AP HUG Unit 5 Questions
Which of the following spatial patterns is best explained by bid-rent theory? A Concentric rings of different agricultural activities surrounding a city in the midwestern United States B Rural-to-urban migration increasing the population density to eastern China C Linear settlements located along a major road in a densely forested area of Brazil D Dispersed settlement throughout a large mountainous area of Switzerland E The conversion of agricultural land to suburbs surrounding a city in the southeastern United States
A Concentric rings of different agricultural activities surrounding a city in the midwestern United States
Which of the following explains an impact of globalized agricultural commodity chains on consumers as compared to producers? A Drought and depletion of groundwater sources in developing countries cause a rise in global grain prices and associated higher costs for food. B The shift from subsistence farming to value-added agriculture by small farmers in developed countries causes a drop in profits for global agribusiness corporations. C The imposition of government-imposed tariffs on specialty crops in order to protect domestic farmers causes a worldwide decrease in all farm products. D Farmers in developing countries who are unable to gain access to global food markets to sell their goods protest, leading to global unrest. E Agricultural production with a focus on monocropping cash crops creates more vulnerability in a country's exports if consumer preferences shift to a different commodity.
A Drought and depletion of groundwater sources in developing countries cause a rise in global grain prices and associated higher costs for food.
A typical grocery store in the United States may sell oranges grown primarily in California during part of the year and oranges grown primarily in South Africa during a different part of the year. Which of the following explains why oranges are available year-round in the United States? A Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar climates but different growing seasons. B Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar growing seasons but different climates. C Customers have seasonal demands for different varieties of oranges. D Different varieties of oranges are grown for different markets. E Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar climates but different prices for oranges.
A Grocery stores sell oranges that are grown in locations with similar climates but different growing seasons.
The images show examples of agricultural technology developed during different time periods. Which of the following statements is best supported by the images? A Image 2 shows an innovation that occurred in the Second Agricultural Revolution, reducing the amount of labor needed and increasing crop yields. B Image 2 shows an innovation that occurred late in the First Agricultural Revolution, increasing farmers' profits. C Image 1 shows an innovation that occurred early in the Second Agricultural Revolution resulting in more sustainable livestock production. D Image 2 shows an innovation that occurred in the Third Agricultural Revolution, resulting in a diffusion of agricultural practices to less developed countries. E Image 1 shows an innovation that occurred early in the Third Agricultural Revolution, improving the standard of living for small farmer families.
A Image 2 shows an innovation that occurred in the Second Agricultural Revolution, reducing the amount of labor needed and increasing crop yields.
Which of the following correctly compares the significance of the different technologies shown in the images? A Invention of the plow eased the intensive use of labor, and the innovation of mechanized farm equipment led to improved food production. B Invention of the plow enabled an increase in production during the Green Revolution while protecting the environment and reducing pollution from mechanized farm equipment. C The mechanized farm equipment shown in image 2 is solely responsible for the improved yields of the Green Revolution over yields produced by the draft animal and plow shown in image 1. D The method used to tend the crop in image 2 is more labor intensive than the method used to tend the crop in image 1. E Both images show practices that led to shorter life expectancies due to the long hours of labor required for farming and exposure to unhealthy conditions despite the improvements in technology.
A Invention of the plow eased the intensive use of labor, and the innovation of mechanized farm equipment led to improved food production.
Based on the map above, explain the degree to which lettuce production takes place in the United States A Lettuce production in the United States is an example of commercial farming. Most lettuce is produced, processed, and packaged for sale in supermarkets that are a significant distance from where the product was grown. B Lettuce production in the United States is an example of subsistence farming. The only people who consume fresh lettuce are those who live near the production regions illustrated on the map. C Lettuce production in the United States is an example of commercial farming, but lettuce cannot be transported long distances because it is highly perishable. D Lettuce production is limited to colder environments. Lettuce has a tendency to wilt if it is cultivated in warm climates. E Lettuce production in the United States is an example of commercial farming, but most farms are small and sell their product to local markets.
A Lettuce production in the United States is an example of commercial farming. Most lettuce is produced, processed, and packaged for sale in supermarkets that are a significant distance from where the product was grown.
Which of the following best explains the importance of climate to agricultural practices? A Midlatitude climates tend to support similar agricultural crops and practices, such as wheat farming in the United States and China. B Agricultural crops are successful only in midlatitude climates, where any crop can be grown. C Tropical climates support plant-based agriculture, but animal-based agriculture is not successful in tropical areas. D The sparse vegetation in arid or semiarid climates does not support animal-based agriculture. E Cold midlatitude climates are associated with plantation agriculture and pastoral nomadism.
A Midlatitude climates tend to support similar agricultural crops and practices, such as wheat farming in the United States and China.
Which of the following best explains the farming practice related to plantation agriculture? A Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because it requires large inputs of labor and capital to produce the crop. B Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because farms must be located near the market because of high transportation costs for perishable products. C Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because there is little arable land available in the climates where crops produced on plantations grow. D Plantation farming is considered to be an extensive farming practice because the amount of land required makes it too expensive to locate near to markets. E Plantation farming is considered to be an extensive farming practice because it requires large inputs of land, but the crop requires very little labor.
A Plantation farming is considered to be an intensive farming practice because it requires large inputs of labor and capital to produce the crop.
Based on von Thünen's model of rural land use, which of the following explains the location of agricultural practice A or B relative to the market? A Practice A represents intensive land use, requires a smaller parcel of land, and can afford higher land costs found closer to the market. B Practice B represents extensive land use, requires a less distant parcel of land, and needs to be close to the market for cheaper transportation. C Practice B represents perishable products, requires barns and stables, and needs to be close to the farmer's residence. D Practice B represents intensive land, requires large amounts of laborers, and can afford higher land costs closer to the market. E Practice A represents extensive land use, requires a smaller parcel of land, and needs to locate farther away for larger tracts of land.
A Practice A represents intensive land use, requires a smaller parcel of land, and can afford higher land costs found closer to the market.
