Ap Human Geo (Exam)
Technology Stages of Growth Model
*1) Initiation Stage*- Tech is used sparingly; few users. *2) Contagious Stage*- Tech begins to spread to more users, but lots of problems & no one wants to invest. *3) Control Stage*- frustration over how to use technology, but people see how the tech can be important. *4) Integration Stage*- Tech is accepted with practical use. *5) Data Admin Stage*- Collection of data; storage of data. *6) Maturity Stage*- Integration everywhere.
Free vs Fair Trade
*Free*: Companies can trade as much as they want *Fair*: Restrictions on trade on companies
Urban hydrology
*How a city deals with getting clean water to its citizens, removing dirty water and cleaning it, and then putting it back into the worlds rivers and oceans Ex: Flint, Michigan
Areas in North America
*Industrial Core*- Used to be BOSNYWASH and the Rust Belt in the U.S. Toronto, Montreal, and Ottowa in Canada. *Upward Transition*- U.S. industry has moved to the South, Southwest, and West. Canada industry has moved to the west to Alberta, British Colombia, and Saskatchewan. *Downward Transition*- The U.S. has the Rust Belt around the great lakes. Canada has the maritime provinces which are failing because of overfishing. *Resource Frontier*- In the U.S., North Dakota and Alaska. Canada has the Northern Provinces in Nunavet and Northwest territories.
neourbanism
*Movement in urbanization in the 1990's *Reduce sprawl *Close proximity
Beta Cities
*San Fran (Tech)*, Sydney (Financial & Business), *Toronto (Business & Finance)*, Madrid (Spain's Capital), *Mexico City (Financial)*, Moscow (Russia's Capital), and *Seoul (TNCs)*
Festival landscape
*space within an urban environment that can accommodate a large number of people for entertainment and leisure *Ex: Parks, Concert arenas
Law of Intervening Opportunities
-by Stouffer -opportunities: change of plan during migration, generally positives -ex: destination NY but move to South FL
Adobe House
-made from earth and other organic materials
Fishing Production
18 major fishing regions 2 major regions are the Pacific Northeast and Asia's inland waterways.
Sino-Tibetan Family
"Sino" means Chinese. There is no single Chinese language. Most Popular is Mandarin.
Top 5 Native Tongues
#1: Mandarin #2: Spanish #3: English #4: Hindi #5: Arab
Endangered Languages in the U.S.
61 languages are in trouble; 142 are dying.
Language Group
A collection of languages within a branch that share a recent common ancestor.
Mercantilism
A colony can only trade with their mother country.
Trade Language
A fake made-up language made to trade.
Suitcase Farming
A farm no one lives on
Stateless Nation
A nationality that is not represented by a state.
Fundamentalist
A person who believes in the strict interpretation of religious laws
City-State
A sovereign state comprising a city and its surrounding farmland.
Multiethnic State
A state that contains more than one ethnicity. (Ex. the U.S.)
Colony
A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent. There are 17 colonies today with most of them being owned by Britain. Puerto Rico is a Commonwealth. Greenland is an Autonomous Unit. Hong Kong and Macau are administrative region.
Choropleth Map
A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area.
Guyana & Ethnicity
A third of the pop is of African Descent 43% from India 9% Indigenous.
First Agricultural Revolution (Neolithic Revolution)
About 12,000 years ago Change from Nomads to Sedentary Farmers Stage 2 of the DTM Model Start of Job Specialization (i.e. Blacksmiths, farmers). Start of Gender Roles with Men farming and Women taking care of children. Could've happened by accident by dropping a seed and learning how to cultivate with water.
Terrorism
Acts of violence designed to promote a specific ideology or agenda by creating panic among an enemy population. Domestic Examples: 9/11, Oklahoma bombing, Boston Marathon, etc.
Anti-Naturalist Policy
Against high population growth. Ex. Indian and Chinese Policies
Mr. Feinstein
An amazing teacher that deserves a lot more than we give him. You are great and keep up the good work. We know you are stressed 24/7 and we would like say thank you. You need a break, write a book while we are baking cookies. Thank you for everything -Xavier and everyone else
International Date Line
An arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. Going west results in a different day.
Census Tract
An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published. 5,000 people and usually correlates to a neighborhood
Criticisms of the WTO
Antidemocratic decisions are made behind closed doors in the interest of corporations. WTO comes into countries and changes laws on taxes.
Folk Food
Asia grows rice in milder, hot, moist regions. Northern Europe has a lot of wood to cook slowly thus making stews. Southern Europe fried quickly from little wood.
Gross National Income Per Capita
Average wealth per person.
Cottage Industry
Before industrial revolution, cotton was made at home.
T.V. Distribution
Biggest leisure activity in the world. Average woman watched 3 hours. Popped up in multiple places at once: U.S., U.K., U.S.S.R., France, Germany, and Japan. Took half a century to diffuse throughout the world.
Locational Interdependence Theory (Hotelling)
Businesses tend to locate close to their competitors.
CBD
Central Business District; sometimes referred to as Downtown
Sanctuary Cities
Cities with politically liberal electorates that do not enforce federal immigration laws
Folk Clothing
Connects to the environment and Culture. Examples: Hijabs, monk robes, and Burqas.
Geometric Boundaries
Constructed by humans usually using Longitude and Latitude. (ex. American-Canadian Border runs for 2,100 km on 49N Latitude.
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Controls price & amount of petroleum. Primarily in SW Asia & North Africa. 15 members starting in 1960. Limits oil production with quotas.
Planned Economy
Country where the government controls food production.
Dr. Norman Borlaug
Credited with discovering a wheat seed that grows very quickly. Pretty much resolved Mexico's food issue in the 50s. Mexico became a wheat importer to exporter.
Desertification
Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. Places like Idaho, Montana, and Colorado are at risk. Caused by global warming.
Regional Lingua Franca
East Asia: Mandarin Southeast Asia: Javanese South Asia: Hindi Former Soviet Union: Russian Africa: Swahili
Comprised Modernity
Economic, Political, and Cultural changes that occur in a rapidly condensed manner. A country grows in development and climbs up in the DTM model at a rapid pace.
3 Gs
Europeans wanted Gold, Glory, and to spread the word of God.
Three ways to get into the U.S.
Family Reunification Skilled Workers Diversity (questionable)
Language Family Tree
Family form Trunks. Language Branches form Branches. Separate Languages are Leaves.
Variable Revenue Analysis
Firm's ability to capture a market that bring it more money & customers than it competitors.
Cultural Preferences
Food preferences may determine what is grown in an area.
India with Gender Preference
Girls are sent away to, while men aren't, and the girl must bring a dowry.
Cyprus
Greeks in the Southwest and Turks in the Northeast divided by U.N. Peacekeeping forces. There are two British bases; one in the Greek portion and one in the Turkish portion.
Fair Trade
Growing food organically in a sustainable way and the cultivator gets better paid for not using pesticides.
Industrial Revolution
Hearth is in the U.K. during in the 1760s. James Watt made the Steam Engine. Coal became the leading fuel supply. First Conveyor belts in the U.K. Samuel Slater brought the Industrial Revolution to the 13 colonies and made the first factory in the U.S.
Diffusion
How a feature spreads from one place to another.
Geopolitics
How states interact and compete with each other.
Race
Identity with a group of people who are perceived to share a physiological trait such as skin color.
Protein
In MDCs, the main source of protein is meat. LDCs want to start eating meat.
Asian Pop Clusters
India, East Coast of China, and Japan from Tokyo to Osaka
Industrial Revolution (cont.)
Iron, Transporting, Textiles, Chemical, and Food processing industries were hugely impacted.
Isolation
Isolation results in different words for the same thing. Ex. Chips in America are Crisps in England.
Global Food Trade
Japan is the leading importer of food, followed by the U.K., and Russia. The U.S. is the world's biggest exporter, including half the world's maize exports.
Growing Language
Language that is being spoken more. Hebrew is a prime example.
Gender Inequality
Long standing cultural and legal obstacles can limit women's participation in development.
Intensive Agriculture
Lots of labor Small land Little Technology
Cultural System
Many cultural complexes that share a common trait merge to form a cultural system.
Criticisms of the Least Cost Theory
Markets & Labors are mobile and varies in skill, age, gender, etc. Some transportation cost are dependent on a number of variables.
Commonwealth
Members are Britain and many of Britain's former colonies.
Node
Middle; Hub; Origin; Hearth
Modern European States
Modern states are molded by various emperors and monarchs who controlled significant portions of Europe.
Immigration
Movement of individuals into a population
U.S. Dialects
New England, Texas South, New York, West, Midwest.
Luxury Crops
Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco
Cardinal Directions
North, South, East, West
YUK (Comparative Advantages of the U.K.
Plentiful natural resources, ports, and navigable rivers. Built canals in the rivers. The U.K has ocean and water access at nearly every point. Big supply of coal. Iron industry benefited. Lots of skilled workers and population boomed. Lots of trade with its overseas territories. Stable government that were pro-business.
Agricultural Hearths: East Asia
Rice was domesticated 10,000 years ago along the Yangtze River. Millet along the Yellow River. Soybeans.
Solid Waste Pollution
Sanitary Landfill- A place to deposit sold waste. Hazardous Waste- disposing of dangerous waste with extra care.
Satellite and Buffer State
Satellite States- Communist allies in Eastern Europe. Buffer States- States between two opposing countries.
Folk Religions
Shamanism- Shaymans are people that have special powers in their community. Shaymans are often called with doctors. Animism- A belief that spirits live within doctors. Ex. Shintoism in Japan
Pop Clothing
Shows occupation Examples: Lawyers wear suits and Doctors wear scrubs.
Dividing Ethnicities in Lebanon
Split among 54% Muslims, 41% Christians, and 5% Druze. Lots of issues with Catholic and Orthodoxs and Shiites and Sunnies. Lebanon had split power in the government among the different ethnicities to avoid issues, but this only lasted until 1970 where there have been fights since.
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)
The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births.
Net Migration
The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration.
Sense of Place
The feeling that an area has a distinct and meaningful character
Cultural Complex
The group of traits that define a particular culture.
Greenhouse Effect
The increase of the world's temperature as a result of trapped carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Topicide
The killing off of a landscape to build a new one.
Official Language
The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents. *54 countries have English as an official language
Primate City Rule
The largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement. (ex. Mexico City, Mexico; Paris, France; Seoul, South Korea.) Services are not found evenly distributed among a country. Wealth is not evenly distributed
Range
The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service. -Range is small for things like food -Range is large for things like stadiums and events.
How clean is out produce?
The most pesticide-ridden foods are apples, peaches, nectarines, strawberries, and grapes. The least pesticide-ridden foods are avocados, Corn, Pineapples, Cabbage, and frozen Sweet Peas.
Expansion Diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.
Outsourcing
When a company transfers much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.
Guest Workers
Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern of Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs. They eventually stayed.
Footloose companies
companies that use little or no raw materials, and can therefore be based anywhere.
Self-Sufficiency Path
countries encourage domestic production of goods, discourage foreign ownership of businesses and resources, and protect their businesses from international competition. India is highly self-sufficient and requires a license with lots or restrictions. India also helps out failing businesses. Iran is another example.
Anthrocentrism
human centered
Globalization
the expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact.
Creative Destruction
the hypothesis that the creation of new products and production methods simultaneously destroys the market power of existing monopolies.
Network
A chain of communication that connects places
Geographic Information System (GIS)
A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.
Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.
Topography
A description of surface features of land.
Life Expectancy
A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live
Azimuthal Projection
A map projection in which the plane is the most developable surface.
Cartogram
A special kind of map that distorts the shapes and sizes of countries in relation to the influence of something in an area
Place
A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.
Cartograms
A type of map that signifies a thing's impact by using size.
Formal Region (Uniform Region)
An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics.
Functional Region (Nodal Region)
An area organized around a node or focal point. Ex. Local news stations.
Peters Projection
An equal-area projection purposely centered on Africa in an attempt to treat all regions of Earth equally.
80% of humans live where?
Asia, Africa, and Latin America
Eratosthenes
Calculated the circumference of the earth Invented the word Geography Broke earth down into 5 climates Had a concept of the earth being spherical
Top 5 most populated countries and Global Pop
China, India, United States, Indonesia, Brazil in order. 7.7 Billion People.
Longitude
Distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees. Aka the vertical lines on the map.
4 Global Pop Cultures
East Asia: China, Japan, The Koreas, and Tawain. 1/4 of world pop lives here. South Asia: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. 1/4 of world pop lives here. Europe: Four dozen countries; predominantly urban. Southeast Asia: 600 million people.
Absolute Location
Exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates
Where do more than 50% of people live
In Urban areas
Carrying Capacity
Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support.
Problems with U.S. Census
Nonparticipation- Many homeless and undocumented immigrants don't participate. Sampling- More accurate count; especially in rural areas.
Written
One way to scale a feature on earth's surface. A written relationship.
Ratio
One way to scale a feature on earth's surface. Ex. I:250
Graphic
One way to scale a feature on earth's surface. Usually a bar line on a map.
Robinson Projection
Projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors. It does not maintain completely accurate area, shape, distance, or direction, but it minimizes errors in each.
Demography
Scientific study of human populations.
What are the ways that a projection can affect a map?
Shape, Distance, Size, and Direction can all be distorted by different types of projections.
Environmental Determinism
Social and Cultural development is caused by the physical environment.
Oceania Pop Clusters
Southeast Coast of Australia: Melbourne, Sydney, and Brisbane.
Geography
Study of the earth
remote sensing
The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.
Complementary
The actual or potential relationship between two places, usually referring to economic interactions.
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
Distance Decay
The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.
Density
The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area
Doubling Rate
The length of time needed to double the population. 70/NIR is the formula.
Overpopulation
The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
Physiological Density
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate over 10
Site
The physical character of a place. Ex. Weather, soil, etc.
Space
The physical gap or interval between two objects
Ecumene
The proportion of the earth inhabited by humans and the land they can live on.
Contagious Diffusion
The rapid widespread diffusion of a feature/trend. Ex. Ebola
Agricultural Density
The ratio of the number of farmers to arable land
Time-space Compression
The reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place.
Spatial Association
The relationship between the distribution of one feature and the distribution of another feature.
Map Scale
The relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface.
