Psych Ch 9: Memory
Motor Cortex
Motions/Movement Memory
What did Sperling show about sensory memory
- Both partial & full reports were 3-4 correct answers - SM has a large capacity and short span of duration - SM happens automatically, effortless - Attention plays a key role in moving information from SM to STM
The Process of Memory: Attkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory
- Encoding - Storage - Sensory Memory - Visual, Acoustic, & Haptic - Working Memory - Visuospatial Sketchpad, Phonological Loop, Episodic Buffer, & Central Executive. - Long-Term Memory - Episodic, Semantic, & Procedural - Retrieval
Long-Term Memory Tree
- Explicit/Declarative (with conscious recall): Semantic (facts knowledge & basic info) & Episodic (personally experienced events) - Implicit/Non-Declarative (without conscious recall): Procedureal (motor & cognitive skills) & Priming (Enhanced identification of objects or words)
Extending STM
- Increase Capacity: Chunking - Increase Duration: Repetition
Working Memory/Short-Term Memory
- Short time span: lasts 20-30 seconds - 7 +/- 2 meaningful items - Capacity can be increased by chunking - Emphasizes active use
Sensory Memory
A very brief store of information from sensory receptors, lasting less than a second.
One technique to help overcome the limited capacity of STM is called A) chunking B) rehearsal C) working memory D) semantic codes
A. Chunking
You remember some specific football plays from the first half of last week's game; this is A) episodic memory B) procedural memory C) semantic memory D) all of the above
A. Episodic Memory
The vivid recall of a negative emotional experience is called a A) flashbulb memory B) flashback C) reconstructive flash D) none of the above
A. Flashbulb memory
The "tip-of-the-tongue" phenomenon appears to be caused by a problem in A) retrieval B) engrams C) storage D) repression
A. Retrieval
Biochemical Level
Acetylcholine & Memory
Auditory Cortex/Temporal Lobe
Auditory Memory
An inability to store and/or retrieve new information in long-term memory is characteristic of A) RNA B) anterograde amnesia C) retrograde amnesia D) retroactive amnesia
B. Anterograde Amnesia
According to the information-processing model, attention serves as a A) temporary memory buffer B) control mechanism C) retrieval mechanism D) sensory register
B. Control Mechanism
The type of remembering necessary to correctly answer this multiple choice question is A) recall B) recognition C) relearning D) rehearsal
B. Recognition
Although short-term memory stores information in terms of physical qualities, long-term memory stores information in terms of A) acoustic codes B) semantic codes C) attitudes D) all of the above
B. Semantic Codes
Tip-of-the-Tongue
Caused by spreading activation.
When you get to the grocery store, you realize you left your shopping list at home. According to the serial position effect, the items on the list you are most likely recall are A) at the beginning of the list B) in the middle of the list C) at the end of the list D) a and c
D. A & C
The levels of processing model states that deep processing involves greater than shallow processing. A) rehearsal B) engrams C) consolidation D) elaboration
D. Elaboration
According to the work of Loftus and others in the area of eyewitness testimony, A) eyewitnesses are likely to repress traumatic information B) eyewitnesses are strongly influenced by decay theory C) eyewitnesses are not easily misled D) eyewitnesses can be misled when they are asked misleading questions.
D. Eyewitnesses can be misled when they are asked misleading questions.
According to Hebb, the process that creates unique patterns of neural activity that reverberate through neural loops, thus making synapses more efficient, is called A) the engram B) anterograde amnesia C) the memory loop D) synaptic facilitation
D. Synaptic Faciliation
The sensory register has all of the following characteristics except A) Visual information lasts about a quarter of a second. B) It holds an exact image of each sensory experience. C) Auditory information lasts about 4 seconds. D) The capacity is 7 ± 2 bits of information.
D. The capacity is 7 ± 2 bits of information
Korsakoff's syndrome A) is caused by prolonged thiamine deficiency B) is characterized by anterograde and retrograde amnesia C) is characterized by confabulation D) all of the above
D. all of the above
When to study
Distribute practice overtime.
Temporal Lobe/Amygdala
Emotional memory
Schema
Explains some of the mistakes we make in memories. Reflect the most typical features of objects and situations. Useful for explaining the organization of episodic memory, and possibly procedural memory.
Acetylcholine Agonists
Facilitate consolidation of new memories. (Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease)
Procedural Memory
Implicit memories for how to carry out motor skills and procedures. They are difficult to describe in person, but easy to demonstrate.
Acetylcholine Antagonists
Interfere with consolidation of new memories.
Elaborative Rehearsal
Linking new information to previous knowledge
Cellular Level
Long-Term potentiation at the synapse. Memory is associated with changes in the connections between neurons at the synapse; extending more branches to the "receiving neuron" or increasing receptor sensitivity on the receiving neuron.
Parietal Lobe
Position/Location (Visuospatial Memory)
Hippocampus
Referred at the "index" that links separate bits of memory items together to create one integrated memory experience. Active when memory is formed/consolidated
Maintenance Rehearsal
Repetition
Flashbulb Memory
Retrieving an emotional memory.
Amygdala
Strengthens the consolidation of memories for intensely emotional experiences
Stomata's Sensory Cortex (Parietal Lobe)
Tectal Memory
Declarative Memory in Hippocampus
The Hippocampus is involved in consolidating episodic and semantic memories.
Forgetting
The a decrease in the ability to retrieve a previously formed memory.
Memory
The ability to retain knowledge. An information processing center. Memory isn't binary - either you remember something or you don't - research suggests that memory formation is a process with several steps.