The Green Revolution led to an increase in food production in many places around the world, but there have been some negative consequences. Which of the following explains one of the negative consequences of the Green Revolution that would be of greater concern for people in developing countries than for people in more-developed countries? A Runoff of agricultural chemicals into the local groundwater that pollutes water resources B Excess production of grain products for which there is no market C Increase in the acreage used for agriculture that affects the open space surrounding villages D Collapse of the grain export market that results in farm foreclosures E Double-cropping processes that lead to soil erosion and a decline in soil fertility
A Runoff of agricultural chemicals into the local groundwater that pollutes water resources
Agricultural settlement patterns are partly determined by the survey system used to organize landownership. Which of the following best describes the survey methods used to delineate agricultural land and the associated settlement patterns shown in the two images? A The first image shows a long-lot survey method with a linear settlement pattern, and the second image shows a metes-and- bounds survey method with a dispersed settlement pattern. B The first image shows a long-lot survey method with a linear settlement pattern, and the second image shows a township-and-range survey method with a clustered settlement pattern. C The first image shows a long-lot survey method with a clustered settlement pattern, and the second image shows a metes-and-bounds survey method with a linear settlement pattern. D The first image show a metes-and-bounds survey system with a dispersed settlement pattern, and the second image shows a township-and-range survey method with a linear settlement pattern. E The first image shows a township-and-range survey system with a linear settlement pattern, and the second image shows a long-lot survey method with a dispersed settlement pattern.
A The first image shows a long-lot survey method with a linear settlement pattern, and the second image shows a metes-and- bounds survey method with a dispersed settlement pattern.
The two images represent different agricultural land survey patterns. Comparing the two images, which survey system was more efficient in terms of trade? A The river in the long lot survey system provided better access to waterways to transport goods to market. B Trade was inhibited by the metes and bounds system because of physical boundaries between land parcels. C Closely spaced land parcels in the long lot survey system facilitated higher agricultural yields and a more efficient export economy. D The metes and bounds system partitioned land into parcels of one square mile each, ensuring equal access to trade opportunities for each landowner. E The long lot system was less efficient because landowners were in direct competition for access to river trade routes.
A The river in the long lot survey system provided better access to waterways to transport goods to market.
Which of the following best explains the potential impact of rising global temperatures on agricultural regions? A The wheat belt will shift northward. B Mediterranean agriculture will expand southward. C Polar regions will dry out, making cultivation impossible. D Nomadic herding will end as conditions become too harsh. E Centers of market gardening will shift to the Arctic Circle.
A The wheat belt will shift northward.
Which of the following best explains the degree to which subsistence and commercial agriculture in West African countries such as Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire cultivate the land? A While some farmers are engaged in subsistence agriculture practices, there is significant commercial farming focused on luxury goods for export, such as coffee and cocoa. B Most farmers are subsistence farmers that use the slash-and-burn method of farming to produce corn for export. C Agriculture is the leading employment sector, and the majority of people labor as subsistence farmers producing potatoes for export. D Most farmers are commercial farmers and produce only export products that include grains and dairy products. E Ranching of animals for export of meat products is the primary type of agriculture in this region due to the vast grassy plains that allow for easy grazing.
A While some farmers are engaged in subsistence agriculture practices, there is significant commercial farming focused on luxury goods for export, such as coffee and cocoa.
Why have many family farms in North America been replaced by agribusiness farms since the 1980s? A A decrease in the consumption of meat has resulted in less demand for cattle, which are mainly raised on family farms. B Agribusiness farms have the resources to take advantage of economies of scale. C Little available land for pasture farming has resulted in more concentrated agribusiness operations. D More interest in genetically modified foods has led to an increase in agribusiness farms, which have greater access to advanced technology. E Water shortages in regions where family farms were once common have led to a rise in agribusinesses in regions with more favorable climates.
B Agribusiness farms have the resources to take advantage of economies of scale.
Which of the following is an explanation for the similar impact of large-scale commercial agriculture in developed countries and plantation agriculture in developing countries? A Both farming practices stimulate local economies with the influx of profits from export-oriented crops. B Both farming practices involve the consolidation of family farms and displacement of rural communities. C Both farming practices provide an increased standard of living in rural communities from the many jobs created to run these large farms. D Both farming practices enable local farmers to remain on their land rather than migrating to jobs in urban areas. E Both farming practices guarantee that long-term sustainable farming methods will be incorporated in their production processes.
B Both farming practices involve the consolidation of family farms and displacement of rural communities.
Which of the following best explains the significance of similarities between the farming practices for apple orchards and grape vineyards? A Both farming practices occur in the same climate region, which is found in places such as Italy and South Africa. B Both farming practices require considerable labor input because the fruit is picked by hand, making it a product of intensive agriculture. C Both farming practices are used for tropical plantation crops grown on large estates with hired labor who plant and harvest crops. D According to von Thünen, both farming practices occur in the outermost areas of agricultural land. E According to land-rent theory, both farming practices are found on small farms and must be located close to markets.
B Both farming practices require considerable labor input because the fruit is picked by hand, making it a product of intensive agriculture.
Which of the following best explains the reasons for the similarities and differences between the two land survey systems shown? A Both systems set specific property boundaries for landholders. However, the metes-and-bounds system is more orderly and efficient. B Both systems require geometric calculations to survey property lines. However, the township-and-range system uses simplified calculation to create a more ordered landscape. C Both systems require geometric calculations to survey property lines. However, only properties surveyed with the metes-and-bounds system can be subdivided into smaller plots. D Both systems access the Global Navigational Satellite System (GNSS) to set property lines. However, GNSS is accurate only for township-and-range systems. E Both systems are used in the United States. However, the township-and-range survey system is used only in the eastern part of the United States.
B Both systems require geometric calculations to survey property lines. However, the township-and-range system uses simplified calculation to create a more ordered landscape.
