AP Human Geography Review Book

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Native American religion- doctrine

- depends on tribal following - prayers to sun, moon, animal spirits, climatic features are in most practices

haute cuisine

"high cooking" traditionally a main meat course is served with a flour, cream, or wine-based sauce and side dishes of vegetables and potatoes.

5 Pillars of Islam

5 daily prayers, Islamic Creed, Alms to the poor, Observance of Ramadan, Hajj

Entrepot

A port city in which goods are shipped in at one price and shipped out to other port locations at a higher price, resulting in a profitable trade. Ex. Singapore, Hong Kong, Dubai

Redlining

A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.

Elongated state

A state with a long, narrow shape.

Native American religion- where

Alaska to Tierra del Fuego

More Developed Country

Also known as a relatively developed county or a developed country, a country that has progressed in relativety far along a continuum of development.

aquifers

An underground water reservoir.

labor-intensive animals

Animals that require constant tending, includes dairy cow and poultry for eggs.

Jainism-when

Around 2,900 years before present

Fall in line city examples

Boston, Philadelphia, Albany

foreign competition

Business competition from other countries

footloose industry

Businesses whose locations are not tied to resources, transportation, or consumer locations

separation of powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

Garden City Movement

Ebenezer Howard's movement, which advocated the construction of new towns separated from each other by open country with recreational areas, fresh air, and sense of community that would encourage healthy family life

House of commons

England's lower house in Parliament

exponentially

Extremely rapid increase.

Private investors/investment firms

FDI invests money in other countries looking to make a profit

centripetal force

Factors that hold together the social and political fabric of the state

BT corn

Genes from the bacteria, "bacillus thuringiensis," have been spliced into the genes of some corn which makes them pest resistant

language families

Group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin

Judaism- denominations

Hassidic, Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, and Reconstruction

Examples of specialized services found in CBDs

High-technology and computing Research and development Transportation services Bio-technology Hospital centers Telecommunications and call centers Banking and Finance Suburban government centers Universities or branch campuses

Hindu-Buddist Religons

Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism

Christianity- who

Originates in the Roman Empire but not recognized officially until the fourth century C.E.

Islam- who

Originates with the peoples of the Arabian Peninsula along the Red Sea, particularly Mecca, Medina, and Jeddah.

Law of the Indies

Outlined how colonial cities were constructed in Latin America -- gridiron street plan centered on a church and central plaza etc.

Judaism- when

Over 5,700 years before present. January 1, 2015, will be during the year 5,775 on the Hebrew calendar.

Intraregional Migration

Permanent movement within one region of a country.

Sectors of the economy

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary, Quinary

balkanization

Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities EX. YUGOSLAVIA

plantation agriculture

Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations were established within the tropics; in recent decades, many have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives

denominations

Religious groups

seed agriculture

Reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which result from sexual fertilization.

Internalization of economic capital

Requires companies to deposit profits from factors in LDC banks and reinvest locally

Jainism- scripture

Several texts collectively known as Agamas. The most commonly cited is the Tattvartha Sutra.

Microstates

States with very small land areas

township and range

Survey system based upon lines of latitude and longitude

life expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

horticulture

The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

Indigenous population

The people who originally settled an area

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

intervening opportunity

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.

Gross National Income

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country

J-curve

This is when the projection population shows exponential growth; sometimes shape as a j-curve. This is important because if the population grows exponential our resource use will go up exponential and so will our use as well as a greater demand for food and services.

Jainism- denominations

Three main groups exist that differ in practice and worship.

3rd ring of von thunen

Village forest or "wood" wood's weight makes it expensive to transport. LOCAL RENEWABLE RESOURCES

Voodoun (Voodoo) religion- who

West-African, Afro-Brazilian, and Afro-Caribbean descendants

Jainism- where

Western India

allocational border disputes

When a resource lies on two sides of a border. Who gets what?

Locational border dispute

When the border moves, like a river changing course or a lake drying up

Telecommuting

Working at home by using a computer terminal electronically linked to one's place of employment.

nation

a population represented by a singular culture

Traditional architecture: housing

based on folk housing, new homes follow more than one element of folk housing, Has several forms

Geometric Border

boundaries surveyed mostly along lines of latitude or longitude

Furnitire

home, office, bedding

non-basic services

services like dry-cleaning and gift shops

decolonization

the action of changing from colonial to independent status

human ecology

used to describe human interactions with nature

Judaism- doctrine

varies between groups. shared between all are the atonement for sins annually during Yom Kippur

animist tradition

various ethnic, tribal, and forms of nature worship ex. Native American religions and voodoo - geographically unrelated common themes, worship practices, and morality tales Animus means spirit. believe that items in nature can have a spiritual being

Eastern-European steppe

very productive area of grain cultivation mostly controlled by the Russian empire in the early 1900s

Delimination

when borders are put on the map

white flight

working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs

cultural globalization

worldwide spread of similar norms, values, and practices

acculturation

(n.) the modification of the social patterns, traits, or structures of one group or society by contact with those of another; the resultant blend

European union constitution

- proposed in 2004 for ratification - poorly understood by citizens and members of parliament who voted on it - included concepts like common foreign policy - worried about issues with sovereignty - was not put through

prime minister or premier

-Head of a majority party -Member of legislature -No fixed terms

2nd ring of von thunen model

Intensive farming: Vegetable, dairying, market gardens LABOR INTENSIVE THOUGHTS things that spoil

Carrying Capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Hinterland

Market Area

Example of Megalopolis

Northeastern United States- Boston, Providence, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington. Also can include Arlington, Richmond, and Norfolk

extensive subsistence agriculture

Occurs when there are low amounts of labor inputs per unit of land

supranational organization

Organization of three or more states to promote shared objectives. UNITED NATIONS

high-benefit services

Sectors in which pay tends to be salaried and includes considerable fringe benefits

Examples of Agglomeration

Silicon Valley, Detroit- cars, Banks in South Dakota

Housing Types: New England

Small one-story pitched roof (a.k.a. Cape Cod style) or the irregular roof (a.k.a Saltbox style) with one long pitched roof in front and a sort of low-angle roof in back.