Encoding
The acquiring of sensory information and transforming it into format that can be stored
Priming/Classical Conditioning
Unconscious associations that signal an upcoming event and account for many of our involuntary and unconscious emotional responses.
Non-Declarative/Implicit Memory
Unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memories that are difficult to verbalize.
Occipital Lobe
Visual Memory
Dorsolateral Cortex
Willful forgetting
Semantic Memory
Word meanings, concepts, general facts. Probably no recall of how, where, or when acquired.
Prefrontal Cortex
Working memory
Memory's system includes...
sensation, attention, perception, learning, and cognition
Memory steps...
encoding, storage, retrieval
How to study
mnemonics/acronyms, repetitive information retrieval, & make the info in your own words.
Suppose that you call the information operator to find a friend's phone number. When you dial your friend's number, you get a busy signal. Later, when you start to dial the number again, you realize you have forgotten it. This experience probably occurred because the phone number was only temporarily stored in your A) short-term memory B) long-term memory C) sensory register D) none of the above
A. Short-Term Memory
A key brain structure that is often damaged in patients with anterograde amnesia is the A) hippocampus B) cerebral cortex C) hypothalamus D) amygdala
A. hippocampus
Working memory is a special function of A) the sensory register B) short-term memory C) long-term memory D) any of the above
B. Short-Term Memory
What do episodic and semantic memories have in common? A) they are forms of working memory B) they are easily described in words C) they can easily be retrieved D) they are forms of procedural memory
B. They are easily described in words
After having the same phone number for years, you move and get a different, but similar, phone number. Retroactive interference would be demonstrated by your difficulty in remembering A) the new phone number B) the old phone number C) either phone number D) your new address
B. the old phone number
Which characteristic of long-term memory facilitates the retrieval of information? A) unlimited capacity B) the organization of material C) the chunking of information D) the ability of long-term memory to store procedural information
B. the organization of material
Research on memories that become distorted to fit our schema indicates that this process occurs during A) the formation of memories B) the process of retrieval C) proactive inhibition D) repression
B. the process of retrieval
Neuroscientists researching the causes of Alzheimer's disease have identified which of the following as playing an important role in the formation of memory? A) dopamine B) caffeine C) acetylcholine D) epinephrine
C. Acetylcholine
Which concept states that memories are linked together through experience? A) semantic memory B) reconstructive memory C) associative network D) serial forgetting
C. Associative Network
Which of the following BEST describes the memory capacity of the sensory register? A) capacity is limited on the average to 7 chunks of information B) there is the potential for partial recall of everything ever experienced in episodic memory C) designed to hold an exact image of the sensory experience D) it depends on the effort put into the process of attention
C. Designed to hold an exact image of the sensory experience
The process of reading material and relating it to previous learning or to your own life is called A) rehearsal B) consolidation C) elaboration D) chunking
C. Elaboration
Which of the following is not a stage in the information-processing model of memory? A) short-term memory B) long-term memory C) episodic memory D) sensory register
C. Episodic Memory
The expression "You can't teach an old dog new tricks" would support which theory of forgetting"? A) repression B) retroactive interference C) proactive interference D) pass interference
C. Proactive Interference
Levels of Processing Theory
The depth of processing applied to information that predicts the ease of retrieval.
Mike thinks of himself as a good fisherman. His friends have noticed that every time he tells the story about the "big one" he caught a few years ago, he seems to remember the fish as larger and larger, and the experience as more and more dramatic. Mike's behavior is consistent with which theory of forgetting? A) decay B) interference C) schema D) repression
C. Schema
Simple forms of learning, such as classical conditioning of the gill withdrawal reflex in the sea snail, appear to physically take place A) in the creature's hippocampus B) only in creatures without a brain C) at the synaptic level D) outside of the nervous system
C. at the synaptic level
Which theory suggests that forgetting is caused by a fading memory trace? A) schema theory B) repression C) decay theory D) interference theory
C. decay theory
Four Components to Working Memory
Central executive branches back & forth between Visuospatial Sketchpad, Episodic Buffer, & Phonological Loop.
Spreading Activation Model
Concepts in LTM are stored by linking together other concepts in very complex networks according to personal experiences.
Where to study
Context dependent memory
The phone number discussed in question 5 probably could have been remembered for a longer period if you had practiced A) chunking B) repression C) rehearsal D) a and c
D. A & C
Which of the following is a way of testing retrieval of long-term memories? A) recall B) recognition C) relearning D) all of the above
D. all of the above
Each of the following is true regarding differences between STM and LTM except A) information in LTM is indexed B) information in STM is stored in terms of physical qualities C) information in LTM may be permanent D) information in LTM s primarily stored in the frontal lobes of the cortex
D. information in LTM is primarily stored in the frontal lobes of the cortex
The theory of forgetting that suggests that the conscious mind pushes information into the unconscious is called A) decay B) schema theory C) interference D) repression
D. repression
Retroactive Interference
New memories hold back an individual from retaining old memories
Anterograde Amnesia
Not being able to remember new facts or new long-term memories of personal experiences
Proactive Interference
Old memories hold back an individual from retaining new memories
Declarative/Explicit Memory
One is fully aware and can be consciously retrieved and easily verbalized.
Episodic Memory
One's autobiographical memory. Events that occur to you associated with a particular time, place, and circumstance.
Basal Ganglia
Part of the brain's motor system, helping to control fine movements, but they also appear to mediate learning of motor procedures.
Phonological Loop
The component responsible for auditory and verbal information
Episodic Buffer
The component responsible for combining information stored in the long-term memory with the active processing taking place in working memory
Visuospatial Sketchpad
The component responsible for holding visual and spatial information
Central Executive
The component responsible for managing the work of the other components by directing attention to particular tasks