Which of the following best explains the economic advantage of the type of farm-produced goods shown in the images? A Compared to fresh produce, these packaged agricultural goods significantly increase the gross national income that is sourced from industrial production and bring financial wealth to farmers. B Compared to plain milk or fresh fruit, these value-added agricultural goods significantly increase the price of the farm products sold and increase earnings for farmers. C Compared to factory-made dairy products and condiments, these preservative-free goods have a decreased shelf life, which increases the prices of the goods sold. D Compared to name-brand goods, farm-made agricultural goods are much lower in cost and provide significant value to consumers. E Compared to organic foods sold at specialty grocery stores, these goods are sold as natural foods and considered to be of equal value to consumers.
B Compared to plain milk or fresh fruit, these value-added agricultural goods significantly increase the price of the farm products sold and increase earnings for farmers.
Which of the following best explains why in the model the amount of land used for dairying is much smaller than the pasture used for beef cattle? A Dairy cows are small in numbers compared to beef cattle and are less costly to transport over long distances as a result of the smaller herd size. B Dairy cows must be kept close to farmhouses, as they require daily milking, and milk must be produced close to consumers, as it is highly perishable. C Dairy cows are more expensive and should be kept close to farmers to prevent theft compared to less expensive beef cattle that can be kept in remote pastures. D Beef cattle are small in numbers compared to dairy cows and are less costly to transport over long distances as a result of the smaller herd size. E Beef cattle must be transported to the market town for frequent feedings and as a result need more space for herding.
B Dairy cows must be kept close to farmhouses, as they require daily milking, and milk must be produced close to consumers, as it is highly perishable.
Which of the following explains why multiple early hearths of domestication and diffusion of plants and animals arose across the world in Central America, the Fertile Crescent, the Indus River valley, and Southeast Asia? A Domestication of plants and animals began in Central America and the process diffused to other areas through the early explorers. B Domestication of plants and animals evolved in each hearth independently of one another as societies in each area learned and applied the process to local plants and animals. C Domestication of plants and animals began in Southeast Asia and the process diffused to other areas as nomadic warriors conquered other cultural groups and carried the new seeds and animals with them. D Domestication of plants and animals began in the Fertile Crescent and the process diffused as pastoral nomads migrated to other areas. E Domestication of plants and animals began in the Indus River valley and the process diffused to other areas across trade routes.
B Domestication of plants and animals evolved in each hearth independently of one another as societies in each area learned and applied the process to local plants and animals.
Since the mid-twentieth century, wheat production has risen dramatically in some regions of the world but not others, which may increase the uneven development among countries. Which statement best explains the increase in wheat production in Europe and the United States compared to sub-Saharan Africa? A Farmers in the United States and Europe double-crop wheat for two harvests each year but farmers in sub-Saharan Africa produce only one crop each year. B Farmers in Europe and the United States use high-yield seeds and other technology but farmers in sub-Saharan Africa depend on low levels of mechanization and non-genetically modified seeds. C Climate change made Europe and the United States more conducive to growing wheat than in sub-Saharan Africa. D Wheat became the highest-selling commodity for farmers in Europe and the United States pushing farmers from sub-Saharan Africa out of the local markets. E Developing regions of the world such as sub-Saharan Africa have been pushed out of the global wheat market by farmers in developed countries.
B Farmers in Europe and the United States use high-yield seeds and other technology but farmers in sub-Saharan Africa depend on low levels of mechanization and non-genetically modified seeds.
Which of the following best explains how a wheat farmer in the Northern Plains region of the United States is able to maximize profits? A Grain farming is an intensive farming practice on small plots of land cultivated primarily by family farmers who maximize profits in nearby domestic markets. B Grain farmers can quickly purchase multiple small dispersed plots of land away from an urban area when demand for wheat increases thus maximizing profits on inexpensive land. C Grain farming is an intensive farming practice that can yield profits by cultivating large areas of land close to an urban area for marketability of the product. D Grain farmers can diversify production by planting different cereal crops on small plots of land close to markets that enables rapid shipping of the product before the price drops. E Grain farming is an extensive farming practice that can maximize profits in part by lower land costs, lower transportation costs, and imperishability of the product.
B Grain farmers can quickly purchase multiple small dispersed plots of land away from an urban area when demand for wheat increases thus maximizing profits on inexpensive land.
Which of the following explains the significance of the similarities between Asia and sub-Saharan Africa in terms of the percent of women working agriculture? A Women own or rent much of the land cultivated for plantation crops such as cacao, coffee, or tea. B In the subsistence-based rural economies in these regions, female farmers produce much of the food that their families need for survival. C In rural agricultural regions, women control the political and social lives of the community and consider farming as their primary role. D In tropical regions soil and climate conditions are so favorable that little labor is required to farm crops. E In the shifting cultivation found in rain forest regions, women do the work of claiming land and clearing the forest of trees.
B In the subsistence-based rural economies in these regions, female farmers produce much of the food that their families need for survival.
Which of the following best explains how irrigated commercial agriculture in arid environments creates both environmental opportunities and challenges? A Deforestation increases production but can damage natural habitats. B Irrigation increases production but potentially depletes water resources. C Desertification decreases available farmland and decreases production. D Terracing hillsides increases production but reduces water quality. E Shifting cultivation increases available farmland but damages habitats.
B Irrigation increases production but potentially depletes water resources.
Compare the two maps and examine the data for Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. Which of the following statements is supported by the comparison of the two maps? A There is less food produced in these regions and therefore fewer women working in agriculture. B Many women in these regions work on farms and grow food for their families, but not all are paid to do this work. C Agriculture is considered a prestigious field in these regions, and they have the highest percentage of women working in agriculture. D There is a strong correlation between countries with a large percentage of women in the paid workforce and women working in agriculture. E Typically women in these regions work for agribusiness in the formal paid workforce.
B Many women in these regions work on farms and grow food for their families, but not all are paid to do this work.
Which of the following best explains how the expansion of feedlots for raising cattle has affected environmental sustainability in rural areas? A Concentrating large numbers of farm animals in small spaces has decreased the release of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. B Runoff from animal waste has increased the pollution in local water supplies. C Feed grains have eliminated potentially harmful invasive plant species from farmland. D Land development has increased the available water supply for other farming practices. E Composted manure has introduced valuable nutrients into previously depleted soils.
B Runoff from animal waste has increased the pollution in local water supplies.