Jainism- historical diffusion

Some Jain communities relocated to places such as Great Britain during the colonial period, 1830s to 1940s. Mohandas Gandhi's mother was a devout Jain and her compassion for all life influenced her son's civil rights and peace activism.

Hinduism- who

South Asians and some Southeast Asians.

Territorial Sea

Sovereign territory includes the area of sea from shore out to the 12-nautical mile limit. Within 12 nautical miles all laws of a country applu

monolingual

Speaking only one language

Malthusian Theory

Starvation is the inevitable result of population growth, because the population increases at a geometric rate (exponentially) while food supply can only increase arithmetically (linear) Thought that this would happen by 1900

retail location theory

States that the market area of a city is defined by two factors: threshold and range. The precise location of retail services is spatially dependent on the relationship between varible cost and revenue surfaces based on local geography. Business owners look to find locations where they can maximize profits.

Islam- denominations

Sunni (85%) and Shia (15%) sects with a number of denominations within, such as the Ismaili Shiite and Wahabi Sunni. Differences between the two major sects are based upon the emphasis by Shiites on the necessity for Imams (religious leaders) to have a direct blood line back to Muhammad.

Gender related development index

Takes the same indicators used to calculate HDI but replaces GDP per capita with income. Then the data between men and women is mathematically compared by dividing the female score from the male score. Closer the the score is to 1 the higher women's rights are.

Religious Architecture: Hindu

Temples and Shrines- rectangular main body, one or more short towers of carved stone. towers often have stepped sides and display carvings of deities. TEMPLE COMPLEX OF ANGKOR WAT IN CAMBODIA.

Religious Architecture: Buddhist

Temples and Shrines- vary based on reigon. Nepal and Tibet- stupa- dome or tower featuring eyes East Asia- tower style pagoda has several levels, each of which features winged roofs extending outward. China and Shinto Japan- one or two stories, large, curved, winged roofs. Often have large lion statues TEMPLE OF THE SUN AND MOON - forbidden city Beijing Southeast Asia- several towers with thin pointed spires that point outward at an angle.

5 main EU purposes- Judicial Union

The European Court of Justice in Luxembourg is a legal venue for cases between litigants in separate states. Required due to issues with open borders. EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS- established to preserve civil rights regardless of member state's local laws.

Judaism- historical diffusion

The Jewish Diaspora begins in 70 C.E. with the Roman destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem, where Jews were forced out to other parts of the Empire. The post-WWII era following the Nazi Holocaust marks the beginning of the Jews' movement to Israel from Europe. Conflicts in the 1950s and 1960s caused migrations from North Africa and the Middle East to Israel.

Containment theory

The US theory that stated, if Communism in Asia could be contained in the area the system would eventually die out.

Millenium Development Goals

The United Nations mandate of eight development goals designed to eliminate poverty by the year 2015

Comparative advantages

The ability of a country to produce a good at a lower cost than another country can.

Sustainability

The ability to keep in existence or maintain. A sustainable ecosystem is one that can be maintained

Natural increase rate (NIR, Rate of natural increase)

The amount of population change per thousand members of the population each year. the birth rate minus the death rate divided by ten.

Diffusion of fertility control

The availability of contraceptives in more urbanized and developed economies

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years. (15-45) Number of children born/women 15-45

Zones of the latin american city model

The commercial spine, zone of elite housing, zone of maturity, zone of In Situ Accretion, Zone of peripheral Squatter Settlements, squatting land and tenure, zone of disamenity

bid-rent curve

The concept that the concentric circles in Burgess's concentric zone model are based on the amount people are willing to pay for land in each zone

cultural survival

The efforts to research , understand, and promote the protection of indigenous cultures

head of state

The executive role that symbolizes and represents the people both nationally and internationally.

Suburban sprawl

The expansion of housing, transportation, and commercial development to undeveloped land on the urban periphery

Domino effect

The fear that if Vietnam fell to communism, so would the surrounding countries.

uneven development

The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.

Official Language

The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.

Primate City

The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.

Hinduism- doctrine

The main personal practice is to work continuously toward multiple reincarnations and eventually nirvana. Practice of temple-based worship and festivals to praise particular supreme gods, including humanistic forms Vishnu, Shiva, Krishna, and animal forms Ganesha (elephant god) and Naga (serpent gods). Several doctrinal writings depict the historical moral traditions and practices.

range

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.

threshold

The minimum number of people needed to support the service

French Creole

The mixture of continental French and African dialectal sounds that is spoken in Haiti

sex ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

Overpopulation

The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

physiological density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

Dependency Ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

crop rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

hearth

The region from which innovative ideas originate

transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

spatial margin of profitability

The set of points delimiting the area within which a firm's profitable operation is possible.

market gardens

The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually.

Received Pronunciation (RP)

The standard language in England

population dynamics

The study of short‐ and long‐term changes in the number of individuals for a given population, as affected by birth, death, immigration, and emigration.

Gross Domestic Product

The sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced in a nation

gross domestic product

The sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced in a nation

Word Sounds

The vocal pronunciation of a word.