African Pop Clusters
West Africa, Nile River, and South Africa
Negative NIR
When the CDR is higher than the CBR
Goode Homolosine Projection
a 20th century map of Earth with equal area of landmasses but interruptions of the oceans to more accurately represent a "flattened" sphere.
Cognitive Map
a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.
Tobler's Law
all places are interrelated, but closer places are more related than farther ones
Region
an area of Earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of cultural and physical features
Vernacular/Perceptual Region
an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity. Ex. Some people say Texas is part of the South and others say it isn't.
Time Zone
any of the 24 longitudinal areas of the world within which the same time is used. New zone every 15° longitude.
Tropical Zones
area between the equator and the Tropic of Cancer and between the equator and the Tropic of Capricorn, where the climate is generally hot. From 23°N to 23°S.
Latitiude
distance north or south from the equator measured in degrees. Aka the horizontal lines on the map.
Geotagging
identification and storage of a piece of information by its precise latitude and longitude coordinates
Relocation Diffusion
spread of an idea through physical movement of people
Connectivity
the directness of routes linking pairs of places
Concentration
the extent of a feature's spread over space
Pattern
the geometric arrangement of objects in space
Replacement Level
the level of fertility at which populations replace themselves
Situation
the location of a place relative to other places.
Census
the official count of a population
Accessibility
the opportunity for contact or interaction from a given point or location, in relation to other locations.
Edges
the outside limit of an object, area, or surface
Scale
the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole
Hierarchical Diffusion
the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places
Cultural Landscape
the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape. Combination of cultural, economic, and physical features.
Dividing Ethnicities in India and Pakistan
"Line of Control" in the Kashmir region has lots of problems along the Indian-Pakistani border. Kashmir people are Muslim and want to be either an independent state or united under Pakistani control.
Evolving Distribution of World Cities
*1600s*- London, Lisbon, Amsterdam; Imperialistic *1700s*- Rome and Paris *1800s*- Berlin, New York, Chicago, and St. Petersburg.
Government housing
*1950's-1960's *Government owned housing rented to low income individuals. *Torn Down *These houses were in run down neighborhoods and full of crime
Criticisms of Rostow's Model
- based only on patterns of Western Europe and and Anglo-American countries - does not consider issues that might limit a country's ability to develop (eg. post-colonial dependency)
Difference between U.S. and European CBDs
-U.S. CBDs are sprawled out; E.U. Compact -U.S. workers have personal transportation; E.U. workers use public transportation as some cities lay tolls on those who use personal transportation in the CBD -U.S. has zoning restrictions on where to build and not to build certain activities; E.U. does not -U.S. workers work in CBDs and leave to the suburbs; E.U. does not. ^U.S. workers that live in the CBD are "empty nesters"; Don't live with children.
Prime Meridian
0 degrees longitude - passes through Greenwich, England
Four Largest Religions
1) Christianity (2.2 Billion; 31.5 of world pop) 2) Islam (1.6 Billion, 23.2% of world pop) 3) Hinduism (1 Billion, 15% of world pop) 4) Buddhism (500 Million, 7.1% of world pop)
Cleansing Steps
1) Move military equipment into a village with no strategic value. 2) Round up all the people and segregate men, women and children. Men are put into detention camps and sometimes killed. 3) Force people out. 4) Destroy village.
Language Statistics
1) There are about 6,500- 7,100 languages that exist. 2) 90% of those languages will go extinct in the next 100 years.
Types of Boundary Disputes
1)Definitional/ Positional- fighting over language of the treaty. 2)Locational- Parties don't agree on location of boundary. 3) Operational- Conflict on how the border should function. 4) Allocational- Fight over resources on the boundary.
Ravenstein's Laws of Migration
1. Most migration is over a short distance. 2. Migration occurs in steps. 3. Long-range migrants usually move to urban areas. 4. Each migration produces a movement in the opposite direction (although not necessarily of the same volume). 5. Rural dwellers are more migratory than urban dwellers. 6. Within their own country females are more migratory than males, but males are more migratory over long distances. 7. Most migrants are young adults. 8. Large towns grow more by migration than by natural increase. 9. Migration increases with economic development. 10. Migration is mostly due to economic causes.
Contiguous Waters
12 to 24 Nautical Miles. States can set regulations over pollution, tax, customs, and immigration.
World Trade Organization (WTO)
164 member states; 97% of world trade involves WTO. Reduce barriers by negotiating reduction or elimination of international trade restrictions. Reduced or eliminated restrictions on the movement of money. One country can bring another country to the WTO if they have broken a WTO agreement.
UN Sustainable Development Goals
17 goals, examples: no poverty, zero hunger, good health and well being, quality education
American Migration
1790s- East Coast 1800-1840s- Moves west via canals 1850-1890s- Gold Rush settles Cali 1900-1940s- Great Plains are settled by railroads and farming. 1950-2010s- Moving South for weather.
Definition of a City (Louis Wirth)
1930s Cities have 3 characteristics: Large size, high population density, and social heterogeneity. *Large Size*- -Lots of People -Different Social relationships than those formed in rural settlements *Pop Density*- -Lots of people in a small area. -People live in the apartments *Social Heterogeneity*- -Greater Social Freedom -Tolerance of diverse social behavior -people with similar interests.
Multiple Nuclei Model (C.D. Harris & E.L. Ullman)
1945 L.A. All about different nodes with different activities Incompatible land-use activities avoid clustering together. (ex. heavy industry will very rarely cluster with high-income houses).
Carl Sauer
20th century geographer. Said that wherever a human culture exists, a cultural landscape exists as that culture's unique fingerprint on that space on the earth.
African Traditional Folk Religions
27 million, 2% of African Pop, follow folk religions.
Distribution of Islam
4 biggest Muslim Pops are Indonesia, Pakistan, Islam, and Bangladesh. Makes up 40% of the Islamic Pop.
Energy Demand
4 principle types of consumption: Industries, Transportation, Homes, & Commercial. Developing countries account for more energy usage than developed countries for the first time in 2006.
Europe's Immigration
40 mil immigrants (20 mil from within europe and 20 mil from outside of europe). Nearly all of eastern europe is net out and western europe is net in. Refugees from Middle-east, North Africa, and West Africa.
Dividing Ethnicities in Iraq
55% Shiites, 21% Kurds, and 19% Sunni U.S. went into Iraq because they believed there were weapons of mass destruction, but nothing was there.
Size of Urban Settlements
7 out of the 10 most populous cities are in LDCs. Jakarta, Dehli, Manila, Shanghai, Karachi, Beijing, and Guangzhou. All but 3 of the 100 fastest-growing urban settlements are in LDCs. Tokyo is the world's largest urban settlement.
Georgia
71% Georgians, 8% Armenian, 6% Azeri, 6% Russian, 3% Ossetian, and 2% other. Minority Abkhazians and Ossetians broke away with the help of Russian Troops.
Kosovo
82% Albanian; 10% Serb Serbia has historical claim in Kosovo. Serbia took control of Kosovo and tried to ethnically cleanse the Albanians. NATO stepped in to stop this.
Distribution of Hinduism
97% of Hindus are in India.
Irredentism
A "minority" ethnic group wants to break away from one country to form its own sovereign nation or join another country.
Shinto
A Japanese religion whose followers believe that all things in the natural world are filled with divine spirits. Japanese government says that 78% of Japan's pop practices Shintoism, but only 3% identify as that.
Population Pyramid
A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
Isogloss
A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate. Ex. Pop is used in the North, Soda is used in Urban Areas along the West Coast, New England, and Florida.
Language Branch
A collection of languages related through a common ancestor in the same Language Family.
Kuznets Curve
A formula showing that inequality increases during the early stages of capitalist development, then declines, and eventually stabilizes at a relatively low level
Theocracy
A government controlled by religious leaders
Institutional Language
A language used in education, work, mass media, and government.
Branch
A large and fundamental division within a religion
Break of Bulk Point
A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another. Ex. Seaports imports from ships and then exports via trucks and trains.
Gini Coefficient
A measure of income inequality within a population. A score of 0 means there is no income disparity. A score of 1 means there is a high income disparity.
Stimulus Diffusion
A person or group who take an idea from another and then twist it to make it their own. Aka copying hw from your friend, but not word for word.
Refugee
A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster
Place Utility
A person's satisfaction or dissatisfaction with a place
Redlining
A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.
Blockbusting
A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood
Universalizing/ Proselytizing/ Evangelizing
A religion that tries to go global. 3 Biggest are Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism.
Judaism
A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Tanakh is an acronym for the Torah, Nevi'im, and Ketuvim.
Food Taboos
A restriction on behavior due to religious law or social custom. Example: Muslims have a taboo on pork.
Religion
A set of beliefs, values, and practices that binds believers in a relationship with God and with other believers. Involved in 40% of all wars in the past 3 millenias
Pidgin Language
A simplified form of a lingua franca.
Culture Trait
A single element of normal practice in a culture.
Ethnic Island
A small ethnic settlement centered in the middle of a larger group of the population
Elongated State
A state with a long, narrow shape. (Ex. Chile) Positives: Resources Negatives: Poor Unity and Communication.
Failed State
A state with no functioning Government (Ex. Libya, Yemen, Somalia, and South Sudan).
Territorial Morphology
A state's geographical shape.
Political Enclave
A state, or part of a state, that is completely surrounded by another state. (Ex. Lesotho) A piece of territory separated by land from the main part of the state. (Ex. Kaliningrad and the rest of Russia)
Nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
Ethnoburb
A suburban area with a cluster of a particular ethnic population
Language
A system of communication through speech, and symbols used to make a written language.
Long Lots
A system of farming where lots up to a half mile or more extend back from a river, which farmers use as their primary means of hauling their agricultural products to the market.
Ridge Tillage
A system of planting crops on ridge tops. Crops are planted on the same rows, year after year.
California Central Valley
A third of vegetables in the U.S. are grown here. 2/3s of all nuts and fruits are cultivated here.
Mercator Projection
A true conformal cylindrical map projection, the Mercator projection is useful for navigation because it maintains accurate direction. Mercator projections are famous for their distortion. Ex. Greenland.
Map
A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth's surface or a portion of it.
Seasonal Mobility
A type of circulation mobility in which people move in a cyclical pattern
Subdialect
A variation of a language. Ex. American English vs. British English.
Frontier
A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control.
Sovereignty
Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.
Bilingual
Able to speak two languages *Ex. Canada speaks English and French
Pew Hispanic Center
Accurate Info, don't report to ICE.
Domesticate
Adapting plants and animals from the wild to human usage. Animal must be Docile, Strong, and Speedy.
Post-Fordist Production
Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks and problem solve.
Africa and Ethnicities
Africa contains several thousand ethnicities with distinct languages, religions, and customs. European colonies in Africa have influenced present day borders in Africa.
South Africa Apartheid
Afrikaan word means "separateness" A system of racial segregation in South Africa that was in effect for more than 50 years. Intended to protect white South African minority. Ended in 1991 at the same time Nelson Mandela release.
Confederation
All power is given to local governments. Little to no power in the central government.
State
An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs.
Centripetal Force
An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state
Urbanization
An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.
Labor-Intensive Industry
An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.
Bulk-Reducing Industry
An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs. Usually are in proximity to inputs.
Bulk-Gaining Industry
An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs. Usually are in proximity to outputs.
Central City
An urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit known as a municipality. (ex. New York City) Elected officials, ability to raise taxes, and essential services.
Proto-Indo-European
Ancestor of the family is most likely Nostralic. Hearth in a cold area.
Cultural Hearths
Andean America- Andes Mountain civilizations diffuses through South America. MesoAmerica- Southern Mexico and most of Central America. Diffuses through North America. West Africa- Diffused throughout Africa. Nile River Valley- In Egypt, diffused south to Sudan. Mesopotamia- In Middle East between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Known as the origin of Civilization. Indus River- In India and Pakistan along the Indus River. Ganges River Delta- In India and Bangladesh, diffused throughout South Asia. Wei and Huang Rivers- In China, diffused to southeast China.
Boundary Evolution
Antecedent: Boundary before humans settled. Physical Boundaries. Subsequent: Boundary after a cultural landscape is set. ex. Northern Ireland and Ireland Consequent: Drawn to accommodate different ethinicities. Superimposed: Forcing boundaries onto an existing one. Relic(t): A former boundary.
Pop Housing
Apartments, Condos, and Skyscrapers.
Invasion Succession Movement
As one family comes in, another goes out.
Agricultural Hearths: Southwest Asia
Barley, Wheat, Lentil, Olives were domesticated 10,000 years ago. Domestication of cattle, goats, pigs, and sheep 8,000-9,000 years ago. Dogs were domesticated 12,000 years ago.
Atheism
Belief that there is no god.
U.S.-Mexico Border Issues
Border is 2,000 miles long, 1/4th of it has barriers, and there is a lot of border patrol. There is a joint U.S.-Mexican International Boundary and Water Commissions.
Cultural Boundaries
Borders based on culture traits, like language and religion. (ex. Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan).
North American Pop Clusters
BosNYWash Chicagoland South Florida Californian Cities T.O.M.- Toronto Ottowa Montreal
Brazil & Ethnicity
Brazil classifies people into color: Branco (White), Pardo (Brown), Preto (Black), Amarelo (Yellow), and Indigenous. Brancos live in the south, Indigenous live in the north, Pretos live in the northeast, and Pretos live in the West-Central.
Motor Vehicle
Bulk-gaining and close to markets. China makes the most cars.
Pop Foods
Burgers, French Fries, and Fast Food.
Labor
Business owners must keep labor costs low. China has around 1/4 of the world's manufacturing workers; India 1/5; all MDCs 1/5. Average wage paid to manufacturing workers is about $35/ hour; in China & Taiwan it's $2/hour.
California Conservation
California's limited water supply from 2 sources: Surface Water (from bodies of waters) and Groundwater (pumped from the ground). Water Supply in the north. Agriculture in the Central and South. 80% of California's water supply goes to central Cali.
Fishing
Capture of wild fish and other seafood living in the waters. Aquaculture (aquafarming)- is the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions. This is less healthy as the fish swim in their own feces and require lots of antibiotics.
Dialects become languages
Catalan: Catalan has split from Spanish. Moldovan: Identical to Romanian, but written in cyrillic letters. Italy: Lombard, Napoletano-Calebrese, Piemontese, Sicilian, and Venetian dialects in Italy.