During the Green Revolution, agricultural practices from more developed countries diffused to less developed countries in Asia and Africa. Which of the following best explains the Green Revolution's highly variable level of success in increasing agricultural yields? A The increased yield of the Green Revolution in sub-Saharan Africa decreased the incidence of famine, but the program was unsuccessful in India because of poor soil quality. B Small-scale farmers in Asia often lacked the resources necessary to acquire the hybrid seeds and the chemical inputs to grow them, leaving large gaps in the success of the Green Revolution outside of urban cores. C The Green Revolution was not successful in China because the strain of rice produced was prone to widespread crop failures, and China dropped out of the program. D Rice production surpassed all other crop production in sub-Saharan Africa, but corn production in Mexico was less successful because of the negative impact on the environment. E Persistent famine has occurred in India since new technologies associated with the Green Revolution were implemented because only the wealthy could afford the increased cost of the improved strains of rice.
B Small-scale farmers in Asia often lacked the resources necessary to acquire the hybrid seeds and the chemical inputs to grow them, leaving large gaps in the success of the Green Revolution outside of urban cores.
The images shown illustrate the differences in scale of production for two methods of producing thread. Which of the following best describes advances in the production of textiles during the Second Agricultural Revolution and the Industrial Revolution? A The mechanization of agriculture led to increasing numbers of people entering the agricultural workforce and expanding the amount of thread produced by farmers. B The conversion from manual thread spinning to an industrial processing approach led to increased demand for raw cotton in the agricultural sector. C The hybridization of high-yield seeds led to an increase in production of cotton thread from the agricultural sector and more cotton fabric produced by manufacturers. D The genetic engineering of desirable traits in wool-yielding animals led to increased production of wool thread from the agricultural sector and more woolen fabric produced by manufacturers. E The invention of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides led to an increase in production of cotton thread by the agricultural sector and more cotton fabric by manufacturers.
B The conversion from manual thread spinning to an industrial processing approach led to increased demand for raw cotton in the agricultural sector.
The two images show an agricultural transition that occurred in the twentieth century. Which of the following best explains how this transition helped meet a challenge of contemporary agriculture? A The decreased use of pesticides and herbicides reduced the pollution of land and waterways. B The increased crop yield produced more food for a growing global urban and industrial population. C The reliance on genetically modified crops, which only wealthier farmers could afford, decreased. D The increased use of machinery preserved traditional farming methods and cultures. E The increased use of machinery prevented women from reaching opportunities for advancement.
B The increased crop yield produced more food for a growing global urban and industrial population.
Which of the following explains the diffusion and successful cultivation of many plants and animals in new regions of the world through the Columbian Exchange? A The plants and animals diffused only a short distance away from their point of domestication. B The plants and animals diffused to a region with climate and geography similar to that of their point of domestication. C Navigational technology allowed ships to travel more efficiently, enabling safe transport of plants and animals to new destinations. D Diffusion of plants and animals filled the loss in many areas from a number of plant and animal extinctions. E The plants and animals diffused to regions with variation in the climates between the hearth and the new region.
B The plants and animals diffused to a region with climate and geography similar to that of their point of domestication.
Commercial agriculture in dry climates relies heavily on irrigation. Which of the following best explains an environmental concern that results from irrigation in arid regions? A The high use of water for agriculture increases the price of water for people in urban areas. B The soil will have increased salinity, leading to soil erosion and reduced nutrients in the soil for plant health. C The increased production that results from irrigation of the crop will lead to decreases in crop prices as the total crop harvested will be higher. D The plants grown in this dry region will start to adapt to use less water, but the period to maturity will increase. E The decisions about how much water each landowner can use may become more difficult and a cause of conflict between urban and rural people.
B The soil will have increased salinity, leading to soil erosion and reduced nutrients in the soil for plant health.
Which of the following explains an economic benefit of cattle production using feedlots rather than grass pastures? A Feedlots have a lower carrying capacity than grass pastures because feedlots are contained in a smaller space. B Cattle raised in feedlots command a higher price at market because of the time required to fatten the cattle using this method of production. C Agricultural technology has increased the economy of scale and the carrying capacity of feedlots, increasing profits for the farmer. D Raising cattle in feedlots requires more time to fatten cattle but results in lower-fat beef that is desirable to many consumers. E It costs less to remediate environmental pollution associated with feedlots because pollutants associated with feedlots are confined to small areas of land.
C Agricultural technology has increased the economy of scale and the carrying capacity of feedlots, increasing profits for the farmer.
Which of the following explains the prevalence of banana plantations in Central America? A Bananas were first domesticated in Central America and were later cultivated to be exported to the United States and Canada. B Bananas were first domesticated in Central America and then hybridized to grow in other climate zones around the world. C Banana plants were brought to Central America from Southeast Asia to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada. D Banana plants were brought to Central America from sub-Saharan Africa to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada. E Banana plants were brought to Central America by early European colonizers to provide a staple food crop for local farming populations.
C Banana plants were brought to Central America from Southeast Asia to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada.
Which of the following best explains the diffusion of plants and animals from their hearths of domestication? A Animals were domesticated before plants and diffused rapidly from their hearth of domestication through contagious diffusion because they were mobile and moved easily from place to place. B Domesticated plants spread through wind-borne dispersal of seeds from their original hearth, expanding slowly until a vast region was covered with new plants. C Both domesticated plants and animals spread across the globe through contagious diffusion in early years by farmers and traders, and later by relocation diffusion through European exploration and colonialism. D The diffusion of plants and animals was limited to areas close to each hearth of domestication because the newly developed plants and animals could not readily adapt to different soil types. E The diffusion of plants and animals was dependent on nomadic traders who traveled between agricultural villages because early farmers were sedentary and did not travel to other areas.
C Both domesticated plants and animals spread across the globe through contagious diffusion in early years by farmers and traders, and later by relocation diffusion through European exploration and colonialism.