Kshatriyas

The warrior and aristocrat varna of the caste system. Hereditary princes and kings still bow to Brahmans. Landowners, government leaders, wealthy business people.

Buddhism- Denominations

Three distinct traditions: Tibetan (Vajarayana); Southeast Asian (Theraveda); and East Asian (Mahayana), each broken into smaller denominations. Tibetan Buddhists- universalizing, accepting westerners into community, uncompromising in beliefs Theravada Buddhists- less universalizing and not compromising Mahayana Buddhists- both universalizing and compromising. Incorporates a number of different forms including Zen, Confucianism, Shintoism, and Taoism

Islam- where

Today the Islamic realms spans from Mauritania in West Africa , east to Indonesia and the Philippine Island of Mindanao; north to Chechnya, Kazakhstan, and Xinjiang in Western China; and south to Tanzania.

Examples of megacities

Tokyo, Shanghai, Mexico City, Mumbai, Beijing, New York

Judaism- scripture

Torah (includes several books also used in the Christian old Testament) and Talmud.

oil shocks of the 1970s

Triggered the Deindustrialize in the United States, Canada, and Western Europe

Dalits

Untouchables often segregated from other Hindu housing areas and social networks subcastes were divided among trade and duties in the community Indian President elected in 1997- K.R. Narayanan was born into this caste. Symbol of affirmative action

architectural forms

Usually contain enclosed spaces. most are geometric but some are curvilinear

investment value

Value to a particular individual (investor).

Christianity- doctrine

Varies depending on the denomination. Typically involve communion practices and baptisms.

Hinduism- scripture

Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, and other early Sanskrit religious texts.

off-shore locations

When one countries company opens up companies in another country

life-course changes

When people move because of major changes in the course of their life

Market stagnation

Where a market fails to grow or grows very slowly.

Neo-malthusians

a belief that the world is characterized by scarcity and competition in which too many people fight for few resources. Pessimists who warn of the global ecopolitical dangers of uncontrolled population growth - Sustainability - Increasing PER CAPITA Demand - Natural Resource Depletion

Cultural Divisions

a boundary based on different cultures

crimes against humanity

a category of activities, made illegal at the Nuremberg war crime trials, condemning states that abuse human rights

Postmodern Architecture

a category of contemporary architecture that abandons rectangular shapes for more wavy and bendy shapes

Market share

a company's product sales as a percentage of total sales for that industry

geographic center (centroid)

a country's physical central point

Stateless nations

a culture group is not included or allowed share in the state political process

Environmental determinism

a culture's traits are defined by the physical geography of its native hearth or culture region

centrifugal force

a force that divides people and countries

Swidden/slash and burn

a form of cultivation in which a field is cleared by felling the trees and burning the brush

Exclave

a fragmented piece of sovereign territory separated by land from the main part of the state's territory (example- Alaska)

amnesty programs

a governmental program that allows illegal immigrants the chance to apply for citizenship

age-sex cohort

a group of people who share the same age and sex (on population pyramid: single colored bar on one side of the graph)

Creole Languages

a language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in a place of the mother tongue

Commodity Chains

a linked system of processes that gather resources, convert them into goods, package them for distribution, disperse them, and sell them on the market

land-rent curve

a mathematical function that shows the changes in rent prices across the model

Brahmans

a member of the highest Hindu caste, that of the priesthood. Also high government officials, others get rid of material possessions to live as monks

Sector model

a model of urban structure proposed by Homer Hoyt in which the growth of a city is said to occur in wedge-shaped sectors that extend outward from the center to the edge of the city.

ethnic neighborhoods

a neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs

Admiralty law

a part of international law that dictates legal procedures on the high seas. Beyond the 200 mile limit international fishing fleets can catch ocean life in unregulated amounts

Spring wheat

a plant that follows the normal growing season- plant in spring, grow in harvest in fall.

State

a population under a single government

Nation

a population with a single culture

linguistic region

a region where everyone speaks the same language

Nation-State

a single culture under a single government

Ethnicity

a single identifiable lineage or heritage which all members tend to identify with as a common social bond

urban primacy

a state in which a disproportionately large city dominates the urban system and is the center of economic, political, and cultural life

Multi-national state

a state with a number of different nations represented by the multitude of culture groups who

food web

a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains.

autonomous republics

a territorial unit in the Soviet Union that was a constituent unit of the union republic within which it was located.

Communter zone

a wealthy area of people who own large tracts of land outside the city

Constitutions

a written plan that provides the basic framework of a government

frontier

a zone where no state exercises complete political control

Nirvana

achievement of total consciousness or enlightenment

pastoralism

agriculture based on the seasonal movement of animals from winter to summer pastures and back again

ethanol

an alcohol that can supplement gasoline and make it burn cleaner

planned economy

an economic system directed by government agencies

Country

an identifiable land area

Cockney Rhyming Slang

an odd but humorous use of code phrases to describe everyday situations

Modern Architecture

architecture developed during the twentieth century that expresses geometric, ordered forms

Culture regions

areas that are unified by common cultural traits or characteristics

export processing zone

areas where governments create favorable investment and trading conditions to attract export-oriented industries

reapportions

assign or distribute (something) again or in a different way.

