, the middle classes were distinguished from the nobility by ______
inherited privilege
Under the rule of Peter the Great, Russia's boyars ______
lost much of their power
The first humanists were
orators and poets