Which of the following agricultural practices has the most significant long-term environmental impact in tropical regions? A Clearing small patches of land to pasture dairy cows, which decreases water pollution from runoff B Building terraces on sloping land to grow rice, which destabilizes hillsides C Burning extensive areas of forested land to create pasture, which decreases biodiversity D Burning small areas of forested land for subsistence farming, which increases biodiversity E Moving livestock to higher pasture areas in the spring, which leads to soil degradation
C Burning extensive areas of forested land to create pasture, which decreases biodiversity
Which of the following explains the role of commodity chains in the average size of farms? A The spatial organization of agriculture has changed because of an increase in the number of farms as farmers join local commodity chains that regulate supply and demand for agricultural products and large profits can be realized. B The spatial organization of agriculture has remained stable, but farm productivity has increased through technological innovations that are available to farmers through membership in local commodity chains. C Commodity chains have led to changes in the spatial organization of agriculture from dispersed family farms to large corporate farms that produce, process, and distribute the products. D Farms are increasing in size, but there is little change in the spatial organization of agriculture because of the instability of regional cooperatives and associated commodity chains that cannot meet the demand for new products desired by consumers. E Commodity chains have had no effect on the spatial organization of agriculture because they operate only in areas of grain farming; dairy and meat products spoil rapidly and markets are too far away for safe and rapid transportation of those products.
C Commodity chains have led to changes in the spatial organization of agriculture from dispersed family farms to large corporate farms that produce, process, and distribute the products.
Which of the following scenarios best explains the Columbian Exchange? A Grain crops such as wheat, oats, and barley were introduced to Europe as a result of interaction with indigenous people in the Americas. Prior to this, the only significant grain crops grown by Europeans were rice and corn. B Many new diseases were introduced to European colonizers when they began to explore the Americas. In particular, diseases like smallpox, influenza, and the measles decimated many of the early colonial populations. C Domesticated animals such as cattle, horses, pigs, and chickens were introduced to the Americas by European colonizers. Prior to this, very few animals had been domesticated in the Americas. D Crops such as potatoes and tomatoes were introduced to the Americas. Prior to European contact, these crops had only been grown in Europe: potatoes primarily in northern Europe and tomatoes primarily in southern Europe. E Many crops that became valuable cash crops were introduced by European colonial powers to the Americas. Specific examples of these valuable plantation crops are tobacco, cacao, and pineapples.
C Domesticated animals such as cattle, horses, pigs, and chickens were introduced to the Americas by European colonizers. Prior to this, very few animals had been domesticated in the Americas.
In less developed countries, pesticides are typically applied by hand, whereas pesticides are typically applied by tractors or aircraft in more developed countries. Which of the following best explains the risks associated with pesticide applications? A Crop dusters are at risk when applying pesticides with aircraft in more developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in less developed countries. B Farm animals used to plow fields are at risk from pesticides in more developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk is less developed countries. C Farmers' health is at risk in less developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in more developed countries. D Crops are at risk in more developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in less developed countries. E Contract harvesters are at risk in more developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in less developed countries.
C Farmers' health is at risk in less developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in more developed countries.
More developed countries tend to have greater access to agricultural technology and government-supported loans used to purchase computerized farm equipment. Which of the following best explains the significance of access to these resources? A Government financing and improved technology lead to an increase in the number of small, family-owned farms. B Government financing and improved technology lead to a reduced risk of environmental pollution and fewer environmental regulations. C Government financing and improved technology lead to larger economies of scale and improved efficiency. D Government financing and improved technology lead to higher consumer prices for government-subsidized agricultural products. E Government financing and improved technology lead to a reduction in the use of pesticide and fertilizer.
C Government financing and improved technology lead to larger economies of scale and improved efficiency.
Based on the different types of land use shown in the image, which of the following best explains why soil salinization is a concern in the arid landscape shown? A Forests are being cleared as land is repurposed for agricultural uses, which reduces biodiversity in the region. B Land is being farmed so intensively that soil nutrients are degraded to the point that crops will not grow. C Irrigation increases the salt content of the soil, which disrupts the growth of crops and degrades soil fertility. D Fields are left fallow after being farmed intensively so that nutrients in the soil may be replenished. E Multiple crops are being planted in the same field, which increases the chances of pest damage.
C Irrigation increases the salt content of the soil, which disrupts the growth of crops and degrades soil fertility.
Palm oil, an edible vegetable oil used in processing packaged food products, is obtained from the fruit of the oil palm tree, grown only in the tropics. Which of the following explains how global demand for palm oil has proved beneficial and detrimental for countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia? A Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but increased government subsidies to palm oil farmers led to increased poverty in the two countries. B Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but the process led to high rates of unemployment for farmworkers at harvest time. C Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but the growth in the industry resulted in heavy deforestation in both countries. D Palm oil exports provided increased income to the governments of Indonesia and Malaysia, but the number of farmers employed on palm oil plantations decreased in the two countries. E Palm oil exports aided in increasing the wealth of the two countries but also increased the diversity of plants in the two countries.
C Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but the growth in the industry resulted in heavy deforestation in both countries.
Sheep production in New Zealand and poultry production in Arkansas produce food animals for human consumption. Which of the following best describes the differences in the agricultural practices and land use for these products? A Sheep production is an example of intensive agriculture requiring large amounts of fertilizer, whereas poultry production is an example of extensive agriculture practiced mainly in more developed countries. B Sheep production and poultry production are both examples of extensive agriculture practiced on large areas of land, but requiring different climates. C Sheep production is an example of extensive agriculture requiring large pastures, whereas poultry production is an example of intensive agriculture often practiced indoors. D Sheep production and poultry production are both examples of intensive agriculture practiced on small areas of land but requiring different amounts of labor and capital. E Sheep production is an example of extensive agriculture that is declining because of an insufficient supply of open land, whereas poultry production continues to be practiced on small areas of land.
C Sheep production is an example of extensive agriculture requiring large pastures, whereas poultry production is an example of intensive agriculture often practiced indoors.
In 2017, the United States exported approximately $500 million of beef to Mexico, and Mexico exported approximately $500 million of beef to the United States. Which of the following best explains this international supply chain? A United States consumers prefer to purchase specialty products made from beef raised in Mexico. B Mexico depends on beef imports because domestic beef production is too low. C United States and Mexican producers rely on each other's market to sell certain beef products. D The United States and Mexico have an agreement to evenly exchange beef products. E Mexico's beef industry produces a surplus and depends on beef exports.