Restrictive covenants

at the behest of neighbors and local politicians, homeowners added special covenants to their home real estate titles, restricting future sale of a home to white-only buyers. NOW ILLEGAL

population control

attempts by government to control birth rates

Transport

automotive, rail, aerospace, shipbuilding, recreational vehicles

Karma

balance between good and evil deeds in life

Voodoun (Voodoo) religion- doctrine

based on community attempt to bring worshippers in contact with the deities and family ancestors in the spiritual world through different ceremonies, dace, and sacrificial practices.

downer cattle

beef cows that appear ill or are lame and cannot be used for human consumption, but can wind up in pet food or animal feed instead

Spratly Islands and Paracel Islands

boh claimed concurrently by China, Vietnam, Indonesia, the Phillipines, Mlaysia, and Brunei. Oil is believed to be under both.

reunification

bring together parts of a country under one government (ex: Germany)

Fragmented state

broken into pieces Philippines

mixed-use buildings

buildings that contain both housing and commercial space

service firms

businesses which provide services to consumers and other businesses

irrigation pumps

can be purchased at low cost to move water to dryland farming regions

distance elastic

can be transported over short or long distances

Mining and energy extraction

can be valuable depending on global commodity prices

sustaiability

can be viewed in both environmental and economic terms

Nationalism

can derive from an existing culture group that desires political representation or independence, or from a political state that bonds and unifies culture groups

specialized farm products

can keep a farm in buisness

Post-fordist era

car companies changed and became dependent on large networks of regional supply chains that, in the case of Detroit-area assembly plants, stretch throughout the Midwestern United States, with some specialized electronic parts coming from overseas suppliers.

Sudras

caste of tradespeople and farmers several hundred sub-castes known as jati

Religious Architecture: Christian

central steeple or two high bell towers. Steeple more common in smaller churches, opposite for towers. Older churches- cross shaped floor plan

Economic Restructuring

changes in the way the economy, firms, and employment relations are organized

chemical fertilizers

chemical agent added to soil to add nutrients

Textiles

clothing, shoes, and leather products, artificial fibers and thread

textiles

clothings

armed conflict

combat between the military forces of two or more states or groups

conurbation

combined city

Clustered rural settlement

communities in which all residential and farm structures of multiple households are arranged closely together

lateral commuting

commuting that occurs between suburban areas (or suburban areas and edge cities) rather than towards the central city.

counter-commuting

commuting that occurs from the urban area to the edge city/suburb

Economies of scope

companies benefit from the increase in the number of different products under a larger brand name

Federal states

confederations of several smaller states or provinces under a federal government- USA, Australia, Canada, Germany, Brazil, Russia, Mexico

Freidrich Ratzel

considered the father of modern human geography, built a large body of research claiming that all aspects of culture were defined by physical geographic factors such as climate

Nouvelle cusine

contemporary form of the continental styles mainly from France, Spain, and Italy

festival landscapes

conversion of spaces and buildings into parks, museums, sports stadiums, arenas, convention centers, and outdoor concert venues. (examples: Centennial Park, Georgia Dome, Madison Square Garden)

extensive monoculture of staple crops

corn, soybeans, and wheat

landwolves

countries eager to invade the Heartland by land

free-market democracies

countries with elected representative parliamentary systems

alternative energy crops

crops that can be used as a source for energy

fuzzy borders

cultural regions have these, its hard to tell where one starts and another begins, many overlap in irregular manners, border between Dixie and American NE

Possibilism

cultures were to a partial degree shaped by their environments and the material resources available to them; however, culture groups have the ability to adjust and modify the environment.

Carl Sauer

debated and opposed environmental determinism. Proposed possibilism.

heartland-rimland model

define the global geopolitical landscape and determine areas of potential future conflict

Plaza

defined in he laws of the indies that the central square in of the city would be known as a plaza. Shown in the latin american city model

Sustainable yield

describes the amount of crops or animals that can be raised without endangering local resources such as soil, irrigation, or groundwater, or it describes what can be raised without too many expensive inputs that make farming unprofitable.

Free-trade zones

designated areas where foreign companies can warehouse goods without paying taxes or customs duties until they move the goods into the marketplace

Prebisch thesis

detailed the dependency of Third World economies on First World loans and investments to pay for the building of new industries and infrastructure

New Urbanization

development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs

Voodoun (Voodoo) religion- denominations

distinct difference depending upon region and the degree of influence from parallel Christian worship by Voodoun followers

varna

each of the four Hindu castes, Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra.

domestication of plants

early farmers rejected poorly growing crops and took cuttings or seeds from the more productive, better-tasting plants to grow future generations

Truck farms

eastern U.S. and Canada farms that grow specialty crops during the summer growing season and are important sources of earnings, since much industrial dairy production has moved to the upper Midwest (ex. Wisconsin); name comes from the old term for agricultural exchange of goods

growth poles

economic activities that are deliberately organized around one or more high-growth industries.

Cultural Border

estimated boundaries between nations, ethnic groups, or tribes

Agglomeration economies

exist where firms with related or similar products locate together in clusters or regions.

Supply chain

exists when parts are assembled into components that are then joined together to create larger finished products.

4th ring of von thunen

extensive farming: grain crops, hay fields

Suitcase farmers

farm owners who have city jobs but still own land in rural areas

monoculture

farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year

subsistence farming

farming that provides for the basic needs of the farmer without surpluses for marketing

xenophobia

fear of foreigners

fecundity

fertility

Druze

follow a religion that combines Islam with other teachings (Christian)

nationalization of natural resource-based industries

foreign corporate ownership of oil fields and mines robs the national government and local companies of potential earnings. If these resources are nationalized, kicking out the foreign companies but keeping their infrastructure, the money made from the production of publicly owned resources can then be used for local economic development

Relic Boundary

former state boundaries that still have political or cultural meaning- Great Wall of China

commercial gentrification

formerly shuttered business places were rebuilt as coffee shops, art houses, bars, and restaurants

republics

free of aristocrat or monarchal control

Voodoun (Voodoo) religion- historical diffusion

from West Africa relocation diffusion by forced migration under European directed slavery to the Caribbean and coastal American mainland areas such as northern Brazil, Belize, and Louisiana.