Localization Economy
Category that occurs when many firms of the same industry benefit from clustering together as they share skilled labor & costs. Ex. Silicon Valley & Research triangle of North Carolina.
Catholic Branch
Catholicism: Original branch. Hierarchy with Pope at the top. 7 Sacraments: Baptism, the Eucharist, Penance, Confirmation, Matrimony, Holy Orders, and Anointing the Sick.
Preserving Languages
Celtic languages are being preserved in Wales, Ireland, and Scotland. Many language changes like road signs, media, and music have taken place.
Distribution of Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa
Central Africa more Catholic and South is more protestant.
Von Thunen Model
Central Circle is the village, town, or city. The first ring is vegetables and dairying. The second ring is forests for wood. The third ring is for grain crops. The fourth ring is ranching & livestock. Going outwards the labor goes from intensive to extensive.
Dairy
Cheese, Butter, and dried, evaporated, and condensed milk. California has a big milkshed. India has the biggest milk production, but is all domestic. New Zealand exports the most dairy products in the world. Don't sell much liquid milk.
Agricultural Hearths: Central and South Asia
Chickens diffused from South Asia 4,000 years ago. Horse domesticated in Central. Sheep.
Overfishing
China produces 1/3 of the world's yield of fish. Other producers include Japan, Indonesia, Peru, and Chile.
Senkaku/ Diaoyu Islands Sovereignty Issues
China, Japan, and Taiwan all claim the same set of islands in the East China Sea. Mostly want it for the resources.
Distribution of Islam and Christianity
Christianity is the major religion in the Western Hemisphere, Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Oceania. Islam is the major religion in North Africa, Southwest Asia, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia.
Physical Conditions
Climate conditions that contribute to what is grown in that area
Perishable-Products Companies
Close to markets. Ex. Milkshed Primarily deals with food.
Open Shop vs Closed Shop
Closed Shop- no requirement to join a union. Open Shop- must join a union.
Fossil Fuel
Coal, oil, natural gas, and other fuels that are ancient remains of plants and animals. 5/6 of the world's energy comes from fossil fuels.
Drug Trade
Cocaine, derived from the coca leaf, most of which comes from Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia. Heroin, derived from the opium poppy plant. 90% comes from Afghanistan and the Taliban controls it. Also grown in Burma and Laos. Marijuana, derived from cannabis sativa plant. Grown in Mexico and goes to U.S. but Marijuana is becoming legal in many U.S. states.
Agricultural Hearths: Southeast Asia
Coconut, Mango, Taro, and Sugar.
Nonpoint Source Pollution
Comes from a large, diffused area. Diseases in water include: Cholera, Typhoid, and Dysentery.
Self-Determination
Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
Second Agricultural Revolution (No Name)
Connects to the Industrial Revolution. Began in Europe in the 1600s. Rich Land owners kicked poor farmers off open lots. Poor Farmers with no farms went to cities to work in factories. Crop Rotation Starts Better Irrigation (Watering) Systems. Start of Chemical Fertilizers. Some improvements with field drainage.
Soviet Union
Consisted of 15 republics based on the 15 biggest ethinicities. This Includes: Russia Three Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Three European states of Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine. Five Central Asian states of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Three Caucasus states of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia.
Substitution Principle
Contrasts to Weber's Least Cost Theory. Suggests that business owners can juggle expenses as long as labor, land, and transportational does not all rise at once.
Rank Size Rule (Zipf)
Country's nth-largest settlement has 1/n the population of the largest settlement. Ex. if the largest city has 300 people, the 3rd largest city will have 100 people. Connects to MDCs with a federal form of government. Services can be found evenly distributed throughout the country. Wealth is distributed throughout the country. (ex. U.S., Canada, Australia)
Croatia
Croatia declared independence in 1991. Serbs, who made up 12% of the pop, rebelled.
Rest Crops
Crops that put nutrients back into the soil. Examples: Alfalfa, rye, turnips, peanuts, and radishes.
Cultural Realm
Cultural regions have enough on common to be merged together. Ex. Latin America
Types of Projections
Cylindrical- a rectangle map Conical- a semi-spherical map Planar- shows a side of the globe Conformal- Preserves angle; Distorts size Equidistant- Preserves distance; nothing else Equal-area- Preserves size; nothing else
Dietary Needs
Daily Recommended Calorie count is 1,884 KCal. In MDCs, 3,400 KCal is consumed on average.
Depletion of Natural Resources
Decrease in water, food and fuel supplies. Animals are endangered because of hunting for skins. Meat is inefficient to produce as it takes a lot of grain to make.
DACA
Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals
Genocide
Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group
Just in Time Delivery
Deliver only when a product is needed. No need for warehouses or storage. Can be disrupted by traffic, natural hazards, and labor unrest.
Government Types
Democracy- People elect representatives Autocracy- Leader leads country with their interest. Anocracy- Mixture of Democracy and Autocracy. Oligarchy- Run by the Rich Absolute Monarchy- King or Queen have full control. Constitutional Monarchy- King or Queen with no power. Ran by a legislative government. (Ex. U.K. has the royal family w/ no power and Parliament.
World System Analysis Theory (Wallerstein)
Describes relationship between developed and developing countries. Core= Developed; Periphery= Developing. Every country is interconnected. Gunderfrank made the dependency theory: old colonies depend on their former colonizers. Wallerstein says that colonization by Western European Countries led to the domination that led to exploitation by the core countries.
Ebonics
Dialect spoken by some African Americans. Some African words have diffused into English.
Electoral Geography in the U.S.
Drawing of legislative boundaries after each census.
Durable vs Non-Durable Goods
Durable- Military grade gear, Spam, MREs (Meals Ready to Eat). Nondurable- Fresh Food
Russian Migration:
During Soviet Union people were moved to Siberia. Now people are going back to the west.
Inequality Within Developed Countries
During the 20th century, the gap between the rich and poor narrowed in MDCs. Bezos, Gates, and Buffet have a combined worth equal to 50% of the U.S. population.
Land
Early factories were in cities as there was proximity to a close market, convenience to shipping by train, large supply of labor, and sources to capital. Had multiple floors. Now many factories are 1 story buildings that are long.
Structural Adjustment Program
Economic policies imposed on LDCs by an international agency to create conditions that encourage international trade. *Requirements*- Spending only what a country can afford, *directing benefit to the poor*, diverting investments from military spending to health & education spending, *investing resources where they will have the most impact*, encouraging a more productive private sector, and *making civil service more efficient*.
Thomas Malthus
Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth would exceed food supply. Wanted the rich to have abstinance and the poor to die off.
Empowerment
Empowerment of GII is measured by 2 things: percentage of women in legislature & percentage of women who have completed secondary school. Usually more men in legislature than women; Rwanda is the exception. 54% of women complete high school worldwide compared to 64% of men. In North America, women are more likely to graduate than men.
Geothermal Energy
Energy from hot water or steam from volcanic activity. Philippines, Indonesia, and Iceland use it the most.
Chinese Migration:
Everyone is going to the eastern coast. Hokou is a passport but for use inside of China. Migrants don't receive government benefits.
Authoritarian/ Autocratic/ Dictator
Examples of these leaders are: Putin (Russia), Xi Jinping (China), Erdogan (Turkey), Duterte (Philippines), Orban (Hungary), Mohammed bin Salman (Saudi Arabia), Elsi-si (Egypt), Bolsannaro (Brazil), and Maduro (Venezuela).
Multiplier Effect
Explains the number of nonbasic jobs when compared to basic businesses. Usually 2 Nonbasic jobs for every basic. Nonbasic jobs make even more nonbasic jobs as stores need custodians as an example. Base Multiplier= Total employment/ Basic employment.
Business Services
Facilitate the activities of other businesses 1/4 US jobs Professional services, transportation services, and financial services
Push Factors
Factors that induce people to leave old residences. Economic: No Jobs Political: Unstable Governments Environmental: Natural Disaster Social: Gangs & Cartels. Discrimination
Pull Factors
Factors that induce people to move to a new location. Economic: Lots of Jobs Political: Supporting Government; Rights Environmental: Nice Weather Social: Friends and Family
Open Lot
Farmers all work on a community plot of land in feudal times.
Heartland Theory (Mackinder)
Felt that a land based power in present day Russia will dominate the world.
Employment
Female Labor Force Participation Rate- Percentage of women holding full time jobs outside the home. South Asia and North Africa and SW Asia has big gaps in work force because of Sharia Law. Sub-Saharan Africa has lots of women in the work force as they work in agriculture.
Least Cost Theory (Weber)
Firms are located in the cheapest spots. 2 issues with transportation costs: distance of transportation to the market and weight of goods.
Forced Migration from Africa
First Africans brought over in 1619 400,000 Africans were brought over by Britain Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English, and French were a part of the slave trade Between 1710-1810, 10 million Africans were uprooted from their homes.
U.S. Immigration
First Era (1607-1800s): British and African Slaves Second Era (1840s-1880s): Irish (Famine) and German (War) Third Era (1890s-1920s): Southern and Easter Europe Fourth Era (1960s-Present): Asians and Latin Americans.
Levels of Development
First World Country- Industrialized & Service based economies; MDCs. Second World Country- Communist countries like Cuba and North Korea. Third World Country- Agricultural & Resource based economies; LDCs. Fourth World Country- In a status of economic crisis. Ex. Syria and Yemen. Fifth World Country- Economic crisis and no formal government. Ex. Somalia.
Organization of American States (OAS)
Formed in 1948 to promote democracy, economic cooperation, & human rights. Every state in the western hemisphere is involved. Cuba is suspended.
Internal Migration of African Americans
Former Slaves became Sharecroppers Sharecroppers- Worked on fields for rent and food and little to no money. Often were in debt to their boss(es). African Americans moved to Urban Cities like Pittsburgh, Detroit, New York, Boston, San Fran, Etc. Traveled before and after WWI and WWII
Energy Supply
Fossil Fuels: Coal, Petroleum, and Natural Gas. *Coal*- China #1, U.S. #2 *Petroleum*- Russia #1, Saudi Arabia #2, U.S. #3. *Natural Gas*- U.S. #1, Russia #2. 19th Century: Wood Early 20th Century: Coal Late 20th Century: Petroleum and Natural Gas.
Intensive Subsistence
Found in East, South, and SE Asia. Families produce food in a small piece of land. Minimal Tech; lots of manpower All the land is used no matter the shape of the landscape. Double-Cropping is only done in places with warm winters.
Subsistance Agriculture
Found in LDCs to maintain a farmer's family.
Commercial Agriculture
Found in MDCs and food is grown to sell.
Origin of Islam
Founder Muhammad, Hearth Makkah (Mecca), and Doctrine is the Quran. 5 Pillars: Shahadah: Recite belief Salat: Pray 5 times a day Zakat: Giving to charity Sawm of Ramadan: Only feast at night. Hajj: Pilgrimage to Makkah.
Origin of Christianity
Founder is Jesus Christ, Hearth is Bethlehem, Doctrine is Bible.
Paris and Banlieus
French for Suburb The poorest people in Paris live here Representation of the racial segregation between the French and immigrants from the Middle East and Africa.
Deindustrialized Rust Belt
From Illinois to Buffalo, New York. Cities like Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, etc.
Clash of Civilizations (Huntington)
Future conflicts will be determined by ideology rather than clashes of civilizations. 8 Areas of the World: 1) The West- Western Hemisphere and Western Europe 2) Orthodox- Russia and Eastern Europe 3) Muslim countries 4)Latin America 5) Hindu World 6) Sinic- Chinese 7) Africa 8) Japan
Informal Sector
Gaining money but not reporting it. Ex. Street sales, Illegal goods, and illegal services. Big in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Wind Power
Generated by wind turbines. Works in between 9 mph and 55 mph winds. Spain and Germany use it a lot.
Golden Rice
Genetically modified rice that produces edible beta-carotene, which the body can turn into vitamin A.
HDI: Consumer Goods
Goods and services related to transportation, communications, and etc. 630 out of 1000 persons have motor vehicles in MDCs; only 80 out of 1000 in LDCs. Worldwide 800 of 1000 persons have a phone, 1,100 out of 1000 in MDCs, and 700 out of 1000 in LDCs.
Theo
Greek for God
Problems with GMOs
Health Problems: May reduce the effectiveness of antibiotics Export Problems: E.U. countries don't like GMOs.
Distribution of Ethnicities in the US
Hispanics- Southwest and South Florida African Americans- Southeast Asian Americans- West Coast Indigenous- Southwest, Alaska, Hawaii, and Great Plains.
Long Lots
Houses erected on narrow lots perpendicular along a river, so that each original settler had equal river access.
Fish Consumption
Human consumption of fish & seafood increased from 27 million tons in 1960s to 132 million in 2012. Fish consumption has increased faster than the population growth.
Spiritism
Human personality exists after death and communicate with the living. Mostly in Brazil.
D.R. Congo
Hutu-Tutsi conflict has spread into D.R. Congo. Congo is considered to have suffered from the worst wars in the past 70 years. 5 million dead from Malaria, starvation, pneumonia, etc.
Ethnicity
Identity with a group of people that share cultural traditions of a homeland or hearth.
Nationality
Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment to a particular country.
The Third Agriculture Revolution (Green Revolution) cont.
In Asia, Rice production increased 66% by 1985. India was able to supply its own wheat and rice by the 80s. Famine was averted in India and China. Entire Western Hemisphere was impacted. E.U. was barely affected as GMOs are illegal. Revolution never impacted Sub-Saharan Africa as the seed cost too much to buy and maintain.
Columbian Exchange
In the Early 1800s, crops were moved between the Old (Eastern Hem) and New World (Western Hem). *Western Hemisphere*: Maize, Cayenne Pepper, Bell Peppers, Potato, Tomato, Manioc (Yuca), Tobacco, Rubber, Peanuts, Cacao, and Turkeys. *Eastern Hemisphere*: Wheat, Rice, Coffee, Apples, Citrus, Horses, Cattle, Hogs, Chickens, Sheep, and Goats.
Multiplier
Increase in spending, which produces an increase in the national income, which increases consumer consumption, and the economy grown in that cycle.
Ubiquitous Industries
Industries found everywhere near a market. relates to perishable-products companies.
Diffusion of Social Media
Initially the U.S. dominated social media. Facebook is the most popular social media platform around the world.