C United States and Mexican producers rely on each other's market to sell certain beef products.
Which of the following best explains a negative economic consequence of the Green Revolution in less developed countries as compared to more developed countries? A Farmers in less developed countries who had previously grown only one crop were forced to grow multiple crops, leading to increased production costs and fewer exports from less developed countries to more developed countries. B The increased demand for fertilizer in more developed countries, which was required for the new crop varieties, led to fertilizer shortages in less developed countries. C The overuse of expanded irrigation systems resulted in flooding and damage to export crops in less developed countries, which led to higher food prices in more developed countries. D Because of the increased capital investment required to produce new crop varieties using technology that was pioneered in more developed countries, there was an increase in wealth disparity in many farming communities in less developed countries. E The new crop varieties encouraged people to continue to have large families, leading to overpopulation in less developed countries and increasing the need for food aid from more developed countries.
D Because of the increased capital investment required to produce new crop varieties using technology that was pioneered in more developed countries, there was an increase in wealth disparity in many farming communities in less developed countries.
Which of the following best explains the differences between countries with higher and lower percentages of women working in agriculture? A Places where subsistence farming is still practiced tend to have few women working in agriculture. B The Green Revolution enabled most women to stop working in subsistence agriculture. C There is little agriculture in the Western Hemisphere, and few women are employed in commercial agriculture. D Countries with large percentages of female employment in agriculture tend to be mostly rural and are reliant on subsistence agriculture. E Countries with large populations tend to have the most women working in agriculture, usually commercial agriculture.
D Countries with large percentages of female employment in agriculture tend to be mostly rural and are reliant on subsistence agriculture.
The two images represent two different methods of raising livestock in the United States. Which of the following statements most accurately compares these two agricultural practices? A Cattle ranching is a more economically friendly way to raise livestock than using feedlots because less infrastructure is needed. B Feedlots require more space than cattle ranching does, which reduces profits due to the cost of the land. C Consumers prefer to pay higher prices for grass-fed beef than for corn-fed beef raised in feedlots because of the environmentally friendly practices associated with grass-fed beef. D Feedlots can minimize costs associated with livestock production because feedlots do not use as much space as cattle ranching. E Feedlots require less food consumption by the cows than cattle ranching because the livestock are grazing on available grass in the pastures.
D Feedlots can minimize costs associated with livestock production because feedlots do not use as much space as cattle ranching.
Based on the diagram of von Thünen's model of agricultural land use, which statement best explains the connection between land value and agricultural production regions? A Land value increases as one moves away from the market town because rural land is more valuable to farmers. B Market gardening materials require heavier applications of chemicals to produce greater profits, which reduces the land value near the market town. C Pasture land is the most valuable land since more is needed to raise livestock in a ranching environment. D Grain crops require extensive acreage and are grown on land that is less costly and farther away from the market than other agricultural land uses. E Forested areas are the highest land value since they are often preserved for parks and natural activities.
D Grain crops require extensive acreage and are grown on land that is less costly and farther away from the market than other agricultural land uses.
Which of the following best explains the spatial patterns illustrated in von Thünen's model? A The cost-to-distance ratio of the land-rent curve indicates that the highest-cost land is in large-scale plots on the outermost ring of the model. B The cost-of-labor inputs are related to a crop's distance from the market, as more labor-intensive farming is done in large-scale plots far from the market town. C Highly perishable agricultural goods are produced in small-scale plots far from the market town, so that they can be more quickly traded with other communities. D Labor-intensive farming of vegetables is done in small-scale plots in market gardens, while extensive grain crops are grown in large-scale fields far from the market town. E Labor-intensive planting and harvests of wheat and corn are done in small-scale plots in market gardens, while less labor-intensive pasturing of sheep or beef cattle takes place in large-scale plots on the outermost ring of the model.
D Labor-intensive farming of vegetables is done in small-scale plots in market gardens, while extensive grain crops are grown in large-scale fields far from the market town.
The images show devices developed during the Second Agricultural Revolution. Which of the following best describes the impacts of the Second Agricultural Revolution? A Genetically modified crops and ever-increasing levels of mechanization, as shown in the images, drove productivity up and made hunger a thing of the past. B Innovations such as crop rotations and hybrid selection, facilitated by the technology shown in the images, made agriculture productive enough to support the growth of urban centers and led to the creation of modern civilization. C The adaptation of newly introduced crops such as potatoes and corn from the New World, which were planted and harvested using the technology shown in the images, made European farms more productive, which led to better diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available for work in factories. D Technological innovations, such as the devices shown in the images, and increased agricultural productivity led to better diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available for work in factories. E The Second Agricultural Revolution is ongoing, as engineers continue to improve agricultural machinery and scientists search for crops adapted to the drier, warmer climates predicted for the coming decades.
D Technological innovations, such as the devices shown in the images, and increased agricultural productivity led to better diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available for work in factories.
Agriculture is practiced at the local scale, and agricultural yields are measured at the national scale. Which of the following best explains why the concept of the global system of agriculture is helpful to geographers? A The concept is most useful for predicting local productivity and market changes. B The concept is the best way to map out the environmental effects of agricultural land use. C The concept is a way to help countries that have become highly dependent on an export commodity. D The concept helps geographers simplify and visualize a vast and complicated global supply chain. E The concept helps geographers be specific and consider every detail about global farming practices.
D The concept helps geographers simplify and visualize a vast and complicated global supply chain.
Which of the following best describes the settlement patterns shown in the images? A The township-and-range system results in a widely dispersed population, whereas the metes-and-bounds system results in a random, dispersed population pattern. B The metes-and-bounds system results in population clustered along a waterway, whereas the long-lot system results in a random, dispersed population pattern. C The township system results in a more urban population distribution, while the long-lot system results in a more rural population distribution. D The long-lot system results in population clustered along a waterway, whereas the metes-and-bounds system results in a random, dispersed population pattern. E The irregular large estate system reinforces divisions based on socioeconomic status, while the metes-and-bounds system is more egalitarian.