voting districts

generic term adopted by the Bureau of the Census to include the wide variety of small polling areas, such as election districts, precincts, or wards, that State and local governments create for the purpose of administering elections

animal domestication

genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control

non-durable goods

goods that last a short period of time, such as food, light bulbs, and sneakers

Durable goods

goods that last for a relatively long time, such as refrigerators, cars, and DVD players

5th ring of von thunen

grazing lands, meadows requires lots of space

Anatolian Theory

group of migrants from the Indian subcontinent and their language were for some time concentrated in the peninsula that makes up most of present day Turkey, historically known as Asia Minor or Anatolia.

transhumance

groups moved seasonally to avoid harsh climates AND to follow herds and walk to areas were native plants were in fruit.

multi-cropping

growing two or more crops in the same space during a single growing season

gastarbeiter

guest worker program in Germany (From turkey, north africa, and the middle east)

unionized-labor states

had higher payroll and benefit costs which were ingrained into state workforce regulations

extensive agriculture

harvested crops are exchanged for currency, goods, or credit

Perforated

has a hole(holes) (another country, large lake) South Africa

Prorupt State

has a panhandle or peninsula Italy

Landlocked State

has no sea or ocean borders

Fundamentalists

have little interest in compromising their beliefs or doctrine and strictly adhere to scriptural dictates.

Central Business District

highest density of commercial land use

Kurgan Theory

holds that migrants from the Indian Subcontinent made their way into Central Asia, and then migrated across the Eurasian steppe into central and Western Europe, taking their language with them.

Technology

home computers, business computing servers, industrial control devices, phones, television, and audio entertainment

Native American religion- denominations

hundreds of different tribal interpretations

Brahman cattle

hybrid of european cattle and the Zebu cattle of india

Primary Production

includes agriculture, mining, energy, forestry, and fisheries. These activities and jobs deal with the extraction of natural resources from the earth

Tertiary production

includes all services UNLESS quaternary and quinary are considered in which case BUSINESS SERVICES

Secondary Production

includes the processing of the raw materials drawn from the primary sector. Includes all forms of manufacturing

Traditional architecture: commercial buildings

incorporates efficiency and simplicity of modern architecture with a standard building design. Squared walls, traditional materials (stone, brick, steel, glass)

negative effects of gentrification

increases property values, property taxes, and pushes out low-income residents, displaced elderly persons

ubiquitous industries

industries that are located everywhere in direct proportion to the distribution of population

import substitution

instead of buying simple First World-made consumer products this apporach causes for building factories and producing it within the LDC. The profits for this could then be reinvested locally.

Assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Product cycle

introduction, growth, maturity, decline

Weight-losing or bulk-reducing manufacturing

involves a large amount of input that are reduced to a final product that weighs less or has less volume or bulk than the input. These factories tend to be located near the input.

Weight-gaining or bulk-gaining manufacturing

involves a number of inputs that are combines to make a final product that gains bulk, volume, or weight in the production process. These factories tend to be located closer to consumers because the cost of transporting the finished product is more than the cost of transporting the inputs.

food preservation

involves reducing the chances that food will spoil or become unsafe- drying, picking, cooking, and storage jars

seawolves

island states eager to partake in the Heartland's resources

decentralized network

keeps fresh products in stores longer by reducing transportation time

corporate agriculture and agribusiness

large-scale extensive farms of several thousand acres or several thousand animals are controlled by a single regional business

genocide

large-scale systematic killing of people of ethnic group has been seen in a number of ethnic conflicts

Housing Types: Federalist or Georgian

late 1700s, early 1800s in Anglo America. 2-3 story urban townhomes, greek and roman designs, stone carvings. As stand alone, symmetrical houses with central doorways and symmetrical windows.

chakras

levels of existence in the hindu caste system. lower animal forms, higher animal forms and human forms a soul reincarnated can be elevated into a higher chakra if the soul has a positive karmic balance.

Superimposed boundary

lines laid down for political reasons overtop cultural boundaries Boundaries set up at the Conference of Berlin

Subsequent Boundary

lines resulting from conflict or cultural changes, such as war and migration

Housing Types: The I-house

loose form of federalist/georgian influence on average home. rectangular, central door, one window on each side fo door, three symmetrical windows on second floor. Diffusing westward- lost rectangular shape and symmetry- door on side and additions. FIREPLACE ON EACH END AND EVEN PITCHED ROOF

suburban business districts

main area of commerce and business on a small scale within the suburban environment

Important sectors in Vietnam

manufacturing

Important sectors in phlippines

manufacturing

Important sectors in Brazil

manufacturing, heavy industry, services

Important sectors in Malaysia

manufacturing, high tech

Important sectors in China

manufacturing, high tech, heavy industry, finance, transport

Important sectors in Thailand

manufacturing, medical services

Important sectors in Indonesia

manufacturing, oil, tourism

Important sectors in mexico

manufacturing, oil, tourism

Important sectors in India

manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, high tech, computing services

Important sectors in Dominican Republic

manufacturing, tourism

Central Place theory

market areas are focused on a central settlement that is a place of exchange and service provisions. The market areas overlap each other at different scales. Larger settlements have larger market areas, but they are fewer in number. Walter christaller

Vaisyas

merchant and professional caste Doctors, lawyers, accountants, middle-ranking officials in the government Mohandas Gandhi was born into this caste

Native American religion- historical diffusion

migration diffusion from north to south through the Americas

Enclave

minority culture group concentrated inside a country that is dominated by a different large culture group

general farming

mixed farming

Shatterbelt Theory

modified the Heartland into the 'Pivot Area' and the Rimland into the 'Inner Crescent'. the rest of the world became the 'Outer Crescent', including the United States. this land-based concept was that Cold War conflicts would likely occur within the Inner Crescent. several Inner Crescent areas of political weakness were called Shatterbelts. this theory accurately identified numerous areas where wars emerged between 1950 and the end of the Cold War in 1991

foreign aid

money, food, or other resources given or lent by one country to another.

