Psych Ch 9: Memory

Motor Cortex

Motions/Movement Memory

What did Sperling show about sensory memory

- Both partial & full reports were 3-4 correct answers - SM has a large capacity and short span of duration - SM happens automatically, effortless - Attention plays a key role in moving information from SM to STM

The Process of Memory: Attkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory

- Encoding - Storage - Sensory Memory - Visual, Acoustic, & Haptic - Working Memory - Visuospatial Sketchpad, Phonological Loop, Episodic Buffer, & Central Executive. - Long-Term Memory - Episodic, Semantic, & Procedural - Retrieval

Long-Term Memory Tree

- Explicit/Declarative (with conscious recall): Semantic (facts knowledge & basic info) & Episodic (personally experienced events) - Implicit/Non-Declarative (without conscious recall): Procedureal (motor & cognitive skills) & Priming (Enhanced identification of objects or words)

Extending STM

- Increase Capacity: Chunking - Increase Duration: Repetition

Working Memory/Short-Term Memory

- Short time span: lasts 20-30 seconds - 7 +/- 2 meaningful items - Capacity can be increased by chunking - Emphasizes active use

Sensory Memory

A very brief store of information from sensory receptors, lasting less than a second.

One technique to help overcome the limited capacity of STM is called A) chunking B) rehearsal C) working memory D) semantic codes

A. Chunking

You remember some specific football plays from the first half of last week's game; this is A) episodic memory B) procedural memory C) semantic memory D) all of the above

A. Episodic Memory

The vivid recall of a negative emotional experience is called a A) flashbulb memory B) flashback C) reconstructive flash D) none of the above

A. Flashbulb memory

The "tip-of-the-tongue" phenomenon appears to be caused by a problem in A) retrieval B) engrams C) storage D) repression

A. Retrieval

Biochemical Level

Acetylcholine & Memory

Auditory Cortex/Temporal Lobe

Auditory Memory

An inability to store and/or retrieve new information in long-term memory is characteristic of A) RNA B) anterograde amnesia C) retrograde amnesia D) retroactive amnesia

B. Anterograde Amnesia

According to the information-processing model, attention serves as a A) temporary memory buffer B) control mechanism C) retrieval mechanism D) sensory register

B. Control Mechanism

The type of remembering necessary to correctly answer this multiple choice question is A) recall B) recognition C) relearning D) rehearsal

B. Recognition

Although short-term memory stores information in terms of physical qualities, long-term memory stores information in terms of A) acoustic codes B) semantic codes C) attitudes D) all of the above

B. Semantic Codes

Tip-of-the-Tongue

Caused by spreading activation.

When you get to the grocery store, you realize you left your shopping list at home. According to the serial position effect, the items on the list you are most likely recall are A) at the beginning of the list B) in the middle of the list C) at the end of the list D) a and c

D. A & C

The levels of processing model states that deep processing involves greater than shallow processing. A) rehearsal B) engrams C) consolidation D) elaboration

D. Elaboration

According to the work of Loftus and others in the area of eyewitness testimony, A) eyewitnesses are likely to repress traumatic information B) eyewitnesses are strongly influenced by decay theory C) eyewitnesses are not easily misled D) eyewitnesses can be misled when they are asked misleading questions.

D. Eyewitnesses can be misled when they are asked misleading questions.

According to Hebb, the process that creates unique patterns of neural activity that reverberate through neural loops, thus making synapses more efficient, is called A) the engram B) anterograde amnesia C) the memory loop D) synaptic facilitation

D. Synaptic Faciliation

The sensory register has all of the following characteristics except A) Visual information lasts about a quarter of a second. B) It holds an exact image of each sensory experience. C) Auditory information lasts about 4 seconds. D) The capacity is 7 ± 2 bits of information.

D. The capacity is 7 ± 2 bits of information

Korsakoff's syndrome A) is caused by prolonged thiamine deficiency B) is characterized by anterograde and retrograde amnesia C) is characterized by confabulation D) all of the above

D. all of the above

When to study

Distribute practice overtime.

Temporal Lobe/Amygdala

Emotional memory

Schema

Explains some of the mistakes we make in memories. Reflect the most typical features of objects and situations. Useful for explaining the organization of episodic memory, and possibly procedural memory.

Acetylcholine Agonists

Facilitate consolidation of new memories. (Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease)

Procedural Memory

Implicit memories for how to carry out motor skills and procedures. They are difficult to describe in person, but easy to demonstrate.

Acetylcholine Antagonists

Interfere with consolidation of new memories.

Elaborative Rehearsal

Linking new information to previous knowledge

Cellular Level

Long-Term potentiation at the synapse. Memory is associated with changes in the connections between neurons at the synapse; extending more branches to the "receiving neuron" or increasing receptor sensitivity on the receiving neuron.

Parietal Lobe

Position/Location (Visuospatial Memory)

Hippocampus

Referred at the "index" that links separate bits of memory items together to create one integrated memory experience. Active when memory is formed/consolidated

Maintenance Rehearsal

Repetition

Flashbulb Memory

Retrieving an emotional memory.

Amygdala

Strengthens the consolidation of memories for intensely emotional experiences

Stomata's Sensory Cortex (Parietal Lobe)

Tectal Memory

Declarative Memory in Hippocampus

The Hippocampus is involved in consolidating episodic and semantic memories.

Forgetting

The a decrease in the ability to retrieve a previously formed memory.

Memory

The ability to retain knowledge. An information processing center. Memory isn't binary - either you remember something or you don't - research suggests that memory formation is a process with several steps.