D The long-lot system results in population clustered along a waterway, whereas the metes-and-bounds system results in a random, dispersed population pattern.
The images shown illustrate a change that took place as the Second Agricultural Revolution coincided with the Industrial Revolution. Which of the following compares this geographic relationship between these revolutions? A An increase in chemical farming practices let to more food being produced by farmers and then processed in factories B The domestication of plants and animals allowed for factory farming practices where workers made the first canned foods C An increase in the rural farming workforce lead to higher farm productivity, which resulted in more food for urban industrial workers D The mechanization of farm work allowed many young people to migrate and join a growing urban industrial workforce E The creation of sedentary societies, where farm work was done completely by machine, resulted in permanent settlements in town and cities
D The mechanization of farm work allowed many young people to migrate and join a growing urban industrial workforce
The two images show different agricultural methods. In the context of the Second Agricultural Revolution, which of the following trends is represented in these images? A The introduction of machines during the Second Agricultural Revolution resulted in many farmers being pushed off their land, leading to famine and starvation in the countryside. B Although new farm machines were developed during the Second Agricultural Revolution, many farmers continued to practice agriculture in traditional ways because of cultural taboos associated with the adoption of modern farming techniques. C During the Second Agricultural Revolution, many farmers continued to use traditional farming techniques that were more suited to the tropical environments they lived in. D The mechanization of farming in the Second Agricultural Revolution resulted in more reliable crop harvests and healthier populations in areas where the mechanization was adopted. E The developments associated with the Second Agricultural Revolution were applicable only to farmers growing grain in temperate regions of the world.
D The mechanization of farming in the Second Agricultural Revolution resulted in more reliable crop harvests and healthier populations in areas where the mechanization was adopted.
Which of the following correctly explains the placement of an agricultural product within von Thünen's agricultural land-use model? A Beef cattle are raised close to the market because meat spoils quickly. B Grain is grown close to the market because it is bulky to transport. C Firewood is harvested far from the market because the best agricultural land is closer to the market. D Tomatoes are grown closest to the market because they spoil quicker than beef or grain. E Beef cattle are raised close to the market because land is cheapest closer to the market.
D Tomatoes are grown closest to the market because they spoil quicker than beef or grain.
Which of the following statements best explains fair trade agriculture as shown for the products on the map? A A program in which the governments of the United States, European Union, and others agree to pay farmers in designated tropical countries a subsidy that would put them on the same financial footing B A governmental trade program in which one country serves as the sole producer of a product in a region, and another country agrees to purchase that good under a contract that sets as a fixed price for the goods sold C A system that allows subsistence farmers to use slash-and-burn methods to increase acreage for the permanent production of export products at higher prices signified by special rain forest product labeling D A program that subsidizes tropical plantation owners to expand the production and processing of export crops by using low-paid migrant workers, with the intent of raising investment from more developed countries E A system where consumers in mostly more developed countries purchase goods from producers mainly in less developed countries, with the intent to reduce the disparity in income between different regions
E A system where consumers in mostly more developed countries purchase goods from producers mainly in less developed countries, with the intent to reduce the disparity in income between different regions
Slash-and-burn cultivation is an agricultural practice used by subsistence farmers in tropical forest areas. Which of the following best explains an environmental effect of this practice? A Environmental damage from this practice is short-lived and only affects a small area of land with no impact on larger areas or regions. B There are long-term benefits to the tropical soil in the clearings from the increased exposure to the sun and the infusion of nutrients from the burned biomass. C Conservation efforts are in place that have largely stopped this practice, minimizing any environmental issues that might occur. D Tropical soil is damaged from the increased exposure to the sun, but there is a sharp increase in biodiversity that overrides any soil damage. E Air pollution and long-term land-cover change are side effects of slash-and-burn agriculture that have a long-ranging effect on a broader region.
E Air pollution and long-term land-cover change are side effects of slash-and-burn agriculture that have a long-ranging effect on a broader region.
Which of the following social or environmental impacts is most directly related to the use of chemicals in agriculture? A A decline in insect-borne diseases and improved health at the global scale B A decrease in the price of agricultural products due to lower labor costs associated with applying chemicals over widespread areas in one application C An increase in the use of genetically modified crops D An increase in profits that is limited to farmers in developed countries E An increase in land and water pollution from agricultural runoff
E An increase in land and water pollution from agricultural runoff
Which of the following best compares a technological consequence of the Green Revolution in more developed and less developed countries? A Farmers in more developed countries experienced a dramatic increase in agricultural exports because of the free grain seeds provided by governments of less developed countries. B Farmers in less developed countries experienced increased profits from manufacturing and selling genetically modified seeds on the open market to more developed countries. C Farmers in less developed countries experienced a decrease in water pollution through the use of chemical fertilizers first used in more developed countries. D Farmers in more developed countries experienced substantial profits because of the increasing emphasis on more sustainable practices such as organic farming first used in less developed countries. E Farmers in less developed countries were able to increase their profits from growing and exporting high-yield grain to levels similar to those in more developed countries.
E Farmers in less developed countries were able to increase their profits from growing and exporting high-yield grain to levels similar to those in more developed countries.
Which of the following explains a reason why education and employment rates for women are lower in less developed compared to more developed countries? A Females participate more in harvesting than cooking in less developed countries compared to more developed countries. B Females and males share food production and consumption tasks equally in more developed countries. C Large-scale food service industries have reduced the labor burden of cooking for females in less developed countries. D Males carry out most food production and consumption tasks in more developed countries. E Females take primary responsibility for harvesting and cooking food in less developed countries.
E Females take primary responsibility for harvesting and cooking food in less developed countries
The two images each show a different form of beef production. Which of the following statements explains a primary difference between the agricultural practices? A Image 2 shows traditional beef production, which has been replaced by the more modern and efficient practices shown in Image 1. B Image 1 shows beef production in developed countries, and Image 2 shows beef production in developing countries. C Image 2 shows beef production in developing countries, and Image 1 shows beef production in developed countries. D Image 1 shows more efficient beef production that results in higher yields able to feed more people compared to the beef production shown in Image 2. E Image 1 shows traditional beef production, which has regained popularity because of perceived environmental and ethical benefits compared to the beef production shown in Image 2.