Fair Trade
International trade that provides greater equity to workers and small businesses in developing countries. Moves products made in LDCs to MDCs. Fair trade promotes the usage of organic farming.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
Investment of a TNC into the economy of another country. FDIs often go to MDCs.
Steel
Iron ore & Coal are heavy thus factories are placed near the materials. Steel production has now shifted closer to markets as steel is being reused. U.S. used to be the biggest producers of steel; now it's China. China makes so much steel that they sell it for cheap. They dominate the steel market.
The Gravity Model of Migration
Larger places attract more people. Closer places attract more people.
Forced Migration in Europe
Largest forced migration occurred after WWII. Germans, Poles, Russians, and other groups had to migrate after displacement and boundary changes.
No tillage
Leaving the soil undisturbed and the residue of the previous year's harvest is left untouched and becomes fertilizer.
Brazil's Ethanol
Made from Sugar Cane
Agricultural Hearths: Latin America
Maize. Potato & Sweet Potato from Peru. Cotton from Mexico.
Intraregional Shifts in Europe's Industry
Manufacturers are moving from the West and North to South and East. Barcelona is an example. Central Europe are less-skilled and have lower wages than western workers, but are higher skilled than those in LDCs.
Dependency Theory (Raul Prebisch)
Many poor countries today are poor because of colonization. Specifically in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. These countries still depend on their mother country.
Protestant Branch
Martin Luther King protested Catholic Church with his 95 theses because they did indulgences. Indulgences: Paying to remove sins.
Reproductive Health
Maternal Mortality Rate is the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. Adolescent Fertility Rate- Number of births per 1,000 women ages 15 to 19. Lowest in Europe; highest in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Net National Product (NNP)
Measure of all goods and services produced by a country in one year, including production from its investments abroad, minus loss or degradation of natural resource capital as a result of productivity.
Non-Material Components
Mentifacts- Things not written down. Ex. Stories, Songs, and Religion Sociofacts- Government, family structure, and education.
Age of Migrants
Migrants to the U.S. are more likely to be young adults between the ages of 25 and 39.
Threshold
Minimum amount of people needed to support a service. A store that only sells chips will need more customers than a dealership that only sells luxury cars.
Limitations of the Models
Models are too simple Fail to consider the variety of reasons that lead people to select particular residential locations.
Neo-Malthusian
Modern people who believe and apply the teachings of Thomas Malthus today. Don't belive earth has enough resources, more countries are becoming MDCs (which means they consume more food), and don't think the earth can sustain 10 mil people.
Shatterbelt Theory (Saul Cohen)
Modified heartland to be the "Pivot Area" and the rimland to "Inner Crescent". Everything else is "Outer Crescent". Conflicts will happen in the Inner and Outer Crescent. Predicted Cold War.
Venture Capital
Money to start up companies. Usually capitalist risk investing money into a new company in hopes of making lots of money. Most famous location where this has happened is Silicon Valley. Unicorn start-ups are unique and rare because the company reaches a value $1 billion in a quick amount of time. Ex. Uber, Lyft, AirBnB, Pinterest.
Ethnicity and Nationality in the U.S. & Canada
Nationality and Ethnicity are usually seen as separate in the U.S. Quebecois in Canada are seen as a Nationality and Ethnicity.
Backwash effect
Negative consequences of agglomeration that can occur when out-migration occurs. aka, Brain Drain.
Early Urban Settlements
Neolithic Revolution allowed the first settlements because farming gave a stable food supply. Start of government & religious practices Mesopotamia; Fertile Crescent
World/ Global Cities
New York, London, Tokyo Share these traits: *Headquarters for big TNCs. (ex. U.N. is in New York, Tokyo has Sony, etc.)* All have stock exchanges *High-end, luxury shopping. (5th Ave. in New York)* Some of the best museums *Airline hubs; can take you anywhere in the world* Big hubs for entertainment. (Broadway in New York, West End in London).
India Policy
Offered free family planning, clinics, contraceptives, and abortions. Emergency Period (1970s) saw millions of men and women forcibly sterilized by the government.
Dividing Ethnicities in Syria
Ongoing Civil War 90% Arabs, 9% Kurds 64% Sunni, 4% Alawi, and 10% Christians.
Migration Selectivity
Only people exhibiting certain characteristics in a population choosing to migrate
Supranational Organization
Organization of three or more states to promote shared objectives. When countries join a supranational organization, they give up some sovereignty. (ex. U.N.)
Off-Shore Outsourcing
Outsourcing to a far away country.
Environmental Downsides
Pesticides and Fertilizers cause soil and water pollution and contamination. Workers exposed to chemicals like Roundup-Ready have health issues. GMO seeds require more water. Genetic diversity declines. Pollution from high-tech machinery.
Cultural Landscape/Built Landscape
Physical imprint a culture makes on the environment. Ex. Buildings, Architecture, and Landscaping
Culture Region
Places and People that have similar cultural systems.
Biomass
Plant and animal material. An issue is that this biomass could be used as food, clothing, etc.
Winter Wheat
Planted in Fall and harvested in the early summer. States include Kansas, Oklahoma, and Colorado.
Spring Wheat
Planted in the spring and harvested in late summer. States include the Dakotas, Montana, and Southern Saskatchwen, Canada.
Segregation Policies
Plessy vs. Ferguson- Ruled segregation was legal as the supreme court saw that everything was "separate but equal". Brown vs. Board of Education- Ruled segregation was illegal as the supreme court saw everything was separate and not equal.
Canadian Migration
Pop Moving from East to West. Net in: B.C. and Alberta Net out: Ontario and Quebec
Balkanization
Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
Ethnic Cleansing
Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.
Acculturation
Process of giving up some traditional values to conform to a dominant culture.
Public Services
Provide security and protection for citizens and businesses 10% of all U.S. Jobs
Ancillary Services
Provide support to the major industries. Ex. Food, parts, gas, etc.
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Provides loans to countries having issues with balance-of-payments threatening the expansion of international trade. Helps a country rebuild international reserves, stabilize currency, exchange rates, and pay for harsh imports. Christine Lagarde is the leader of the IMF and is the most powerful woman in the world.
Hunters and Gatherers
Quarter Million people, less than .005% of the world's pop, still hunt.
Livestock Ranching
Ranching- the commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area. The entire interior of Australia is ranching. Mostly Sheep. Pampas produces the best beef in the planet. China produces a lot of pork.
Combine
Reaps, threshes, and cleans the grain.
Agrarian
Relating to Agriculture
Unconventional Resources
Resources are considered unconventional if we lack economically feasible or environmentally sound technology. *Oil Sands*- Saturated with thick petroleum and is referred to as tar. Dark color and foul odor. *Fracking*- Pumping water of high pressure to break apart rocks to find oil. Damaging to the environment as sediment is destroyed and water is wasted.
Public Transport
Rush Hour- 4 Consecutive 15-minute periods that have the heaviest traffic.
Largest State and Smallest State (In Landmass)
Russia is the largest Vatican is the smallest
Samual Huntington
Says Democratization happened in 3 waves. 1) Pre-WWII 2) Post WWII to the 1960s 3) From 1970s to now. Can be argued that the third wave has ended or is ending with new authoritarians emerging.
Transhumance
Seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.
Hydroelectric Power
Second most popular source of electricity after coal. 2/3 of this power is made in developing countries. 80% of Brazil's power; 60% of Canada's power. Three Gorges Dam in China is the biggest in the world.
Central Place Theory (Walter Christaller)
Settlements exist as "central places" to provide services to the hinterlands. Model is a hexagon shape as it is the happy medium between circles and squares. Circles tend to overlap and leave gaps; Squares tend to have a big difference in the distance of the center to a side and the distance of the center to a corner.
Which industrial region contains an exceptionally varied collection of minerals valuable in the mining industry?
Silesia in Central Europe; primarily Poland
Federal State
Some degree of power is given to local governments. Used in countries that are big and ethnically diverse. (Ex. U.S.)
Post Colonial Dependency/ Neo Colonialism
Some political and economic structures in former colonies were built to benefit European Colonizers. Roads, Healthcare, Schools, and more weren't set up. In order to build infrastructure, countries have to borrow from their ex-mother country.
Conclusions of Central Place Theory
Some small amount of competition between merchants in central place. No area isn't served; everywhere is served
Internally Displaced Person (IDP)
Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border
Asylum Seeker
Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee
Epidemiologic Transition
Stage 1: Infectious & Parasitic Diseases. Ex. Bubonic Plague. Stage 2: Receding Pandemics. Ex. Cholera Stage 3: Degenerative Diseases. Ex. Cancer Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases Ex. Diabetes. Possible Stage 5s: Evolution of diseases, Poverty, and Connection (People moving around)
DTM Model
Stage 1: Very High CBR, Very High CDR, Low NIR Stage 2 (Less Developed Countries): Very High CBR, Low CDR, Very High NIR Stage 3 (Newly Developed Countries): Declining CBR, Low CDR, Moderate NIR Stage 4 (More Developed Countries): Low CBR, Low CDR, Very Low to Zero NIR Stage 5: Very Low CBR, Increasing CDR, Declining NIR
Multinational State
State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. (Ex. U.K. with England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.)
U.S. and Great Britain invested in Asian Tigers to_____
Stop communism from spreading into these areas.
Gender
Sub-Saharan African Women grow the crops, which is the opposite to the rest of the world.
Multilingual Places
Switzerland- speak German, French, Italian, and Romansh. Canada- English and French Nigeria- Has 529 distinct languages. Belgium- Flemish in the North, French in the South.
Chinese Logograms
Symbols represent words or part of words. Minimal Literacy: 2,000 symbols Educated Chinese: 4,000 symbols
Chinese Traditional Religions
Syncretic Religions- Religions can be combined with others. Confucianism and Taoism.
Sikhism
Syncretic religion founded by Guru Nanak (1469-1538) that blended Islamic and Hindu beliefs.
Vegetative Planting
Taking a root or leaf and planting it.
Material Components
Tangible artifacts are the imprints of a culture. Ex. Hieroglyphics, Jewelry, and coffins.
Indentured Servant
Temporary unpaid workers who gain freedom after they work over a certain amount of time.
Clothing
Textiles & Apparel Less-Skilled, Low-Cost Workers. Three Steps: *1) Spinning of fibers to make yarn* 2) weaving and knitting of yarn into fabrics. *3) Assembly of fabric into products* 1/2 of the world's cotton yarn is spun in China & India. Other countries include Brazil, the U.S., Bangladesh, Pakistan, etc.
Shotgun House
The "shotgun house" is a narrow rectangular house
Brexit
The British Exit from the European Union. U.K. referendum voted for an exit by a 2% majority.
Median Line Principle
The EEZ for maritime countries located closer to each other than 200 miles is located halfway in between.
Market Area (Hinterland)
The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services.
Racism
The belief that a race is superior to another race.
Technology Gap
The contrast between the technology available in developed core regions and that present in peripheral areas of underdevelopment.
Agriculture
The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.
Sprawl
The development of suburbs at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area.
Received Pronunciation
The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in London and now considered standard in the United Kingdom.
Density Gradient
The farther you go from a city, the less dense the population. However, over time more people move from the city to the suburbs.
Standard Language
The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.
Endangered Languages in New Zealand
The government is working to protect Maori, the native language.
Horticulture
The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Colombia and the Netherlands are famous for flowers.
Toponym
The name given to a portion of Earth's surface.
Sex Ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population.
Dependency Ratio
The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force
Filtering
The process of change in the use of a house, from single-family, owner-occupancy to rented apartments and ultimately to abandonment.
Enclosure Movement
The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century. An example of how the land survey pattern can change.
Development
The process of improving the conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.
Remanufacturing
The rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired and new parts.
Cultural Nationalism
The resistance by a group of people against cultural imperialism and cultural convergence.
Milkshed
The ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling
Uniform Signage
The same sign or logo for something.
Cartography
The science of making maps
Projection
The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map.
Channelized Migration
The tendency for migration to flow between areas that are socially and economically allied. Snowbirds that move from cold to warm places.
Possibilism
The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. Formula is (Live Births/ Total Population) x 1000
Arithmetic Density
The total number of people divided by the total land area.
Gross National Income (GNI)
The value of the output of goods & services produced in a year and money that leaves & enters the country. Goods+Services+(Exports-Imports)
Optimistic Viewpoint of Economic Development
There is an abundance of both renewable and nonrenewable resources.
Assumptions of the Von Thunen Model
There is only one market place and all the farmers sell there. Assumes land is arable. Assumes the only mode of transport is through carriage.
Language Extinction
This occurs when a language is no longer in use by any living people.
Fred Kniffen and Folk Housing
Three major hearths of folk housing in U.S. New England, Middle Atlantic, and Lower Chesapeake. Folk Structures include Igloos, Yurts, and Log Cabins.
Consumer Services
To provide services to individual consumers who desire them and can afford to pay for them. 1/2 the jobs in the U.S. are in consumer services 4 main types are retail, health, education, and leisure.
4 Toos-Toos
Too Hot, Too Cold, Too Dry, and Too Wet
Secularism
Total separation of church from state. Laicite- French term for Secularism
New International Division of Labor
Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.
Central Asian Countries
Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are stable countries. Tajikistan has suffered from civil war. Kazakhstan is peaceful and multhiethnic. Kyrgyzstan is multhiethnic and has issues between these ethnicities.
8 car makers account for 70% of the world's sales.
Two based in North America: Ford and GM Three based in Europe: Germany's Volkswagen, France's Renault (Nissan), and Italy's Fiat Chrysler. Three based in East Asia: Japan's Toyota & Honda and Korea's Hyundai.
HDI: Education Factors
U.N. assumes more years of schooling = more knowledge. *Years of Schooling for today's adults*: measures the number of years that the average person aged 25 or older. *Pupil/ Teacher ratio*: The fewer students, the more likely that each student will receive effective instruction. *Expected Years of Schooling*: U.N. forecasts a 5 y/o to spend 16.3 years in school in MDCs, 9.3 years in Sub-Saharan Africa, and 10.2 years in South Asia. *Literacy Rate*: Close to 100% in MDCs. Low in Sub-Saharan Africa & South Asia.
Human Development Index (HDI)
U.N. measurement to measure the level of development for a country based on standard of living, a long lifespan, and Access to knowledge. High HDI: Western Europe Low HDI: Sub-Saharan Africa.