Encoding

The acquiring of sensory information and transforming it into format that can be stored

Priming/Classical Conditioning

Unconscious associations that signal an upcoming event and account for many of our involuntary and unconscious emotional responses.

Non-Declarative/Implicit Memory

Unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memories that are difficult to verbalize.

Occipital Lobe

Visual Memory

Dorsolateral Cortex

Willful forgetting

Semantic Memory

Word meanings, concepts, general facts. Probably no recall of how, where, or when acquired.

Prefrontal Cortex

Working memory

Memory's system includes...

sensation, attention, perception, learning, and cognition

Memory steps...

encoding, storage, retrieval

How to study

mnemonics/acronyms, repetitive information retrieval, & make the info in your own words.

Suppose that you call the information operator to find a friend's phone number. When you dial your friend's number, you get a busy signal. Later, when you start to dial the number again, you realize you have forgotten it. This experience probably occurred because the phone number was only temporarily stored in your A) short-term memory B) long-term memory C) sensory register D) none of the above

A. Short-Term Memory

A key brain structure that is often damaged in patients with anterograde amnesia is the A) hippocampus B) cerebral cortex C) hypothalamus D) amygdala

A. hippocampus

Working memory is a special function of A) the sensory register B) short-term memory C) long-term memory D) any of the above

B. Short-Term Memory

What do episodic and semantic memories have in common? A) they are forms of working memory B) they are easily described in words C) they can easily be retrieved D) they are forms of procedural memory

B. They are easily described in words

After having the same phone number for years, you move and get a different, but similar, phone number. Retroactive interference would be demonstrated by your difficulty in remembering A) the new phone number B) the old phone number C) either phone number D) your new address

B. the old phone number

Which characteristic of long-term memory facilitates the retrieval of information? A) unlimited capacity B) the organization of material C) the chunking of information D) the ability of long-term memory to store procedural information

B. the organization of material

Research on memories that become distorted to fit our schema indicates that this process occurs during A) the formation of memories B) the process of retrieval C) proactive inhibition D) repression

B. the process of retrieval

Neuroscientists researching the causes of Alzheimer's disease have identified which of the following as playing an important role in the formation of memory? A) dopamine B) caffeine C) acetylcholine D) epinephrine

C. Acetylcholine

Which concept states that memories are linked together through experience? A) semantic memory B) reconstructive memory C) associative network D) serial forgetting

C. Associative Network

Which of the following BEST describes the memory capacity of the sensory register? A) capacity is limited on the average to 7 chunks of information B) there is the potential for partial recall of everything ever experienced in episodic memory C) designed to hold an exact image of the sensory experience D) it depends on the effort put into the process of attention

C. Designed to hold an exact image of the sensory experience

The process of reading material and relating it to previous learning or to your own life is called A) rehearsal B) consolidation C) elaboration D) chunking

C. Elaboration

Which of the following is not a stage in the information-processing model of memory? A) short-term memory B) long-term memory C) episodic memory D) sensory register

C. Episodic Memory

The expression "You can't teach an old dog new tricks" would support which theory of forgetting"? A) repression B) retroactive interference C) proactive interference D) pass interference

C. Proactive Interference

Levels of Processing Theory

The depth of processing applied to information that predicts the ease of retrieval.

Mike thinks of himself as a good fisherman. His friends have noticed that every time he tells the story about the "big one" he caught a few years ago, he seems to remember the fish as larger and larger, and the experience as more and more dramatic. Mike's behavior is consistent with which theory of forgetting? A) decay B) interference C) schema D) repression

C. Schema

Simple forms of learning, such as classical conditioning of the gill withdrawal reflex in the sea snail, appear to physically take place A) in the creature's hippocampus B) only in creatures without a brain C) at the synaptic level D) outside of the nervous system

C. at the synaptic level

Which theory suggests that forgetting is caused by a fading memory trace? A) schema theory B) repression C) decay theory D) interference theory

C. decay theory

Four Components to Working Memory

Central executive branches back & forth between Visuospatial Sketchpad, Episodic Buffer, & Phonological Loop.

Spreading Activation Model

Concepts in LTM are stored by linking together other concepts in very complex networks according to personal experiences.

Where to study

Context dependent memory

The phone number discussed in question 5 probably could have been remembered for a longer period if you had practiced A) chunking B) repression C) rehearsal D) a and c

D. A & C

Which of the following is a way of testing retrieval of long-term memories? A) recall B) recognition C) relearning D) all of the above

D. all of the above

Each of the following is true regarding differences between STM and LTM except A) information in LTM is indexed B) information in STM is stored in terms of physical qualities C) information in LTM may be permanent D) information in LTM s primarily stored in the frontal lobes of the cortex

D. information in LTM is primarily stored in the frontal lobes of the cortex

The theory of forgetting that suggests that the conscious mind pushes information into the unconscious is called A) decay B) schema theory C) interference D) repression

D. repression

Retroactive Interference

New memories hold back an individual from retaining old memories

Anterograde Amnesia

Not being able to remember new facts or new long-term memories of personal experiences

Proactive Interference

Old memories hold back an individual from retaining new memories

Declarative/Explicit Memory

One is fully aware and can be consciously retrieved and easily verbalized.

Episodic Memory

One's autobiographical memory. Events that occur to you associated with a particular time, place, and circumstance.

Basal Ganglia

Part of the brain's motor system, helping to control fine movements, but they also appear to mediate learning of motor procedures.

Phonological Loop

The component responsible for auditory and verbal information

Episodic Buffer

The component responsible for combining information stored in the long-term memory with the active processing taking place in working memory

Visuospatial Sketchpad

The component responsible for holding visual and spatial information

Central Executive

The component responsible for managing the work of the other components by directing attention to particular tasks