Fusion Cuisine

more than one global tradition is incorporated in dishes

Dependency Theory

most LDCs are highly dependent on foreign owned factories, foreign direct investment, and technology from MDCs to provide employment opportunities and infrastructure.

Rostow's Stages of Development: Traditional Society

mostly primary production, subsistence farming, country's wealth is spent on things like military and religion rather than the economy.

cyclic movement (periodic movement, circulation)

movement that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally

Multi-ethnic state

multinational state

mixed farming

multiple crops and animals exist on a single farm to provide diverse nutritional intake and non-food items

folk music

music performed by untrained musicians and passed down through oral traditions; it encompasses a wide range of music, from Appalachian fiddle tunes to the accordion-led zydeco of Louisiana

organic

must not be grown using genetic engineering, must be free of pesticides, antibiotics, and synthetic hormones, must not use artificial fertilizers, and must feed on organic crops

long-lot patterns

narrow frontage along a road or waterway with a very long lot shape behind

Culture group

nation

Physical Border

natural boundaries- rivers, lakes, oceans, mountains, or deserts

close proximity

near

planned capital cities

new capitals located in places where cities did not previously exist

columbian exchange

new world crops made their way to the rest of the world with the conquest of south & central america in the early 1500s.

Religious Architecture: Judaism

no specific architectural style for synagogues Western Wall/Wailing Wall

peerage

nobility

Transnational Migration

occurs when migrants move from one country to another

Important sectors in Gabon

oil

Important sectors in Nigeria

oil, chemicals

Contemporary Architecture

organic, use of curvature, green energy technologies, recycled materials, nontraditional materials

S-curve population growth

pattern on DTM showing how population grows over time until Stage 4. rapid growth and plateau

Age cohort

people born at roughly the same time who pass through the life course together (on population pyramids, 5 year increments)

refugees

people who flee their homeland to seek safety elsewhere (war, disaster, fear of government oppression are reasons)

Health

pharmaceuticals, medical devices, personal care products

Race

physical characteristics of a common genetic heritage

elder population

placed on top of the population pyramid, reduces much more quickly due to increased mortality from old age, men's side decreases more quickly than does the women side due to decreased life expectancy

Transport Nodes

places that were founded as settlements due to their location as intersections of two or more lines of transportation

Gateway Cities

places where immigrants make their way into a country Ex. NYC and Miami, Toronto

double cropping

planting two crops one after another on a single plot in a year

fallow

plowed but not seeded; inactive; reddish-yellow; land left unseeded; to plow but not seed

5 main EU purposes- Open-border policy

policy made by the EU that allows people to move between nations; when areas of Europe are successful, people tend to move here= population growth

population-weighted centroid

population center, the point where you could balance that weighted surface w/ out tipping over

nomadic herding

practice in which whole communities drive their herds from one seasonal grazing area to another following an annual cycle that was repeated over centuries.

Native American religion- who

pre-columbian civilizations in the americas and some decendants

economies of scale

producers expand their operations but incur lower per unit costs in the process.

Vegatative planting

production of plants by direct cloning of existing plants, such as cutting stems and dividing roots

Federal home loan programs

programs such as the GI Bill in which millions of war veterans were eligible for guaranteed federal home loans. Other programs included Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae; programs in which the federal government financed home loans

United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea

proposed standard oceanic boundaries for all UN member states and was fully ratified in 1994

anti-growth movements

push for new laws and regulations that slow suburban development and limit approval of new suburban roads and highways

Recombination Bovine Growth Hormone

rBGH; widely used in both the production of beef and milk in the United States and some other countries. These synthetic hormones mimic the real growth stimulating hormones produced by a cows pituitary glands. Cattle grows bigger more milk is produced.

racial steering

real estate agents advising customers to purchase homes in neighborhoods depending on their race

feudal

relating to a system of lords and vassals

proselytic religions

religions that actively seek new members and aim to convert all humankind

compromising religons

religions that are cited for their ability to reform or integrate other beliefs into their doctrinal practices.

Syncretic Religions

religions, or strands within religions, that combine elements of two or more belief systems.

Extensive agriculture

requires limited labor inputs, or is spread across large areas of land, or both

Intensive agriculture

requires lots of labor inputs, or is focused on a small plot of land, or both

soil salinization

salt buildup in the soil

low-benefit services

sectors where the labor force tends to be hourly employees who receive few if any additional benefits

Basic-services

services like food, the family doctor, fuel, and auto repair

Arbitration board

settles disputes regarding boundaries at sea

Morphology

shape

Compact state

shape without irregularity -nigeria, colorado

hunting and gathering societies

societies whose mode of subsistence is gained from hunting animals, fishing, and gathering edible plants

Technology development progams

some countries have used their limited public funds to invest in high-technology equipment and worker training for locally owned manufactures. This allows these manufacturers to compete more globally

North vs South analogy

some economiss describe the developed world as the north and the less developed world as the south. -Two issues- australia and new zealand - least developed countries are mostly north of or at the equator

Expatrite

someone who chooses to live outside of, or renounce, his or her native country

champagne

sparkling wine made in the champagne district of France.

multilingual

speaking several languages

special economic zones

specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment

Diffusion of Disease

spread of disease in an area

value added tax

standard 20% sales tax across the EU that is the EU's main revenue source.

right-to-work states

states where workers in unionized companies do not have to join the union or pay union dues

Economic indicators

statistics that measure variables in the economy

Cosmology

study of the universe

transportation models are common locations for _____

suburban cbds due to their high level of access

Technology transfer

technical knowledge, training, and industrial equipment is provided to NIC governments to increase business efficiency and capacity

perishable products

tend to be manufactured in many individual plants that serve the local regions

Linear settlements

tend to follow a road or a stream front

middle-class flight

the 1970s movement of the middle class from the inner cities to the suburbs.