U.S. GII
U.S. has a high HDI rank but a low GII for an MDC. Reasons: Teen Pregnancy, higher maternal mortality rate, and less women in the U.S. legislative when compared to other high HDI countries. In the recent election, 23% of members of the house are women.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
U.S., Canada, Mexico. Mexico is benefiting as they have cheap labor and proximity to the U.S. Maquiladora- A factory along the U.S.-Mexican Border that takes advantage of the lower labor costs in Mexico and tax breaks.
Net In:
U.S., Russia, Canada, Western Europe, Oceania, and Middle East
Site Factors
Unique characteristics of a location
Township and Range
Using latitude & longitude to divide land.
Agricultural Biotechnology
Using living organisms to produce or change plant or animal products.
Variable Rate Application
Using water only when and where it's needed.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year. Goods+Services
Carl Sauer believes that ______ originated in Southeast Asia.
Vegetative Planting
Urban Realms Model (James E. Vance)
Very little interaction with the CBD because people are working and living in the edge cities. Very little interaction with the CBD because people are working and living in the edge cities. Each edge city has a smaller CBD.
Belarus and Ukraine
Very similar to Russians, yet distinct. Same roots and language.
Grain Farming
Wheat, Corn, Barley, Rice, and Millet. For human consumption. Highly mechanized. The U.S. is the largest producer of Wheat in developed countries, but China and India still produce more.
Remittance
When an immigrant worker sends money back to their home country. $613 Mil worth of Remittance money in 2017. Some governments depend on this money.
Deglomeration
When there is too much agglomeration, it can lead to the unclustering of companies because of higher costs & overpopulation.
Transculturation
When two cultures of just about equal power meet and exchange ideas and traits; one is not dominant over the other
Theory of Agricultural Intensification (Esther Boseup)
With increased population, there is agriculture and agricultural advancements. *Stage 1: Forest Fallow*- 20-25 years of letting fields stay fallow after 1-2 years of cultivation. *Stage 2: Bush Fallow*- Farmers cultivate from 2-8 years and leaving the land fallow for 6-10 years. *Stage 3: Short Fallow*- Fallow period is shortened to 1-2 years. *Stage 4: Annual Cropping*- leaving the land fallow for only months at a time. *Stage 5: Multicropping*- Several crops are planted through the year and little to no fallow time. With each stage, more food is made but the nutrients in the soil is lost quicker.
Balance of Power
World dominance was split between the U.S. and Soviet Union
Doctrine
Written text of a religion.
Multiethnic Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia was made to unite the Slavic states and was held together by Josip Broz Tito for a long time because he was a respected leader. Once he died, everything fell apart.
Migration Transition Model
Zelinsky, migration between countries depends on level of development. Stage 1: Migration for Food Stage 2: Migration from Rural to Urban Stage 3 & 4: Lots of Immigration and Urban to Suburban.
Kibbutz
a communal farm or settlement in Israel
Vertical Integration
a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process
Food Insecurity
a condition in which people do not have adequate access to food or nutritious food.
Settlement
a permanent collection of buildings where people reside, work, and obtain services
Hi-Tech Corridor
a place where tech and computer companies agglomerate. Another name is technopole. Ex. Silicon Valley.
Baha'i
a religion emphasizing the unity of all religions and peoples, teaching that all founders of the world's religions have been God's divine messengers. Universalizing language.
Jainism
a religion founded in India in the sixth century BC, whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefore shouldn't be harmed. Mahavira founded this religion.
Coup d'Etat
a sudden overthrow of the government by military force
Stereotype
a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.
Epidemic
a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a region at a particular time.
Diurnal
active during the day
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
an organism that has been genetically altered by humans. "Terminator Seeds" are made to self-destruct the seeds so a farmer has to buy them again. Herbicides and Pesticides are often needed. 94% of Soybeans, 90% Cotton, and 88% of Maize were genetically modified in the U.S.
Urbanized Area
an urban area with at least 50,000 inhabitants
Sustainable Agriculture
attempts to integrate plant and animal production practices that will protect the ecosystem over the long term. Recycling crop water, making compost, growing rest crops, avoiding overusing water, using drought resistant crops, and reduced volume irrigation.
Faith
belief based on conviction rather than on scientific evidence
Physical Boundaries
boundaries created with naturally occurring features like lakes and mountains.
Agribusiness
commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food- processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations Around 20% of U.S. laborers work in food production and services related to agribusiness like: Processing, Packaging, Storage, Distribution, and Retailing.
Endemic
confined to a particular country or area
Urban Area
consists of a central city and its surrounding built-up suburbs.
Potential Reserves
deposits that are undiscovered but thought to exist. Most likely under the ocean.
Unchanging Language
doesn't change due to isolation, but is part of a language family
Cultural Determinism
emphasizes human culture as ultimately more important than physical environment in shaping human actions
Environmental Perception
emphasizes the importance of human perception of the environment, rather than the actual character of the land
Monoculture
farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year
Ethnic Religions
focus on one ethnic group and generally have not spread into other cultures
Sierra Leone is a _____
fourth-world country.
Corn Belt
from Ohio, to the Dakotas, and the center of Iowa.
Italy and Kuwait are examples of countries with
high GNP and low gender equity
Land-Rent Curve
higher land cost=closer to town's center
Life Course Theory of Migration
interaction of life course events with migration
Boundary
invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory
Situation Factors
involve transporting materials to and from a factory
Patois
jargon; a regional dialect. Often called broken English, French, or Spanish.
Newly Industrialized Country (NIC)
less developed country that has shown significant improvement in the measures of development. Ex. Mexico, Brazil, Dominican Republic, China, India, & more.
Food Desert
limited access to fresh nutritious foods. More than 1/2 a mile from a grocery store. Connects to low-income areas & higher rates of diabetes, obesity, etc.
US Quota Laws
maximum limit on the number of people who can immigrate to the US (not including refugees.) 1924- The government stopped immigration because of different cultures coming in. 1965- A resume in immigration by the government.
Per Capita
means per person or per head.
Rimland Theory (Nicholas Spykman)
mid 20th c. theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia (the "rimland") would provide the base for world conquest (not the "heartland").
Pop Culture
modern popular culture transmitted via mass media.
Gender of Migrants
more males than females migrating, but now there is currently more females than males
Emmigration
movement of individuals out of a population
Intraregional Migration
movement within one region
Dairy Farm
one that specializes in milk and other dairy products
Level of Development
people in developed countries tend to consume more food and from different sources than do people in developing countries.
Fallow
plowed but no cultivation of crops on land
Center of Population
point where the country would balance if it were flat and everyone weighed the same. U.S. Pop Center has been moving Southwest since the start of colonization.
Soybeans
second most important crop in the U.S. mixed commercial farming region. Exported to China and Taiwan.
Monolingual
speaking or writing only one language. *Ex. Japan only speaks Japanese
Multilingual
speaking several languages *Ex. Switzerland speak German, French, Italian, and Romansh.
Single-Market Manufacturers
specialized manufacturers with only one or two customers. Ex, YKK makes only zippers in 68 countries. Single-Market Manufacturers supply 70% of the parts for a car.
Populism
support for the concerns of ordinary people
Zoroastrianism
system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century B.C. Monotheistic Could've influenced Judaism.
Acid Deposition
the accumulation of acids on Earth's surface
Decolonization
the action of changing from colonial to independent status
Distribution
the arrangement of a feature in space
Agnosticism
the belief that God's existence cannot be known
Cultural Synthesis/Syncretism
the blending together of two or more cultural influences
Brain Drain
the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries
Placelessness
the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next. Ex. All gas stations have the same layout; The gas pumps underneath a roof and a convenience store to the side.
Uniform Landscape
the spatial expression of a popular custom in one location that will be similar to another
Social Area Analysis
the study of where people of varying living standards, ethnic background, and lifestyle live within an urban area.
Devolution
the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states
Demographic Momentum
this is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution.
Some countries allow a large number of citizens to be in poverty because ____
to allow an elite class to rule over.
TNC
transnational corporation; multinational corporation)
Flow-line Maps
use lines of varying thickness to show the direction and volume of a particular geographic movement pattern
Ethnocentric
when an individual believes his or her culture is superior to other cultures
Dogtrot House
wide with pass-through breezeway
White Flight
working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs
Criticisms of the DTM
• Doesn't account for migration • Based on UK experiences and assumes all countries will pass through a similar rate of development. • Does not account for the effect of government policies or natural events. • Some countries develop at different rates and may not even go through some stages.
Modernization Theory/ Take-off Model/ Rostow Model
*1) Traditional Society*- All about agriculture and no development. *2) Preconditions for takeoff*- Small elite groups start development. Investments in technology & infrastructure. *3) Takeoff*- Economy is booming in limited economic activities; rapid growth in development. *4) Drive to Maturity*- Technology diffuses to other industries. *5) Age of Mass Consumption*- Economy shifts from heavy industry to appliances.
Residential Segregation
*1980s-2000*- Middle class African Americans & Hispanics move into suburbs; Asians move to California. *2000-On*- Movement of some whites going back into black tract neighborhoods; gentrification.
Feminization of Poverty
*83%, and increasing, of single-parent homes are by women *Women who have jobs have less paying jobs *Single-parent families are forced to live in CBDs (poor and rundown neighborhoods)
Underclass
*A group in society prevented from participating in material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic hardships *Inadequate job skills, culture of poverty, homelessness, drugs, crime, municipal financing.
Gentrification
*A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area. *Positives: High tax pay Helps economy Raises population Better schools Better services and infrastructure *Negatives Becomes too expensive for the poor living there
Southeast Asian City Model (T.G. McGee)
*All cities are based near a water source to build a port.* Big focus on economic export. *Alien commercial zone & the western commercial zones are in close proximity to the port.* Alien commercial zones houses immigrant workers. *Squatters live near new suburban areas.* Market Gardening Zone is where people go everyday to buy food and other products in the market.
Global Public Transit
*All of Europe uses public transport* Suburban Explosion in the 20th century relied on motor vehicles rather than railroads. China doesn't allow personal commute to CBDs on workdays.
Gamma Cities
*Amsterdam (Dutch TNCs)*, Dallas (Oil), *Houston (Oil)*, Fort Worth (Oil), *Boston (Education)*, Melbourne (Business), Jakarta (Capital of Indonesia), *Minela (I)*, Bangkok (Give), *Johanesburg (Up)*, Miami (Business).
Top 8 U.S. Corporations
*Apple*, Exxon, Mobil, *Microsoft*, Alphabet (Google), *Berkashire Hathaway*, Johnson & Johnson, *Wells Fargo*, and General Electric.
Economic Base
*Basic Business*- Exports primarily to customers. Brings money into a city and gives the city their primary function. Defines the city. Ex. Nashville is the home of country music. *Nonbasic Business*- Moves money within a city without taking it out. Supports Basic Businesses. The larger the city the more Nonbasic Businesses there are.
Public Transport in the U.S.
*Cities with lots of transport:* Chicago, New York, Boston, Philadelphia, D.C., Portland. *Commuter Fares:* toll/express lanes; pay a toll to use (ex. Sunpass on the Turnpike) *Congestion Charges:* going into a CBD with personal transport on a work day costs a fee. Used to influence workers to use public transportation. *(ex. London charges £10, £15, and even £20)* Manhattan is soon going to apply congestion charges. *Public transport reached its peak in the U.S. in the 1940s.* Trolley (Fixed light-rail transit)- once used as a tourist attraction in New Orleans and San Fran; making a return now.
Urban Canyons
*Cities with tall buildings that block cool winds and sunlight *Pollution doesn't circulate
Clustered and Dispersed Rural Settlements
*Clustered Rural Settlements*- A number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses. *Dispersed Rural Settlements*- Farmers live miles apart.
City Types
*Colonial Cities*- Cities with origins as centers of colonial trade or administration. Colonizers impact the architecture of a city. *Fall-line Cities*- A city on a river where ships can only go so far up a river as the rivers becomes rocky. (Ex. Boston, Albany, Baltimore). *Medieval Cities*- Urban centers that predate the European Renaissance of roughly 1400 C.E. (Ex. Rome, Paris, London, Cologne, Marseille) *Gateway Cities*- Places where immigrants make their way into a country (Ex. NYC, Miami, Boston, L.A., San Fran, Chicago) *Megacities*- Cities with a population over 10 million. (Ex. Tokyo, Dehli, Mexico City, Shanghai, Sao Paulo, Mumbai, Osaka, Beijing, NYC, Cairo).
Benefits to the costs of motor vehicles
*Comfort, Choice, Flexibility* Perceived Costs- Americans believe the costs of using personal vehicles is less than public transport; it's actually the opposite. *U.S. government subsidies use of cars by paying 70% of the highway costs.* Huge amounts of valuable urban land into CBDs could be converted from roads to housing.
Suggestions of each model
*Concentric Zone Model Suggests:* That a family in a new house lives in the outer ring while a family in an old house lives in one of the inner rings. *Sector Model Suggests:* A high-class family will not want to live in the same sector as a low-income family. *Multiple Nuclei Model:* People with the same ethnic background are more likely to live near each other.
Examples of Core, Semi-Periphery, and Periphery Countries.
*Core Countries*- U.S., Germany, France, Australia, Japan. MDCs *Semi-Periphery*- Brazil, Mexico, and India. NICs *Periphery*- Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, parts of Asia. LDCs.
Criticisms of Structural Adjustment Programs
*Cuts in health, education, and social services that benefit the poor.* Higher Unemployment *Loss of jobs in state enterprises and civil services.* Less support for those in need
sustainable development
*Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Islamic City Model
*Great Mosque in the Middle* Around the Mosque is the Bazzar or Suk. *Segregation between genders.* Houses have interior courtyards where one can eat dinner and women can where whatever they want. *No windows on the exterior of the house for privacy.* Winding roads cut down on hot winds. *Narrow Walkways*
Ghettoization
*Growth of areas of concentrated poverty in urban places. *Immigrants lived here *20th century: African americans moved there before and after WW2 *80's: Latinos and Asians moved there *Blockbusting and redlining *Racial Steering: Moving ethnicity's to similar ethnic neighborhoods to keep them together *Leads to middle class flight: *People with money leave because the poor move in, leads to more ghettoization
Suburban Segregation
*Housing is usually built for people of a single social class.* Segregation by race and ethnicity *Segregation of land uses- Residents are separated from commercial and manufacturing*
Counter-urbanization (deurbanization)
*Increase in rural pop. resulting from out migration from cities. *Families usual to move to be in quiet areas *High Class *Families work from home due to modern tech *For physical geography
5 Agricultural Regions in LDCs
*Intensive Subsistence, Wet-Rice Dominant*: large concentrations of East & South Asia. *Intensive Subsistence- Crops other than rice*: large concentrations of East and South Asia where Rice is difficult to grow. *Pastoral Nomadism*: Drylands of SW Asia, North Africa, Central Asia, and East Asia. *Shifting Cultivation*: Tropical regions of Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia. *Plantation*: Commercial Agriculture found in LDCs in tropical and sub-tropical areas.
