AP Human Geo Unit 5 Study Guide

Desertificaiton is happening in Central Asia as this body of water is drying up due to its water source being diverted for agricultural irrigation.

Aral Sea

What are the top two regions with the largest fish yields?

Pacific Northwest & Asia's inland waterways

von Thünen Model

This model contained his ideas on how specific crops were grown at different rings around a city or market. However the closer you are to the market, the more expensive the land is going to be The first ring(closest to the market) contained a dairy and market oriented garden → perishables The second ring was forestry, lumber, and other items that were difficult to transport because of the weight The third ring was various crops and pasturelands → specific commodity rotated year after year The fourth ring was ranching. Meaning animal grazing → requires a lot of space; they drive cattle to the market.

Which of the following is an example of one of the four strategies being used to help distribute food around the world?

-Expanding fishing -Increasing exports from countries with surpluses -Expanding land area used for agriculture -Increasing the productivity of land now used for agriculture

Which of the following are true of ridge tillage as an agricultural practice? Check all that apply.

-Greater soil conservation -It is considered a sustainable agricultural practice -Has lower production costs

The Fertile Crescent was thought to be the hearth of which of the following crops?

Barley and olives

Theories of Thomas Malthus

Believed that the global population was growing exponentially and the food supply arithmetically so there would be a point where the population would outgrow the food supply Preventive check on population: moral restraint (caused population growth to slow) Other Checks: disease, war, famine, disaster (raised the death rate)

Which of the following is an example of the problem run-off caused by agricultural production? Check all that apply

Chemicals from fertilizers and pesticides go into drainage systems Waste from livestock pollutes waterways

Commodities and areas they are produced in

Corn USA China Brazil Cacao Côte d'Ivoire Ghana Indonesia Nigeria Coffee Brazil (leading coffee exporter) Vietnam Colombia Indonesia Ethiopia (hearth of coffee) Beef United States Brazil European Union China Wheat China India Russian Federation United States (bread- basket) Rice China India Indonesia Bangladesh Vietnam Tea (Chinese introduced tea to British) China (hearth) India Kenya Sri Lanka Soybeans United States (mostly GMO) Brazil Argentina

As a counter to environmental destruction, core countries have begun to forgive loans owed by peripherial countries in exchange for them preserving forested areas and halting the cutting down of trees. This concept is known as...

Debt For Nature

Village Styles

Dispersed Settlement Pattern dispersed (spread out) individual farmhouses\ Found in Midwestern United States land is heavily cultivated by machine rather than hand Nucleated Settlement or Clustered Village Clustered together - structures are close\ Work done by people and animals Found in Java, regions in Europe, etc. Rundling or Circular Village Round shaped village Used in Eastern Africa for cattle corrals However layout was first used by slavic farmers in Eastern Europe and modified later by Germanic settlers Linear Village Follows one single path (road, road, etc) lined with houses and other structures Walled Village used in Europe in the Middle Ages, but still in existence today in different parts of the world. Surrounded by wall or moat Grid Village More modern style of layout - streets, square block pattern Imperial countries introduced the colonies

Under the von Thunen model what influences the type of crop a farmer will grow?

Distance from the farm to the market

What concerns does a graying population country face?

Economic: -Dependency Ratio increases -Shrinking tax/worker base -Increased funding needed for the care of Senior Citizens -Cuts to other programs? -Markets for good and services for seniors Social: -Family Dynamics -Social Services for seniors -Medical Specializations -"Senior Agglomerations" - pooling of services directed towards senior citizens -The "Snowbird Effect" - senior citizens that moved from colder to warmer climates in the winter months Political: -Natalist Policies to address fall in births -Military Needs -Economic Growth -Seniors as a Voting Block

The Green Revolution involved two main practices, of the following answers check the ones that are the two main practices of the Green Revolution

Expanded use of fertilizers Introduction of new higher-yield seeds

Aquaculture refers to...

Fish farming

Types of morphology and examples

Fragmented- Tanzania (East Africa) Porrupt: Thailand, Afghanistan Compact State: Switzerland Elongated: Gambia, Vietnam, Chile Perforated: South Africa

Which of the following explains the significance of the similarities between Asia and sub-Saharan Africa in terms of the percent of women working agriculture?