Comparative advantage

the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer

Annexation

the addition of a territory as a result of a land purchase or when a territorial claim is extended through incorporation

personal consumption

the amount of resources consumed by an individual

culture synthesis/syncretism

the blending together of two or more cultural influences

population structure

the composition of a population, the most important elements of which are age and sex

popular representation

the concept of a large region of people appointing a someone to be a representative of that region in a state's government

Fortress Europe

the concept of sealing European Union borders

Supranationalism

the concept of two or more sovereign states aligned together for a common purpose

Natural Resource Depletion

the consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished

Brexit

the decision made in the UK in 2016 to leave the European Union due to issues with immigration, open borders, and British sovereignty.

Genocide

the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

Net migration rate

the difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1,000 people in a country

Peak land value intersection

the downtown intersection surrounded by the most expensive pieces of real estate- in the CBD

Per capita demand

the economic demand per person

Gentrification

the economic reinvestment into existing buildings

economic context

the economic state of a country

Tyranny of the Map

the effect of European political boundaries enforced upon diverse African cultures that led to conflict

doubling time

the estimate for the amount of years it would take to double its population. 70/NIR

Territoriality

the expression of political control over space

geopolitics

the global-scale relationships between sovereign states

multiplier effects

the idea that every one dollar of government spending creates more than one dollar in economic activity

build environment

the intentionally designed features of human settlement, including buildings, transportation and public service infrastructure, and public spaces

Citizenship

the legal identity of the person based on the state where he or she was born or where he or she was naturalized as an immigrant

growth boundaries

the limit to how big a city can get

appellation

the local or regional geographic name for the product

Deglomeration

the location of industrial or other activities away from established agglomerations in response to growing costs

Hellespont

the long, narrow body of water between Europe and Asia in present-day Turkey

ruling party

the majority party becomes this; the party has more than half of the M.P.s (members of parliaments), the prime minister, and his elected officials; get all their laws passed

Megalopolis

the merging of the urbanized areas of two or more cities, generally through suburban growth and expansion

value-added processing

the more complex and technology-driven the manufacturing is, the higher value applied to the finished product

staple crop

the most important crop produced or consumed in a region

BosWash

the name given to a line of large northeastern cities running south from Boston to Washington D.C.- megalopolis

Cockney

the nonstandard dialect of natives of the east end of London

Sequence occupance

the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

Arithmetic Density

the number of people per square unit of land

seat of government

the place where political power is centered

fall-line cities

the ports that lay upstream on coastal rivers at the point where navigation was no longer possible by ocean-going ships. FALL LINE CITIES ARE BREAK OF BULK POINTS

Ecotourism

the practice and business of recreational travel based on concern for the environment

Off-shoring

the practice of basing some of a company's processes or services overseas, so as to take advantage of lower costs.

conservation

the practice of preserving and carefully managing the environment

commodity prices

the prices for raw materials such as minerals and agricultural products

Asylum

the protection granted by a nation to someone who has left their native country as a political refugee.

cash-cropping

the raising of crops for market sale rather than domestic consumption

expanded food production

the rapidly growing populations in the post-World War II developing world would have led to disastrous global food shortages, as opposed to the periodic regional famines that occurs within some countries, often initiated by drought or civil war,

Self-determination

the right of people to choose their own form of government

Suffrage

the right to vote

animal husbandry

the science of breeding and caring for farm animals

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

the seazone extending 200 nautical miles from the coast over which a state has special rights as to the exploration and use of marine resources. Almost always beyond the continental shelf.

Industrialization location theory

the selection of optimal factory locations has much to do with the minimization of land, labor, resource, and transportation costs.

Culture

the shared experience, traits, and activities of a group of people who have a common heritage

extensive pastoralism

the shifting of animal herds between grazing pastures

Verticality

the tendency to build skyscrapers that maximize the use of one parcel of land

commodity of conflict

the thing that countries were willing to fight over

growing season

the time of year when it is warm enough for plants to grow

Birth Rate (Crude Birth rate, CBR)

the total number of live births per year, per every thousand members of the population

illegal immigration

the unlawful entry of a person into a nation

House of lords

the upper house of the British parliament

incentives

things that attract or lure people into action

triple cropping

three crops in the same year are planted on a single crop

export

to carry out of the country

Development loans

to help develop the necessary infrastructure to attract FDI, some NICs seek loans from organizations like the World Bank. loans help build major infrastructure projects such as electric power systems, dams, water purification, and waste treatment centers, pipelines, highway, and national rail systems. New services can charge fees that will be used to pay back loans to the donor.

population pressure

too many people, too few resources

Quinary Production

top level economic controllers- CEOs

Center (1st) ring of the von thunen model

town, village, city, centralized place -central marketplace

Resource nodes

towns and cities that were founded due to access to natural resources

traditional architecture

two patterns: commercial buildings and housing

Mideval Cities

urban centers that predate the European Renaissance, roughly 1400 CE. Ex, Paris, Rome, London, Beijing

sustainable use

use of resources at a rate that they can be replaced or recycled

External identity

used by individuals to express their cultural heritage, ethnicity, or place of origin to people who do not share a common cultural or geographic background