E Image 1 shows traditional beef production, which has regained popularity because of perceived environmental and ethical benefits compared to the beef production shown in Image 2.
Using the data shown, which of the following best explains the spatial variations of rural women's roles in food production and food preparation? A In less developed countries, females tend to participate more than males in harvesting and less in preparation tasks. B In more developed countries, females and males tend to participate equally in food-production tasks. C In less developed countries, females and males tend to participate equally in food-production tasks. D In more developed countries, females tend to participate more than males in harvesting and less in preparation tasks. E In less developed countries, females and males tend to participate equally in harvesting and preparation tasks.
E In less developed countries, females and males tend to participate equally in harvesting and preparation tasks.
Which of the following best explains the significance of a similarity among locations where olives, figs, grapes and lemons are grown? A Extensive agriculture is practiced in a humid continental climate. B Plantation agriculture is practiced in a tropical wet climate. C Intensive agriculture is practiced in a humid subtropical climate. D Extensive agriculture is practiced in a tropical wet and dry climate. E Intensive agriculture is practiced in a Mediterranean climate.
E Intensive agriculture is practiced in a Mediterranean climate.
Which of the following best explains why farmers would plant both strawberries and watermelons in the same field? A Limited farmland encourages intensive farming and monocropping to produce high yields. B Unlimited farmland encourages intensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields. C Unlimited farmland encourages extensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields. D Limited farmland encourages extensive farming with monocropping to produce high yields. E Limited farmland encourages intensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields.
E Limited farmland encourages intensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields.
Which of the following best explains why the New England region, located in the northeastern United States, would specialize in market gardening agriculture rather than other types of agriculture, such as grain farming? A Wheat farming would require more machinery, which conflicts with the environmental standards of many states in New England. B Market gardening products can be easily transported to the primary market of California without spoiling. C Farmers can specialize in market gardening products because of the rocky soil found in many New England states. D Market gardening zones allow farmers the flexibility to grow market gardening crops along with other grain crops. E Several large cities on the East Coast provide a growing market and shorter distances for transporting market gardening products.
E Several large cities on the East Coast provide a growing market and shorter distances for transporting market gardening products.
In the South Asian country of Sri Lanka, tea is farmed as a monoculture. Which of the following best explains why tea plantations are common in Sri Lanka and tea exports are important to the country's economy? A Sri Lanka's unique climate and terrain make it one of the only countries where tea plants thrive. B Tea plantations are a traditional form of subsistence agriculture practiced by Sri Lanka's indigenous groups. C Sri Lankans drink more tea per capita than any other nationality. D The early hearth of tea plant domestication is located in Sri Lanka. E Tea plantations were established in Sri Lanka by a former European colonial power.
E Tea plantations were established in Sri Lanka by a former European colonial power.
Based on von Thünen's model of rural land use in an isolated state, which statement explains the most suitable place for a farmer to purchase a large parcel of land necessary for raising livestock? A The ring closest to the market, because livestock are perishable goods and need to reach the market quickly. B The ring closest to the market, because the land is more fertile for growing feed for livestock compared to other areas. C The second ring, because livestock are heavy and more expensive to transport to market. D The third ring, because the livestock would be closer to the suburban market areas with moderate transportation costs. E The ring farthest from the market, because the land is less expensive and outweighs transportation costs to get the livestock to market.
E The ring farthest from the market, because the land is less expensive and outweighs transportation costs to get the livestock to market.
Which of the following best explains the differences between the patterns of land use in the township-and-range system and the long-lot system, as shown in the images? A The township-and-range survey system was more varied in plot size, while the size of plots in the long-lot system was set at 50 acres. B The township-and-range survey system was based on physical features, while the long-lot system was based on a geometric grid pattern. C The long-lot survey system created a more uniform division of land, while the township-and-range survey system conformed to physical features on the landscape. D The long-lot survey system created less efficient irrigation systems, while the township-and-range system created a grid system for efficient water flow. E The township-and-range survey system was based on a geometric grid pattern, while the long-lot system was a rectilinear pattern based upon waterways or roads.
E The township-and-range survey system was based on a geometric grid pattern, while the long-lot system was a rectilinear pattern based upon waterways or roads.
Between 1950 and 1990, wheat production in India in average pounds per acre more than tripled, which allowed India to meet its population's need for food. Which of the following best explains this change? A The elimination of poverty in India's rural regions B The use of genetically modified seeds C The increase in microloan programs that provide farmers with credit D The use of large farm tractors and combine harvesters E The use of improved plant hybrids and agricultural chemicals
E The use of improved plant hybrids and agricultural chemicals
Based on the map, which of the following explains the similarities of the world regions where at least 51 percent of women work in agriculture? A These regions are near the equator, in climate zones with high temperatures. B These regions are in the Southern Hemisphere, in temperate climate zones. C These regions are composed of less-developed countries with small rural populations. D These regions are composed of more-developed countries with large urban populations. E These regions are composed of less-developed countries with large rural populations.
E These regions are composed of less-developed countries with large rural populations.
Which of the following correctly explains the relationship between wheat and its early hearth of domestication? A Wheat was first domesticated in the foothills of the Himalayas because the tropical climate in the region is necessary to grow wheat. B Wheat was first domesticated in the Yellow River valley because vast floodplains are the best places to grow wheat. C Wheat was first domesticated in the Nile River valley because overharvesting of the wild form of wheat was causing a widespread famine. D Wheat was first domesticated in Mesoamerica because the wild wheat variety flourished in the highland climate. E Wheat was first domesticated in Mesopotamia because of a favorable climate and a great diversity of wild grains that led to crossbreeding of seeds.
E Wheat was first domesticated in Mesopotamia because of a favorable climate and a great diversity of wild grains that led to crossbreeding of seeds.