In the subsistence-based rural economies in these regions, female farmers produce much of the food that their families need for survival

Language Families and sample languages:

Indo-European: English, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Russian, Dutch Niger- Congo: Yoruba, Igbo, Fula, Shona, Sesotho and Zulu Afro-Asiatic: Arabic, Hebrew, Egyptian, Hausa Sino-Tibetan: Chinese, Tibetan, Burmese, Mandarin

Intensive vs. Extensive agriculture; monoculture, intertillage

Intensive farming practices require lots of labor input, or is focused on a small plot of land or both Extensive farming practices require limited labor input, or is spread across large areas of land or both Monoculture/Monocropping: Dependence on a single agricultural commodity.

What regions of the world are experiencing population decline and thus offering pronatalist policies?

Japan, Italy, Russia What they are offering: -Government offering daycare services -Tax incentives to those who have three or more children

Lingua Franca, Creolized Language

Lingua Franca- A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages Creolized Language- a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being colonized

What product would be found in the second ring of the von Thunen Model?

Lumber

What dilemma do governments in developing countries face in association with the sale of exported crops?

More land given to exported crops means less land available for domestic farming

Agribusiness changed the agricultural labor force by...

More modern machinery led to commercial farms having to rely less on manual labor

Bid-Rent Theory

People will compete for land closest to the market; price increases

Africa's use of GMO (genetically modified organisms) has been debated. Give one positive for the use of GMO and one opposition to Africa's use of GMOs. Type your answer below making sure to disintiguish your positive example from your negative example.

One postive for the use of GMO is that they lead to an increased nutrition, and an negative is that GMO can lead to many health problems because of eating too many gentiacally modified foods.

Green Revolution

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially high-yield seeds and fertilizers Genetically Modified Organisms - (GMOs) Chemical fertilizers and pesticides use - run-off into water supplies, soils, etc. Crossbreeding to create hybrid plants - reduces biodiversity Genetic Engineering: Genetically modified seed IR8 rice seed used in India - 10 times the yield of traditional rice Increases food production - reduces famines Placed greater strain on the environment and available resources Resulted in more mechanized farming, reduced farm labor jobs (many lost jobs to technology of Green Revolution) Technology often too expensive for poorer farmers & female farmers

Land survey systems

Rectangular Survey System: a.k.a Public land survey, divides land into a series of rectangular parcels (checkerboard pattern across agricultural fields and is most used) -Used to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mts. Metes and Bounds Survey: System used to survey east of the Appalachian Mts; relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features like streams or trees. -Abandoned for rectangular survey because of its imprecise nature. Township-and-Range system: Part of the above system that was designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across the farmlands of the U.S interior. (SQUARES) Long Lot Survey System: Land surveying used in Canadian Maritimes, Quebec, Texas and Louisiana where land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads or canals; influenced by French.

Relic boundary, Antecedent boundary, Geometric boundary

Relic boundary: a boundary that has ceased to function but can still be detected on the cultural landscape Ex: Berlin Wall separated East and West Germany Geometric boundary: Political boundaries as a straight line or arc; can use grid systems like latitude/ longitude or township and range Ex: the USA and Canadian Borders which follow the 49th parallel; Chad and Libya set from European Colonization period → Aouzou Strip being fought over the years Antecedent Boundary: boundary that exists before human settlement Ex: 49th parallel → People who wanted to be in the US went South of the line, and people who wanted to settle in Canada went North

Stages of the ETM:

STAGE 1: Stage of Pestilence and Famine -High CDR -Infections, parasitic diseases, accidents, animal and human attacks were principal causes of human death -Thomas Malthus called these "natural checks" on the growth of human population in Stage 1 of the DTM Ex. Black Death - bubonic plague STAGE 2: Stage of Receding Pandemics -Rapidly declining CDR -Improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine during the Industrial Revolution reduced the spread of infectious diseases like cholera -Through the building of water and sewer systems cholera was eradicated in the late 19th century in core nations. -However, it reappeared a century later in growing cities of less developed countries as they moved into Stage 2 of the DTM especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia STAGE 3: Stage of Degenerative Diseases -Moderately declining CDR -Stage of degenerative and human created diseases -Characterized by a decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in chronic disorders associated with aging -Two most important in this stage are heart disease (cardiovascular) and cancer -Lower cancer rates in Sub-Saharan Africa and parts of South Asia but may be due to low life expectancy STAGE 4: Stage of Delayed Degenerative Diseases -Low but increasing CDR -Is an extension of Omran's original ETM -Delay of degenerative diseases due to operations, medicine, better/preventive diets, etc. -Stage 4 often sees an increase in obesity due to the eating of non-nutritional foods and a sedentary lifestyle. STAGE 5: (Explain the reasons why it may be emerging) -Some argue that infectious and parasitic diseases are reemerging, others just see it as a setback -Reasons for this emergence: 1. Evolution: microbes are immune to antibiotics, or new strains of the bacteria, etc. are emerging 2. Poverty: diseases like TB are largely controlled in core countries but are still causing many deaths in peripheral countries because they can't afford the medical treatment 3. Increased Connection: disease diffusion, relocation diffusion, travel Ex. H1N1 (Swine Flu), SARS and now Covid19