Inventors during the Second Agricultural Revolution
*Jethro Tull*- Made the Seed Drill. Plants Seeds *Cyros McCormick*- Made the Reaper. Collects Crops. *Eli Whitney*- Made the Cotton Gin. Picked thorns out of cotton balls.
Alpha Cities
*L.A. (Entertainment)*, Chicago (TNCs), *Washington (Capital)*, Frankfurt (German TNCs), *Milan (Fashion)*, Paris (Fashion), *Brussels (E.U. Headquarters)*, Zurich (TNCs), *Hong Kong (Business)*, Singapore (Entreport), *Beijing (China's Capital)*, and Sao Paulo (Financial)
G.I. Bill
*Law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans from WWII buy homes and pay for higher educations. * This led to Suburbs growing. *Lots of these new suburbs were called Levittowns.* Baby Boomers were born post-WWII
Latin American City Model (Ford & Griffin)
*Laws of the Indies (1573)*- A central plaza with a church is surrounded by neighborhoods and smaller plazas. Was enforced by the Spanish onto their colonized cities. *CBD is a plaza with a church.* Wealth decreases as you leave the center; poorest is the periferico. *Spine is the commercial sector comprised of one or more streets coming out from the CBD.* High-Class lives next to the spine. *Zone of in Situ is a mix of people* Disamenities are sectors in which the government has no control of. The sector is full of crime and squatters.
Annexation
*Legally adding land area to a city in the United States* Many areas preferred to be annexed as they received roads, waste management, water, firemen, police, and more. *Today, many communities prefer to organize their own services than pay city fees.*
Smart Growth
*Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland. (ex. Portland, Oregon)* Greenbelt- land around an urban area that cannot be built on.
HDI: Health Factors
*Life Expectancy*- Average number of years one is projected to live. A baby born today is expected to live for 71 years worldwide, 80 in MDCs, and 57 in Sub-Saharan Africa. MDCs have health benefits. In LDCs, 6% of children don't live past 1.
Work rights: MDCs vs LDCs
*MDC*- better benefits, unions, high-skill, government regulations, no child labor, but high labor costs. *LDC*- Low labor costs, no worker rights, no benefits, low-skill, no government regulations
Metropolitan Area
*Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)*- -An urbanized area with a population of at least 50,000. -The country within which the city is located -Adjacent countries with a high population density and large percentage of residents working in the central city's county. -(ex. Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach).
6 Agricultural Regions in Developed Countries
*Mixed Crop and Livestock*: U.S. Midwest & Central Europe. *Dairying*: Near pop clusters in NE U.S., SE Canada, and NW Europe. *Grain*: North-Central U.S., South-Central Canada, and Eastern Europe. *Ranching*: Drylands of Western North America, SE Latin America, Central Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and South Pacific. *Mediterranean*- Lands surrounding the Med. Sea, Western U.S., Southern tip of Africa, and Chile. *Commercial Gardening*- SE U.S.and SE Australia.
Assumptions of Central Place Theory
*No topographic barriers* No differences in productivity; all land is equally arable *Evenly dispersed population* People all have similar lifestyles and incomes *Different thresholds for different products* People will buy goods and services in the nearest location.
Urban Heat Island
*Pollution and congestion in a city, which raises the temperature of the city. *Buildings and cars can block out air flow.
Economic Structure
*Primary Sector*- Activities that directly extracts from the earth. *Secondary Sector*- Industry; taking raw materials and manufacturing *Tertiary Sector*- Goods & Services; retailing, banking, law, etc. *Quaternary Sector*- Information & Knowledge processing; Education & Technology; Ex. Boston has lots of Colleges. *Quinary Sector*- Government & high ranks in corporations.
Exurbs
*Rings of wealthier rural communities just outside the suburbs *Extra urban areas *Very Rich
Borchet's Model of Urban Evolution (Epochs)
*Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790-1830)*- Travel by wooden ships & wagons. *Iron-horse Epoch (1830-1870)*- Steam Engine allowed for trains. Canals. *Steel Rail Epoch (1870-1920)*- Trains can cross countries. Trans-continental. *Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-1970)*- Cars & Planes. Roads are built. *Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion (1970-?)*- Ability to communicate electronically.
Suburban Malls
*Started in the 70s* Malls are headed to becoming their own CBDs in Suburban Areas *Ohio represents middle America; everything released to the public is tested there first.* Many malls are trying to recreate an urban feel by placing stores outside.
Stimulus vs. Austerity Strategy
*Stimulus*- a country spends money to make money *Austerity*- Government cuts government programs.
Suburbanization
*The American suburban landscape is characterized by single-family housing* Suburbs are predominantly middle-class *First suburban area appeared in the 1890s with Riverside, Illinois outside of Chicago.* Original Suburbs were populated by WASPs. Then Catholics and non-white middle-class moved in around the late 60s. *In 2010, over 50% of Americans lived in Suburbs.* Suburbs are the largest zones as they continue to expand
U.S. Personal Motor Vehicles statistics
*The average american drives 36 miles a day Public transport is cheaper, less polluting, more efficient than cars *83% of US trips are by car *Cars have comfort, choice, flexibility, perceivably cheaper *The US government encourages car use by covering 90% of road costs *Cars take a lot of land with roads and parking garages *The average American wastes 18 gallons or 42 hours a year sitting in traffic
Urban Morphology
*The layout of a city, its physical form and structure.
Vertical Features of the CBD
*Underground CBD*- Pipes for water and sewage, subways, and underground shopping centers. *Skyscrapers*- hearth for skyscrapers is Chicago. -China has 14,000 skyscrapers; more than the U.S. and Japan combined.
Phytoremediation
*Using plants to treat environmental problems without excavating contaminant material and disposing it. Ex: Needed on gas stations
Culture of Poverty
*Where poverty is persistent over time and generations *A way of living that reflects lack of income and hereditary wealth *Shortage of inexpensive housing, forcing more to pay expensive rent *Adequately funded schools *Individuals live in places from from entry level jobs *People have trouble getting credit for loans
Brown fields
*a former industrial or commercial site where future use is affected by real or perceived environmental contamination. *Can't be built on
Suburb
*a residential or commercial district located on the outskirts of a city.* In 1950, 20% of Americans lived in Suburbs *In 2000, 50% of all Americans lived in suburbs* Suburbs offer detached single family housing, private land, space to park, and higher opportunity for home ownership. *families with children are attracted by the safety of a private space.*
green building
*construction and operational designs that promote resource and energy efficiency, and provide a better environment for occupants *The design, maintenance, construction, renovation, and demolition must be green and non polluting. Ex: Passive and active solar power. *Vegetation is grown on roof, collect rainwater runoff on sides, pack gravel and permial concrete to collect water
symbolic landscape
*landscapes that express values, beliefs, and meanings of a particular culture. NY: Statue of Liberty London: Big Ben Paris: Eiffel Tower Rome: Colosseum Sydney: Opera House Washington D.C: White house San Francisco: Golden Gate Bridge
Uneven development
*urban development that is not spread equally among a city's areas, leaving some areas richly developed and others continually poor and decrepit *Often caused by cumulative causation: *When money flows to areas of greatest development, rather than those that need it. *EX: Money going to the beach instead of run down city
Transportation: Truck
+ Short-distance, can be loaded & unloaded quickly, and decent cargo sizes. - Rest stops, diesel is expensive, bad for environment, traffic, and maintenance.
Transportation: Airplanes
+ fastest transportation - expensive, little cargo, and weather.
Transportation: Pipelines
+Best for liquids & gases, Last for decades. - Long time to build, could leak.
Transportation: Ships
+Crosses oceans, cheapest form of transportation, lots of cargo, and fuel efficient. - super slow, can only go to ports.
Transportation: Trains
+No stops, tons of cargo, fuel efficient. -Loading trains takes a while, limited to tracks.
Sector Model (Homer Hoyt)
1939 Chicago A model based on sectors that expand outward in a wedge from the CBD. *Zone 1:* CBD *Zone 2:* Transportation & Industry- Railroads, roads, and factories. *Zone 3:* Low-Class Residential- Live close to factories *Zone 4:* Middle-Class Residential- In proximity to CBD; some transportation. Different neighborhoods that correspond to the low-middle class and high-middle class. *Zone 5:* High-Class Residential- Far from CBD, transportation, and industry.
Sub-Saharan African City Model (deBlij)
3 CBDs: *Colonial CBD* made by the former colonizers, *Traditional CBD* with big businesses, and *Market zone* that is primarily selling in the informal sector of the economy (don't report sells to government). CBDs are surrounded by ethnic neighborhoods. After that is the mining and manufacturing zone. Last are the informal satellite townships with squatters and bad-quality housing.
Characteristics of Suburbs
3 Rings: -*First Ring*: Older neighborhoods that once housed the higher-class. Now house lower-class -*Second Ring*: Growing and invading farmland. Process of growth is known as suburban sprawl. 2-3 decades old; middle-class. -*Third Ring*: Close to rural areas. Planned communities (developer builds entire neighborhood). Connects to gated communities.
Language Family
A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor.
Third Party Provider
A company that is independent and not a part of another country.
Cold War
A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other. Lots of proxy wars (wars in a third party country)
Denomination
A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
A family of organic compounds whose properties make them ideal for use in refrigeration and air-conditioning. Are now banned to use as they hurt the atmosphere.
Collective Farms
A farm where one is told what, where, and when to farm; no incentive to grow a surplus.
Slash-and-burn
A farming method involving the cutting of trees, then burning them to provide ash-enriched soil for the planting of crops
Sawah
A flooded field for growing rice
Pastoral Nomadism
A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals. Masai in East Africa. Bedouins of Saudi Arabia. Strong sense of territoriality. Some pastoral nomads practice transhumance.
Specialty Farming
A heirloom, or exotic, food that is grown.
Afrikaans
A language developed in Southern Africa; a mix of Dutch and Native languages.
Lingua Franca
A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages. Current global Lingua Franca is English.
Developing Language
A language spoken in daily use with a literary tradition that is not widely distributed.
Endangered Languages
A language that is at risk of falling out of use. 2,447 languages are endangered. 916 of those 2,446 are dying. Regions with most dying languages are: South Pacific and Western Hemisphere.
Isolated Language
A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.
Creole
A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.
Extinct Language
A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.
Nuclear
A large amount of energy released from a small amount of materials. Nuclear power supplies 14% of the world's electricity. Only 30 out of 200 countries use nuclear energy. Big accident in Chernobyl, Ukraine in 1986. Radioactive waste can't be disposed of easily.
Edge Cities
A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.
Zoning Ordinance
A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community. Only in the U.S.
Migration
A movement from one country or region to another. 30% of people who migrate go back to their home countries.
Ethnic Enclave
A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area. Usually neighborhoods in small cities like Little Havana and Little Haiti in Miami.
Pro-Naturalist Policy
A policy encouraging the bearing of children, especially government in support birth rate.
Nativism
A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones
Iron Curtain
A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region
Gentrification
A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.
Urban Hierarchy
A ranking of settlements (hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis) according to their size and economic functions. *Hamlet*- A small cluster of farm houses with 1 general store and 1 gas station. *Village*- Several dozen services that are more specialized like 1 church, supermarket, and/or doctor's office. *Town*- Larger than a village and more specialized services like a school(s), library, a hospital, and a bank. Some hinterland. *City*- Large pop; more specialized services; larger hinterland; suburbs surround city. *Megalopolis*- Multiple cities having grown together in the same general area. (ex. BosNYWash)
Dialect
A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.
Sect
A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination.
Balkanized
A small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other
Compact State
A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly. (Ex. Poland) Positives: Easy transportation, communication, and unity. Negatives: Easy to attack
Landlocked State
A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea. Negative: No water trade.
Fragmented State
A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory. (Ex. Alaska and Hawaii) Positives: More resources Negatives: Poor communication and unity.
Nation-State
A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity. Ex. Japan is inhabited by the Japanese
Global Terrorism
Al-Qaeda: Osama bin Laden. Pretty much over, but son of bin Laden is trying to start again. ISIS: Territory in Middle East is gone, but branches still exist outside the region. Boko-Haram: Founded by Mohammed Yusuf in 2009 in Northeaster Nigeria.
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
All Baltic states that are part of N.A.T.O. Scared that Russia will attack them.
What is Latin America?
All Spanish speaking countries in the Western Hemisphere
Mobility
All types of movement from one location to another.
SEATO
Alliance formed to oppose Communism in Southeast Asia
Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming
Also called Truck farming. Predominant type of agriculture in the SE U.S. Large number of consumers from NE U.S. Long growing seasons and humid climates. Some crops include: Strawberries, Tomatoes, Lettuce, Mushrooms, Asparagus, and Peanuts.
Microfinance
Alternate to loans; provision of small loans and other financial services to individual and small businesses in developing countries. Ex. The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh loaned out money to women by giving them phones and the women made businesses by charging for calls and the women went to make enough money to make proper businesses.
Pronunciation
American pronounce unaccented syllables more clearly than British.
Expendable Income
Amount of money left over after all of the bills have been paid.
Warsaw Pact
An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO.
African Union (AU)
An organization of African nations pursuing greater political and economic integration across the continent. Encompasses 54 African countries.
Service
Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it. Services Generate more than two-thirds of GDP in most MDCs. Services Generate less than one-half of GDP in most LDCs.
Armenia and Azerbaijan
Armenians: Christians and suffered genocide from Turkey. Azeris: Muslim and have Turkish roots. Small enclave called 'Nagorno-Karabakh' inside Azerbaijan. Predominantly Armenian. Governs itself and called Artsakh.
Colonialism
Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory. British and French were the biggest colonizers.
