AP Human Geo Chapter 12 & 13
A census area based on commuting patterns is called a
Combines statistical area
An urban growth boundary is associated with
Smart Growth Programs
Multiple nuclei models are closely associated with contemporary cities in which geographic region?
Southeast Asia
Compared to the United States, poor families in European cities are more likely to be
clustered in suburbs.
Which type of settlement is characterized by farm buildings, homes, and churches located close together?
clustered rural
The underground CBD is characterized by
communication networks, subway trains, and pedestrian passages.
Because so few people live in the CBD, urban areas are characterized by a high degree of
commuting
Land values are high in the CBD primarily because of
competition for limited space.
Which is a method used to reduce traffic demand on congested roads?
congestion charges and tolls during peak travel times
The four main types of consumer services include
education, retail, health, and leisure.
The current era of transportation development is characterized by
electronic control of transportation systems.
Compared to the private automobile, public transportation offers more
energy efficiency
Even with the diffusion of modern telecommunications, many lawyers, financial analysts, and public officials prefer to work in CBDs in order to exchange information with colleagues primarily through
face-to-face contact
Central place theory predicts larger settlements will be
less numerous and further apart
The multiple nuclei model describes cities that include
nodes such as a port, a university, airport, and a park.
According to Homer Hoyt's sector model, once a district with high-class housing is established, the most expensive new housing is built
on the outer edge of that district, farther out from the center.
Which describes the financial status of public transportation systems in the United States?
operating at a loss
Large numbers of employees of suburban businesses may suffer hardships because they do NOT
own automobiles, in an urban landscape where public transportation is limited.
Typical medieval European urban settlements were characterized by the
placement of buildings around a central market square.
If a country's largest city has 1,000,000 inhabitants and the second largest city has 200,000 inhabitants, which distribution does the country follow?
primate city
The percent of Americans who live in a food desert is estimated to be
23.5
Which is NOT a potential advantage of using autonomous vehicles to improve congestion and traffic issues in cities?
Improved technology will make autonomous vehicles affordable for more people.
Which example best illustrates a geographic concept associated with China's efforts to create more sustainable cities?
Innovative high-speed train systems facilitating connections between city neighborhoods and other urban centers.
Over 50 percent of the U.S. population today lives in
Suburbs
Which describes a recent change in the typical U.S. density gradient?
a reduction in the differences in densities found within an urban area.
Premodern cities in developing countries may not fit patterns of settlements today because
a succession of invaders may have influenced their development over centuries.
Factories have moved to suburban locations partly because of
access to main highways.
Which best describes the location of the underclass within the United States?
clustered in inner-city neighborhoods
The gravity model predicts that the optimal location of a service is
directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.
The supply of public housing in the United States
is often inadequate to meet demand.
According to the concentric zone model, a city develops in a series of
rings
The decision to develop alternative fuel vehicles is based on the need to
satisfy the preference for personal vehicles and reduce the demand for fossil fuels.
The energy efficiency of a hybrid car is tied to
the use of a gasoline engine at high speeds, whereas at low speeds an electric motor takes over; moreover, energy that would have otherwise escaped as heat is captured and stored while the car is coasting and braking.
According to the United Nations, the reduction of pollution and the dependency on fossil fuels will require
use of carbon capture and storage mechanisms.
If a country follows the rank-size rule, how many people live in the fifth largest city if the largest city has 1,000,000 inhabitants?
200,000
According to U.S. government estimates, what percentage of the homeless population is comprised of children?
25
What percent of commuting trips in the United States are taken on public transit?
5
Consumer services account for which percent of jobs in the United States?
50
The most significant impact of the United Kingdom's enclosure movement on the rural landscape was
A dispersed rural settlement pattern
The Griffin-Ford model would classify the Paseo de la Reforma in Mexico City as
A spine
In a simplified model of a city, the zone where retail and office activities are clustered is known as the
Central Business District
Use Figure 13-5 to answer the question. Which statement best describes the stages of development of Mexico City since 1910?
Fueled by rapid population increases, the modern city has drained and built over the former site of the lake.
The area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted is the
Hinterland
In which region's cities are the spine and disamenity zones of the sector model evident?
Latin American city
A land use typically excluded from a North American CBD is
Manufacturing
Which of the following is considered to have been a hearth of urban settlement?
Mesopotamia
The peripheral model is most closely associated with
Multiple Nuclei Model
Clustered rural settlements were most common in which region of colonial America?
New England
Use Figure 12-13 to answer the question. According to the map, which of the following lists of countries contain cities that are growing by at least 4 percent each year?
Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania, India, and Mexico
According to the sector model, what might influence the growth of a new corridor?
The extension of transportation routes.
Social area analysis at the local level helps to predict what urban pattern?
The likely location of older houses in an inner ring.
The process of urbanization can be analyzed by looking at which two dimensions of growth of a city?
The number and percentage of people.
Which of the following reasons does NOT favor gentrification?
The process tends to increase social diversity.
Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the high cost of rents in European CBDs?
The renovation of warehouses into modern lofts and office space.
Use Figure 12-2 to answer the question. The graph represents both social and economic change in the United States between 1975 and 2015. Which sector and sub-sectors have grown the most significantly?
The tertiary sector with increases in leisure, health, and retail services.
Use Figure 12-11 to answer the question. Based on the information in the chart, which statement is TRUE?
Urbanization in developing countries is increasing but there remains a gap between developed and developing countries.
One of the ways that suburban residential segregation is reinforced is through
Zoning ordinances
According to the sector model, the best housing is located in
a corridor from downtown to the edge of the city.
A central place is defined as a
a market center for the exchange of goods and services
Which problem results from the fragmentation of local governments?
addressing regional problems
Megalopolis refers to
adjacent, overlapping Metropolitan Statistical Areas.
The process of legally adding land area to a city in the United States is known as
annexation
A primate city is defined as
at least twice as large as the next smaller city.
The U.S. government has encouraged the use of cars in part by
building interstate highways.
The three types of services are
business, consumer, public
As a result of high land costs, the American CBD is characterized by
construction of skyscrapers.
The long-lot system, brought to North America by the French, was developed primarily because of
desire for access to a river or road.
Sprawl is best defined as the
development of new housing sites not contiguous to the existing built-up area.
Which explains why some residents of inner-city neighborhoods face challenges in achieving economic prosperity?
distance from jobs and low technical skills
Family X has an income of $100,000, Family Y has an income of $40,000, and Family Z has an income of $115,000. According to the sector model which families are likely to live in the same sector of the city?
families X and Z
With which urban model are edge cities most closely associated?
galactic
After 1573, most Spanish colonial cities were designed to have
gridiron street plans centered on a church and plaza, walls around houses, and wider streets than are in the centers of most European cities.
Compared to urban settlements in North America, CBDs in Europe
have higher numbers of residents and more day-to-day consumer services
According to the multiple nuclei model, an airport is likely to attract nearby
hotels and warehouses
Public housing is defined as
housing that is owned by the government is provided at reduced rate to people with low incomes.
Use Figure 12-12 to answer the question. According the map, where are the majority of cities with more than five million residents located?
in Asia situated on or near the coasts.
Settlements on the periphery of cities in less developed countries that often house the poor or new urban arrivals are known as
informal settlements
Consolidation of a city and county government with a county is done to
introduce more efficient metropolitan governments.
Recent trends in public transportation systems in the United States has been to
invest in and expand subways and light rail systems in the largest cities.
Before the advent of the shopping mall, which of the following activities was the LEAST likely to be found in a CBD?
medical services
In the United States, which of the following definitions of an urban settlement covers the largest functional area?
metropolitan statistical area
The process of gentrification occurs when
people in the middle class move into deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods and renovate the housing.
People in the United States are attracted to suburbs in part because suburbs are characterized by
private land surrounding the house.
The primary rationale for government support of the enclosure movement in the United Kingdom was to
promote agricultural efficiency.
The maximum distance people are willing to travel for a service is the
range
The hierarchical listing of settlements by size is known as the
rank-size rule
Which best describes the distribution of megacities?
reflects population growth in developing countries
A food desert is usually associated with
regions usually found in low-income areas where fresh fruit, vegetables, and other healthful foods are unavailable.
In a typical North American CBD, which type of activity is likely to be located on the street-level floor of a skyscraper?
retail
European CBDs are similar to those in North America because they both contain
retail and office activities.
Marketers use geographic analysis of the suburbs because it
reveals the clusters of high-income people who are likely potential customers.
A significant driver of suburban growth in the United States has been
rising incomes of the middle class
Retail activities which tend to concentrate in the CBD would include those which have
services for office workers.
Which type of service challenges the traditional classifications of services as either a business or consumer service?
sharing services
The largest number of daily automobile trips are made primarily for
social and recreational endeavors.
Edge cities emerged as a consequence of
suburbanization
Social area analysis attempts to explain
the distribution of different types of people in an urban area.
The application of the concentric zone model to developed and developing countries differs in that
the wealthy tend to live closer to the inner rings in developing countries.
Higher social heterogeneity in urban settlements means that
there are many different kinds of people in cities
City governments tend to locate convention centers and sports complexes in the CBD because
they hope to stimulate more business for downtown restaurants, bars, and hotels.
Which statement describes a historical reason why suburbs in the United States are often segregated?
those with low incomes or minorities are unable to live in some areas because of the high cost of the housing, and the unfriendliness (or discrimination) of established residents
The minimum number of people needed to support a service is called the
threshold
Which of the following is a possible explanation for the development of consumer services in early settlements?
to meet the needs of people to bury the dead
In which type of settlement do most people in the world live?
urban
Heterogeneity is more commonly a characteristic of
urban centers than rural communities.
The city plus its surrounding built-up suburbs is the
urbanized area
Periodic markets are likely to feature
vendors who move from town to town