von Thunen witnessed this agricultural revolution

Second Agricultural Revolution

Agricultural practices: slash and burn agriculture, plantation

Slash and burn agriculture - a form of shifting cultivation in which farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning debris Farmers grow on a cleared field for a few years until all the soil nutrients are gone, and then leave it fallowed (nothing planted) for a while so the soil can recover Primarily in tropical regions (Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia) Upland rice, cassava, maize, millet, and sorghum

Stages of the DTM

Stage 1: Low Growth -Marked by very high birth and death rates -No long-term natural increase -No country presently is in stage 1 -Most of this time was during the historical period of hunter-gathering societies; more food available meant a high population but as food became scarce the population decline Stage 2: High Growth -Marked rapidly declining death rates and very high birth rates -High natural increase -Europe and North America entered stage 2, as a result of the Industrial Revolution (1700s) -Africa, Asia, and Latin America entered stage 2 around 1950, as a result of medical revolution = improved medical care eliminating traditional causes of death in developing countries thus increases life expectancy Stage 3: Moderate Growth -Marked by rapid decline in birth rates and steady decline in death rates -Natural increase is moderate -Gap between CBR and CDR is narrower in Stage 3 countries than Stage 2 countries -Population grows, because CBR is still greater than CDR -Most European countries and North America transitioned to Stage 3, during first half of 20th century Stage 4: Low Growth -Marked by very low birth and death rates -No long-term natural increase and possibly a decrease -Women more a part of the workforce and more access to birth control leads to lower birth rates -Country reaches stage 4 when population gains by CBR are diminished by losses because of CDR -Condition known as zero population growth (ZPG) -Demographers more precisely define ZPG as the TFR that produces no population change -Population change results from immigration Stage 5: Is there a stage 5? -Some argue yes... -Countries in the theoretical Stage 5 have an overall population decrease because the death rate had become higher than the birth rate -Negative NIR (Natural Increase Rate) -However the overall effect/impact of this is not felt yet -Many European countries and Japan -Russia is most notable hosting a negative NIR for 50 years

Subsistence agriculture vs. commercial agriculture

Subsistence: for a family or small community, not for profit Commercial: for profit

Luxury crops

Tea, coffee, cacao, etc.

What factor helped increase the economy of scales in agriculture?

Technology

Carrying capacity of agricultural lands

Technology has increased economies of scale in the agricultural sector and the carrying capacity of land. Increased Land Carrying Capacity: Mechanization, chemical fertilizers/pesticides, GMO crops, better transportation increase the amount of food available for sale. Higher crop yields = herbicides, pesticides, fertilizers, GMO crops Complex machinery allows for larger plots of land to be worked with high efficiency and lower labor costs. Improvements in transportation bring crops to the market quicker and cheaper.

Second Agricultural Revolution

The Second Agricultural Revolution occurred in the early 1700s Helped increased productivity=crop rotation (rotating different crops in and out of the fields each year) & new inventions like the seed drill (efficiently placed seeds in a designated spot) More food meant population growth = can support more people; people benefitted from the potato from the Americas & improved medical care & people living longer. New technology and increased food production during the 2nd Agricultural Revolution led to better diets, longer life expectancies and more people available to work in factories (Industrial Revolution)

What is the domino theory?

The domino theory is the idea that political destabilization in one state can lead to collapse of political stability in neighboring states; starting a chain reaction. Ex: The Iron Curtain:region of Eastern Europe under the control of the Soviet Union Communism

Define Devolution and examples of

The release of power by the central government to the different regions of the country Ex: Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan broke away from Russia

What are the three principal practices that distinguish sustainable agriculture from conventional agriculture?

The three principal that distingush sustainable agriculture from conventional agriculture is sensitive land managment, limited use of chemicals, and better intergation of crops and livestock.

Crop rotation is a practice that is used to avoid exhausting the soil.

True

The greatest challenge to the world food supply in the twenty-first century has been food prices rather than food supply.

True

True or False: According to the pie graph, the practice of organic farming is found more in the developed world when compared to the developing/lesser developed world.

True

Farmers of sustainable agriculture usually generate lower _______ than do conventional farmers, but they have lower ________

revenue, costs