Organic Farming
Australia is the leader with 17 million hectares of organic farmland, or 40% of the global amount. Argentina accounts for 8% of the worldwide total. No herbicides, pesticides, or GMO seeds. Animals consume crops grown on the farm and they're not confined to small pens.
Other Language Families Include:
Austronesian: Javanese Austro-Asiatic: Vietnamese Tai-Kaidai: Thai Japanese Korean Dravidians: Southern Indian Telugu and Tamil Altaic: Turkish Uralic: Finnish, Hungarian, and Estonian. Afro-Asiatic: Arabic Niger-Congo: Yoruba, Igbo, and Swahili Quenchuan: Andes Mountains in South America
Transport Statistics
Average American travels 36 miles a day. *In Urban areas, public transport is cheaper, less polluting, and more energy efficient.* Nonetheless, 83% of trips in the U.S. are still made by car or truck.
Concentric Model (E.W. Burgess)
Based on 1920s Chicago A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings. *Zone 1:* CBD- Downtown area *Zone 2:* Zone of Transition- immigrants come in, manufacturing, cheap, run-down housing. *Zone 3:* Blue Collar Residential- Working-class homes. *Zone 4:* Middle income residential- More expensive housing, more spacious housing, possibly 1 family house. *Zone 5:* Commuter Residential- Live in small communities, nice houses, longer commute to CBD.
Polytheism
Belief in many gods. Ex. Hinduism
Monotheism
Belief in one god (Judaism, Christianity, Islam)
BRIC Countries
Brazil, Russia, India, China. These 4 countries are expected to lead manufacturing in the future, if they can get there stuff together.
South American Pop Clusters
Brazil: Rio de Jainero to Sao Paulo
Metes and Bounds
Breaking up land using physical boundaries like mountains, rivers, and trees.
Orthodox Branch
Broke away from Catholicism. Follow 7 Sacraments, but not the pope's orders.
Cumulative Causation (Myrdal)
Build up process of the advantageous benefits & flow of money and people goes into the area. Surrounding area suffers the backwash effects.
Proximity to outputes
Businesses locate near the market because the cost of transporting to the market is higher than transporting from the natural resources.
Proximity to inputs
Businesses that locate manufacturing near natural resources because the cost of transporting the resources is more than transporting to the market.
Percentage in Urban Settlements
By 2030, 60% of all humans will live in urban cities. 77% of people live in urban areas in MDCs; 48% in LDCs Latin America has a greater percentage in urban areas than other LDCs. Almost the same as MDCs.
China and Taiwan Sovereignty Issues
Commies and Nationalists were fighting in China and the Nationalists fled to Taiwan. There they proclaimed that they still ruled mainland China. China still claims to own Taiwan. Taiwan wants to be completely sovereign.
Korea Sovereignty Issues
Communist "Democratic People's Republic of Korea" (North Korea) vs. Democratic "Republic of Korea (South Korea). Both want to unite the Korean Peninsula under the full control of themselves. North Korea has Nukes
Air pollution
Concentration of trace substances at a greater level than occurs in average air. *Burning coal* produces Sulfur dioxide & solid particulates. *Burning petroleum* produces carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, & particulates.
Central Business District (CBD)
Consists of less than 1% of the urban land, but contains a large percentage of the public, business, and consumer services. *Public Services*- City hall, courts, county and state agencies, and libraries. *Business Services*- Advertising, banking, finance, journalism, and law. *Consumer Services*- Retailers with high thresholds, retailers with high ranges, and retailers that serve people working in a CBD.
Consequences of Gerrymandering
Creates Gridlocks in Congress where decisions can't be made. Representatives don't reflect the socioeconomic or ethnicity of the district. Voters don't want to vote.
Territoriality
Creating ownership over a defined space. U.S. examples: Guam, Samoa, U.S. Virgin Islands.
Folk Culture
Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.
Origin and Diffusion of Romance Languages
Developed from the Roman's Latin. Common folk spoke "vulgar Latin". Once Roman Empire fell, vulgar Latin became seperate languages. Spread more during colonization by European powers in the colonization era.
Undernourishment
Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity. Largest numbers seen in India and China.
CBDs in Europe
Different Land Uses *Residencies:* CBDs are smaller but more people live in them. Need public transport. Rich live in CBD. *Consumer:* Everything is in the CBD like Bakeries, Butchers, night life, etc. *Public Services:* Church & Royal Palaces *Business:* Workers live in the CDB
Diffusion of Internet
Diffused in a 1-2 decades. Similar diffusion pattern to the T.V.
Ethnicity and Nationality in the UK
English are descendants of Germanic tribes Welsh, Scots, and Irish are Celtic.
Endangered Languages in Australia
English has seen the fall of many Aboriginal languages.
Soccer from Folk to Pop
English started by kicking the skull of a danish soldier. Later Entire villages started to play against each other. Associations started to form.
Industrial Regions
First was Europe. Then North America after Samuel Slater arrived. Then eastern Asia in the second half of the 20th century with Japan and later China in the 21st century. China, U.S., Japan, and Germany produce 1/2 of the world's industrial output.
Origin of each culture
Folk Culture has no exact origin or hearth. Pop Culture does have an exact origin. Usually from developing countries.
Distribution of each culture
Folk Culture is dependent on on local physical and cultural factors. Pop Culture is rapid and is not affected by physical or cultural barriers; only obstacle is money.
Diffusion of each culture
Folk Culture is transmitted slowly from one location to another very slowly via relocation diffusion. Pop Culture spreads through hierarchical diffusion; spreading rapidly.
Supply and Demand
Food Prices has been a bigger issue than food shortages in the 21st Century. Food price doubled from 2006-08; Record high in 2014. Causes are: Poor weather, Higher demand, smaller growth in productivity, and use of crops as biofuel rather than food. Sub-Saharan Africa is struggling to keep food production ahead of population growth. Horn of Africa has famine.
Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
Foreign firms are allowed into Chinese port cities with the permission of the Chinese country in the 1980s. Many countries now have SEZs TNCs receive tax breaks, low cost workers, and pre-built transportation like train tracks and roads.
Fordist Production
Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.
Distribution of Indo-European Family
Germanic: German, Dutch, English, and Scandinavian languages. Romance: Biggest ones are Spanish, French, Portuguese, and Italian. Indo-Iranian: Farsi in Iran, Pashto in Afghan. and Pakistan, and Kurdish by the Kurds. Also, Hindi and Urdu. Balto-Slavic: Russian, Polish, Czech, and Slovak are biggest.
Multiethnic Revival Post WWII
Germany was split into Western Democratic and Eastern Communism. Czechoslovakia split peacefully into Czech Republic and Slovakia. Yugoslavia fell apart.
U.S. Policies
Government encourages farmers to avoid growing crops in excess supply. The government gives subsidies to farmers when food prices are low. $20 billion in subsidies Government buys the surplus and either donates or exports it.
Banned Technology
Governments can regulate what technology is available, block certain models and apps. Many countries are banning Huawei because it connects to the Chinese government.
Failures of Loans
Half of the projects in Africa fails. Reasons: faulty engineering, money is invested into military, or the money is stolen. Some countries cannot afford to pay back the loans and the debt may exceed the annual income.
Ethnicities in the U.S.
Hispanic-American: A person who has migrated from a Spanish-speaking country. Most are Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban. Asian-American: A person who has migrated from an Asian country. Most are Chinese, Filipino, and Indian. African-American: Most can trace back their ancestry to West Africa. Most ancestors arrived to the U.S. 300-400 years ago. Indigenous: Native Americans, Alaskan Natives, and Native Hawaiians in the U.S.. First Nations, Inuits, and Metis in Canada.
Forced Migration
Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.
Iconic
Iconic symbol of a city. Ex. Paris and the Eiffel Tower
Dividing Ethnicities with Kurds
Kurds are distributed along North Syria, North Iraq, West Iran, and East Turkey. Mostly Sunni Muslim and Distinct Folk Culture Turkey no like Kurds.
Activities excluded from the CBD (in the U.S.)
Lack of Manufacturing and lack of residents due to high rent costs. CBD harbors are now becoming tourist spots like in Boston and San Fran. Now many people want to move into CBDs
Proto-Tongue
Language developed nearly 2,500,000 years ago. All original speakers communicated in the proto-tongue or original language. As people relocated, different languages formed from different environments needing new words.
Gravity Model
Larger places bring together people, ideas, and goods more than smaller places. Places closer together have more in common. *Formula for attraction*(Pop of City A x Pop of City B)/ Distance of cities^2
Indo-European Family
Largest used language family. Spoken in western hemisphere, Europe, and South Asia.
Big International Migration Flows
Latin America to North America, South Asia to Europe, and South Asia to Middle East.
Rural to Urban in regions
Latin America: 80% of pop in urban areas Asia: 47% of pop in urban areas Sub-Saharan Africa: 38% of pop in urban areas.
Law of the Sea
Law establishing states rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources.
Wet-Rice not Dominant
Locations where winters are harsh and lack of rain. Found in North India and NE India. Wheat is the most important crop. Other grains includes millet, oats, corn, sorghum, and soybeans.
Voluntary Migration from Latin America and Asia
Lots of migrants after 1960 policies allowed a lot of Latin Americans and Asians to come in.
Confucianism
Made by Confucius (551 B.C. to 479 B.C.) Chinese tradition of "li" which can be translated to propriety or correct behavior.
Taoism
Made by Lao-Zi (604 B.C. to 631 B.C.) Emphasizes mystical and magical aspects of life. Ying-Yang: Life is a balance Feng Shui: Living in harmony with the environment.
Issues with Shifting Cultivation
Many farmers are switching to logging, cattle ranching, and cultivation of cash crops. Deforestation is becoming an issue. Defenders of shifting cultivation say it's better for the environment than clearing land for cash crops. Countries are being paid or cleared of their debt to protect their forests.
Isoline Map
Map displaying lines that connect points of equal value; for example, a map showing average temperature in areas.
Periodic Markets
Markets that happens of certain times of the year like weekly, monthly, or annually.
Gender Development Index (GDI)
Measures gender gaps in three dimensions: Income, Education, and Life Expectancy. True equality is 1; no equality is 0.
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
Measures the gender gap in the level of achievement in three dimensions: Reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market. Score of 0 means that men and women are equal; 1 means that means no equality.
Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)
Modification of the HDI to account for inequality within a country. Low score means lots of inequality; high score means little inequality. Lowest scores in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and North Africa & SW Asia. Turkey has inequalities between the Kurds and Turks. Brazil has racism between the Brancos against the Pardos and Preto.
Peripheral Cities/ Galactic Cities Model (Chauncey Harris
Modified Nuclei Model An urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and service nodes or nuclei tied by a beltway, highway, or ringroad. People go to work in the central city. (ex. Tyson's Corner, Virginia)
Assumptions of the Least Cost Theory
More distance and weight means higher transportation costs. Industries are all competitive and aim to minimize costs while maximizing profits. Markets are in fixed locations. Labor only exists in certain areas and are not mobile. Assuming land and political landscape are uniform.
Education and Health Care for Women
More education= More economic control, chances for employment, and understanding of family planning for women. Better Health Care= Better understanding of taking care of babies, learn about STDs, and better survival rates for babies.
Sahrawi Republic/Western Sahara Sovereignty Issues
Morocco and Sahrawi Arab Republic both have claims to the area. Morocco controls the western side of the territory near the coast and the Polisario Front controls the east.
Dividing Ethnicities in Iran
Most are Persians and Shiites. Also, Azeri and Baluchi. Iran became a Theocracy after the previous leader left the country. Ayatollah took power.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Most ethnically diverse of the nations formed from Yugoslavia. 44% Muslim Bosniaks, 31% Serbs, 17% Croat. Bosniaks were cleansed by Croats and Serbs. Serbs and Croats gained land after the ethnic cleansing, but some were charged for war crimes.
Cereal Grains
Most humans derive most of their KiloCalories from cereal grains. Wheat- Principal grain consumed in MDCs; Mostly in Europe and North America. Rice- Principal grain consumed in developing regions of East, South, and SE Asia. Maize- Leading crop in the world. Mostly eaten in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. Used as Animal Feed.
North-South Gap/ Brandt Line
Most of the world's developed countries are in the northern hemisphere. LDCs are southern of all the developed countries.
Islam in Europe and North America
Muslims account for 5% of Europe's population. Up to 5 million Muslims in North America.
Origin and Diffusion of English
Native Celts in British Isles were invaded by Germanic Tribes (A.D. 450), Vikings from Scandinavia (9th Century), and the Normans (A.D. 1066). English Colonize the U.S. Colonies. U.S. took control of the Philippines in 1899.
Spelling
Noah Webster created the first dictionary and intentionally changed the spelling of words and grammar rules to differentiate American English from British English.
Water Pollution
Nonconsumptive Water Usage- Use of water that is returned to nature as a liquid. (Ex. Electric Dams). Consumptive Water Usage- The use of water evaporates rather than being returned. (Ex. Agriculture).
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another from the Warsaw Pact. Started with 14 members; now has 29 members, with many in Eastern Europe.
Sudan
North is African Muslim Arabs; South is either Christian or Folk. Sudan's government sent the Janjaweed, a group of marauding Arab nomads, to ethnically cleanse and commit genocide against the revolting Darfur people.
Juche
North-Korean ideology in which it remains completely independent from other nations. Made by Kim-Il Sung
Intraregional Migration of Industries in the U.S.
Northeast has lost jobs while the South and West have gained jobs. South ahas a lot of right-to-work laws and no unions.
NIMBY
Not In My Backyard attitude. People don't want things like landfills to be put where they live.
NIMBY
Not in my backyard. Nevada's Yucca Mountains was home to radioactive waste and the citizens said, "NOT IN MY BACKYARD" and got rid of the radioactive material from the area.
Plantation Farming
Occurs in LDCs for Commercial Purposes Cash Crops exported to MDCs TNCs run commercial agriculture in in LDCs for exportation to MDCs. Found in tropical or subtropical climates. Most important crops grown are: Bananas, Sugar Cane, Rubber, Coffee, Palm Oil, Cacao, and Tea.
Agglomeration (Alfred Marshall)
Occurs when companies cluster together. They agglomerate to share the costs of infrastructure.
Language Replacement
Occurs when invaders replace with their own language the language of the people whom they conquer.
Agglomeration Economy
Occurs when the positive effects of agglomeration (like lower costs for industry) results in lower cost for customers. Ex. Sawgrass, any mall
China Population Policy
One Child Policy; Permit needed to have a child; Couples got financial subsidies, long maternity leave, better housing, and (rural) more land if only one kid; Free contraceptives, abortions, and sterilizations. 33 Million more males than females in China today.
International Trade Path
Opening up to trade with other countries. Comparative Advantage- Identifying a country's distinctive or unique economic asset. Something that the country can produce cheaply at a higher quality than other countries. Ex. Cheap Labor in SE Asia.
Mediterranean Agriculture
Originates from the Med. Climate. Places like Chile, California, South Africa, and Australia. Mild Rainy winters and hot dry summers. In proximity of a water source to be cooled down by a breeze. Biggest crops grown are grapes, olives, and citrus.
Onshore Outsourcing
Outsourcing to a firm located in the same country.
Near Shore Outsourcing
Outsourcing to a neighboring country.
Dividing Ethnicities in Afghanistan
Pashtun, Tajik, and Hazara are the biggest ethnicities. Taliban is Pashtun.
Solar Energy
Passive energy systems- capture energy without using special devices. Ex. windows that absorb heat. Active energy systems- Collecting energy and converting it either to heat energy or electricity. Photo voltaic cells are used to capture the sun's rays. Used majorly in Japan, Israel, SW U.S, and SW Asia
Swidden
Patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.
China with Gender Preference
Patriarchal Society where males are preferred as they honor the family and take care of elderly. 118 Million Girls are Missing.
Brazilian Migration
People are moving in land as the capital was moved to more inside the country.
Human Capital Theory
People from LDCs move to MDCs for better jobs
Sedentary Farmer Theory
People in Turkey diffused into Europe and Asia spreading Proto-Indo-European language
Interregional Migration
Permanent movement from one region to another region.
Voluntary Migration
Permanent movement undertaken by choice.
Intraregional Migration
Permanent movement within one region of a country. More common than Interregional.
Food Security
Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Imperialism
Political and Economic dominance in a region or throughout the world
Unitary State
Power all in the Central Government. (Ex. France) Used in countries that are compact and small.
Animate Power
Power supplied by animals or by people themselves.
Shifting Cultivation
Practiced in Tropical Conditions. Practiced by 250 million people. Found in Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and SE Asia. Farmers grow crops on cleared land for only a few years. Soil's nutrients are depleted and left fallow. Can grow crops for 3 years. Takes up 1/4th of the world's land area.
Health Care
Present in MDCs and especially in Scandinavia. U.S. doesn't have a national health care.
E.U.
Primary purpose is economic and political cooperation* Euro is used by 19 of the 26 countries.* Subsides are given to farmers in bad seasons.* Travel is easy with open borders.**
Assimalation
Process of giving up traditional values to conform to a dominant culture.
Gerrymadering
Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power. Wasted Vote: Opposition supporters are spread across many districts as a minority. Excess Vote: Opposition Supporters are concentrated into a few districts. Stacked Vote: Distant areas are connected in weird patterns.
Following WWII and the disarmament of their military, Japan did what
Promote industrial development through direct investment.
Proven Reserves
Proven Reserve- The supply of energy in deposits that have been discovered. *Coal*- Approx. 1 trillion metric tons (23,000 BTUs) of coal. Current coal reserves would last 130 years. *Natural Gas*- Approx. 200 trillion cubic meters (7,000 quad BTUs). Current natural gas reserves would last 56 years. *Petroleum*- Approx. 1.6 trillion barrels (10,000 BTUs). Current petroleum reserves would last 55 years.
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
Provides loans to countries for infrastructure development. Lends money from sales of bonds to private investors.
International Development Association (IDA)
Provides money to countries too risky to be given a loan from the IBRD. Lends money from government contributes.
International Sanctions
Punishments in the form of economic and/or diplomatic limits or even isolation. Given when rules of a supranational organization is violated. Current states under sanction include Russia, North Korea, and Iran.
Dividing Ethnicities in Pakistan
Punjabi is the biggest ethnicity, but there are also Pashtun and Balawi.
Economic Downsides
Reduction in human labor leading to job losses. GMO seeds are prone to crop failure. Less than 5% of African farmers use GMOs. rBGh (recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone) mimic growth hormones in animals.
Wet-Rice Dominant
Regions include SE China, East India, and SE India. Rice is planted on dry land and then seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth. Terrace Farming is used to farm rice as every segmented area needs to remain flooded.
"New Cold War"
Russia is being gangsta by taking Ukrainian territory, interfering in elections in western countries, and Putin's actions in Syria. U.S. and Russia aren't signing a missile treaty.
World Oil Trade
Russia to Europe, Sw Asia to Europe and Japan. The U.S. and Europe import over 50% of their petroleum. Before Trump, the government supported more fuel-efficient vehicles.
Russians in Ukraine
Russians invaded Crimea in 2014 and has annexed (forcible acquisition of land) it. Crimea is 60% ethnically Russian.
Rwanda and Burundi
Rwanda and Burundi have suffered from genocide between the Hutus, who make up the majority of the population, and the Tutsis, who historically have had more power. Peace Treaty in 1993 ended in 1994 as a helicopter carrying Hutu presidents was shot down. Hutus killed 800,000 Tutsis in Rwanda and 300,000 in Burundi.
Small Scale and Large Scale
SS- view of large area LS- view of small area
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
Shows the worth of money in one country compared to another. Ex. A gallon of milk can cost $2 in the U.S., but it can cost $6 in the U.K., thus the U.S. has stronger purchasing power as they can buy more gallons of milk than the U.K.
Offshore Financial Services
Small countries, usually islands or microstates, offer off-shore financial centers. Taxes on income, profits, and capital gains are usually low or nonexistent *Privacy*- Bank secrecy allows companies to evade taxes in other countries Ex. Caiman Islands
Agricultural Hearths: Sub-Saharan Africa
Sorghum domesticated 8,000 years ago. Yam, Watermelon, Coffee.
Net Out:
South Asia, Latin America, Eastern Europe, and Africa
Old Four Asian Tiger
South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Small areas with little resources made Entreports, where goods are brought for importing and exporting purposes.
Combining English with Other Languages
Spanglish- Real Academia Espanola is trying to stop the merging of the two languages. Franglais- Academia Francaise is trying to stop the merging of the two languages. Denglish- German and English
The Third Agriculture Revolution (Green Revolution)
Starts in the 1950s, but really started going in the 70s. Two main practices: Higher yield seeds and expanded use of fertilizers. Agricultural productivity at a global scale has increased more rapidly than population growth. Grain production has increased 45% globally. Higher yield seeds require more nitrogen and pesticides.
Democratization
Steps: 1) Competitive and fair elections. 2) Civil Liberties- Freedom of Speech, etc. 3) Rule of Law- No one is above the law. 4) Neutral Judiciaries- Unbiased judges and courts. Provides Checks and Balances. 5) Open Civil Society- Let people do what they want without government ties. 6) Mass Media is separate from government 7) Civilian control of the military prevents Coup d'Etats
Boundary Creation
Steps: 1) Definition: Going to the exact location that is claimed and either negotiating the boundary or being gangsta and taking it forcefully. 2) Delimitation: Ready to draw the Boundary 3) Demarcation: Physical mark on the Boundary 4) Administration: Enforcing the Boundary
Mixed Crop & Livestock
Stereotypical Farm. Crops grown are fed to animals. 3/4 of income are the sell of animal products. Animals require year-round attention; field don't.
Political Geography
Study of human political organization of the earth at various geographic levels. (ex. Mayor, Governor, President)
Acid Precipitation (Acid Rain)
Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog.
Two Branches of Islam
Sunni- 88% of all Muslims Shiites (Shias)- Largest branches in Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Tajikistan, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, and Yemen.
Cuban Missile Crisis
The 1962 confrontation between US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba. John F. Kennedy exposed the soviet union.
The trigger for deindustrialization for Asian countries such as Japan and Korea
The Asian economic crisis.
Tipping Point
The charter group in a neighborhood and an influx of a minority and once the influx is too much, the charter group leaves.
Sequent Occupancy
The concept that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape
Cultural Imperialism
The dominance of one culture over another.
Globablization
The increasing interconnection of regions in the world through communication, transportation, marketing, manufacturing, and social and cultural influences. Advantages: Rapid diffusion of innovations, improvements to quality of life, and information/ news transmitted quickly. Disadvantages: Loss of Folk Culture.
Elderly Support Ratio
The number of working-age people (ages 15 to 64) divided by the number of persons 65 and older.
Intertillage
The planting of crops between the main crop.
Crop Rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil. Each crops takes and gives the soil nutrients.
Vineyard Terroir
The unique combination of soil, climate, and other characteristics. Vineyards require: Temperate climates (Moderate cold, rainy winters and long, hot summers), Planted on hillsides and close to water, and Soil must be coarse and well-drained.
Organic Theory (Friedrich Ratzel)
The view that states resemble biological organisms. Countries need water, food, and resources. Adolf Hitler used this to justify Nazi expansion. China is following this by doing the "China Belt and Road Initiative". Connects old Silk Road trade patterns.
World Bank
The world bank includes the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA). Around $270 billion worth of loans are outstanding. 14% are to India and 5% to each of China, Mexico, Turkey, Brazil, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Vietnam.
Fecundity
The years a woman can give birth. 15-49 y/o
Blocked Content
U.S., U.K., and Japan dominate the world's T.V. programming. This leads to countries blocking them because they spread western values. Iran block content because they are a theocracy. China are communists and have firewalls on the internet. Russia block LTGBQ content and other political issues. Turkey shuts down journalists opposed to the government.
Connotations with Unauthorized Immigrants
Unauthorized Immigrants- Used by Academic Observers Undocumented Immigrants- Term used by Immigrant Advocates Illegal Aliens- Term used by people against Immigrants
U.N.
United Nations Primary purpose is peacekeeping. Started in 1945 with 51 original members. Grew in three waves: 1) 16 countries after WWII 2) 17 countries in 1960; former African colonies 3) 26 countries after the falls of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia.
Territorial Waters
Up to 12 Nautical Miles from the shore. State can regulate ships from other countries here.
Exclusive Economic Zone
Up to 200 Nautical Miles out. Countries can get resources and fish.
Urbanization Economy
Urban city area where companies cluster together to share infrastructure costs. Ex. Wall Street.
Loss of farmland to urbanization
Urban growth results in less farmland The BOSNYWASH area used to be land for farming.
Folk Music
Used to convey a story or information. Examples: Country, Blue Grass, Blues, Tijano, French Acadians, and Polka.
Pop Music
Used to sold and make money. Originated in the U.K. in the Music Hall and in the U.S. in Vaudeville.
New Asian Tigers
Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Bangladesh.
4 Kinds of Villages
Walled Village- A literal walled village that is walled for protection. *Grid Village*- Grid Pattern Village Linear Village- One road village *Cluster Village*- Everyone Close together.
Moldova
Wanted to unite with Romania, but Romania didn't want to as Moldova now had Russians and Ukrainians in the country.
South Sudan
War between 1983 to 2005 1.9 mil deaths; 700,000 ethnically cleansed. South Sudan became a country in 2011, but has seen internal issues since.
Nomadic/Kurgan Warrior Theory
Warriors spread from the border of Russia and Kazakhstan throughout Europe and Southwest Asia with Horses. Spread Proto-Indo-European language
Regional Diversity of Religions
Western Hemisphere is predominantly Christian. 90% of Latin Americans and 75% of Europeans & North Americans are Christians. Muslims comprise more than 90% of the pop of Central Asia, Southwest Asia, and North Africa. China has no religious bias. Indonesia has the largest number of Muslims.
Global Trade Patterns
Western Hemisphere to the Eastern Hemisphere. Latin America is led by Brazil and Argentina. SE Asia and South Pacific export to the rest of the Eastern Hem. Agricultural exports in the U.S. has increased rapidly, but Latin America, SE Asia, and South Pacific are growing quicker.
Biomass Fuel
Wood, plant material, and animal waste burned for fuel.
MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction)
a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two or more opposing sides would cause the complete annihilation of both the attacker and the defender
Centrifugal Force
a force that divides people and countries. (Louis' way of remembering: centrifugal has FU in it.)
Congregation
a group of people assembled for religious worship
Vigorous Language
a language that is spoken in daily use but that lacks a literary tradition
Ayer's Rock (Uluru)
a large sandstone rock formation in central Australia that serves as a sacred place for the Aborigines
Mashup
a map that overlays data from one source on top of a map provided by a mapping service. Simple: Google Maps
Populists
a member of a political party seeking to represent the interests of ordinary people. Ex. Trump and Modi (India)
Prorupted State
an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension. (Ex. D.R. Congo) Positives: Access to water Negatives: Poor Unity, Different Ethnicities.
Urban Cluster
an urban area with between 2,500 and 50,000 inhabitants
Business-Process Outsourcing
back office functions like claims processing, payroll, transcription work, routine clerical, billing, tech help Low wages compared to most MDCs India & the Philippines have English speakers so call centers are placed here.
International/Transnational Migration
movement across country borders
Interregional Migration
movement from one region of a country to another
Language Divergence
new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects to conform to the new environment(s).
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
nonprofit groups that provide charitable services or promote social and environmental causes. Are not connected to any government. Ex. Red Cross
Cao Dai
religious and political movement in Vietnam, 1920s; taught a mixture of Buddhism & Taoism
Tragedy of the Commons
situation in which people acting individually and in their own interest use up commonly available but limited resources, creating disaster for the entire community
First Effective Settlement
the culture that first moves into an area has a tremendous influence on the area. Wilbur Zelinsky says that the English are the charter group for the U.S.
Prime Agricultural Land
the most productive farmland
Tenrikyo
the oldest of the existing New Religions in Japan, founded in 1838. Syncretic. Became a separate religion from Shinto by Nakayama Miki (1798-1887)
Ecotourism
the practice and business of recreational travel based on concern for the environment
Cultural Relativism
the practice of evaluating a culture by its own standards
Cultural Divergence
the restriction of a culture from outside influences
Cultural Geography
the study of people's lifestyles, their creations, and their relationships to the Earth and the supernatural.
Literary Tradition
the written form of a language. *Remember: not all languages have a literary tradition.
Cultural Convergence
when two cultures become more alike
Point Source Pollution
where pollution enters a body of water from a specific point.
Pandemic
worldwide epidemic