Internal identity

used by individuals to express their cultural heritage, ethnicity, or place of origin to people who share their heritage or place of origin

Asian tigers

used to describe the industrial economies of Asia that have been aggressive in terms of economic growth and their ability to compete for consumers

cost-to-distance relationship

value of labor and distance from center of model (higher total labor costs = closer to center)

Winter wheat

wheat planted in the autumn and harvested in the early summer

Trade surplus

when a country exports more than it imports

Tourist draw

when a industry uses select location to attract consumers by ... inherent or exhibited natural or cultural value, historical significance, natural or built beauty, offering leisure and amusement.

factory farming

when animals are used for meat or dairy products but are kept indoors in very small places

Definitional border dispute

when border treaties are interpreted two different ways by states

operational border disputes

when borders are agreed to, but passage across the border is a problem

Definition

when borders are claimed, negotiated, or captured

State terrorism

when governments use violence and intimidation to control their own people

Demarcation

when markers are placed on the ground to show where borders lay

Conference of Berlin

1884 was a diplomatic meeting between the European colonial powers to set up the internal political boundaries in Arica, which was one of the last areas of european expansion.

Green Revolution

1950s tropical plant and animal hybrids and chemical fertilizers and pesticides began to be used in third world culture.

Schengen plan

1985- west germany, france, belgium luxemborg, and the netherlands open their borders to one another.

International Whaling Commission

1986 moratorium on commercial whale hunts banned whaling after centuries of hunting dangerously depleted populations.

Rostow's Stages of Development Preconditions for Takeoff

2nd stage, leadership begins to invest in the country's wealth in infrastructure such as roads, ports, electrification, and school systems. Technical knowledge is learned which stimulates the economy

Rostow's Stages of Development Takeoff

3rd stage, the economy begins to shift onto a limited number of industrial exports. Much of the country still participates in traditional agriculture, but factory work begins, Technical experience is gained

Rostow's Stages of Development Drive to Maturity

4th stage, Technical advancements diffuse throughout the country. Advancements in industrial production are seen in many sectors of the economy. which grows rapidly. Workers become increasingly skilled and educated, and fewer people are engaged in traditional activities.

Rostow's Stages of Development Age of Mass Consumption

5th stage, an industrial trade economy develops in which highly specialized production such as vehicles, energy, and consumer products dominate the economy. Agriculture is mechanized, technical knowledge and education levels are high.

5 main EU purposes- Legislative and regulatory bodies

751 seat EU parliament established to propose and approve laws within the union. European Commission is a separate council with one seat per member state. Presidency shifts to one member state each you to allow it to set the agenda that year. European commission is also the executive branch of the union and it enforces regulations (by council and parliament) as well as enacting programs. European Council appoints the EU commission president.

constitutional monarchy

A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.

population pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

ecosystem

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

Circular settlements

A circle of homes surrounding a central open space

post-industrial city

A city where manufacturing has declined and the focus of the city is service industries.

Language Group

A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.

resource-dependent country

A country that depends on a specific resource to keep the economy alive and growing

Newly industrialized countries

A country that is undergoing or has recently undergone rapid industrialization and economic grown.

commercial crops

A crop grown for direct sale rather than for livestock feed.

Outsourcing

A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.

Pidgin Language

A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.

biotechnology

A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.

Jainism- who

A fundamentalist interpretation of Hinduism.

William Denevan

A geographer who studied the depopulation of Native Americans in the early colonial era

theocracy

A government controlled by religious leaders

Aristocracy

A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility

Lingua Franca

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

Creolized Language

A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.

Edge city

A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.

break-of-bulk point

A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.

Buddhism- doctrine

A main doctrinal difference is the belief that nirvana can be achieved in a single lifetime, with intensive study, meditation, and moral thought. This is through an understanding of the effects of suffering on human life and the following of a "Middle Way" or non-extremist pathway toward enlightenment. Buddhism also rejected the Hindu caste system as oppressive and not in line with the Buddhists' view of human suffering.

Gini coefficient

A measure of income inequality within a population, ranging from zero for complete equality, to one if one person has all the income.

metes and bounds

A method of land description which involves identifying distances and directions and makes use of both the physical boundaries and measurements of the land.

Rostow's Stages of Development

A model of economic development that describes a country's progression which occurs in five stages transforming them from least-developed to most-developed countries. Traditional Society, Preconditions for takeoff, takeoff, drive to maturity, age of mass consumption

multiple-nuclei model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.

cocentric zone model

A model represents the Anglo-American city of the United States and Canada during the height of industrialization. Sector

conservation agriculture

A modern method of farming that balances maximum crop yield with sustainable farming methods and protection of the environment

renewable resource

A natural resource that can be replaced at the same rate at which the resource is consumed

nonrenewable resources

A natural resource that is not replaced in a useful time frame.

Urban Hierarchy

A ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions.

Dialect

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

Universalizing Religion

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.

ethnic religion

A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.

Demographic Transition model

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

food chain

A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

The Communist Manifesto

A socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1848) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views.

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

absolute monarchy

A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power

debt peonage

A system that bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer

communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Eurasian steppe

A vast expanse of dry grassland extending from Romania to northeastern China.

irrigation

A way of supplying water to an area of land

bilingual

Able to speak two languages

Buddhism- when

About 2,500 years before present.

Subsistence agriculture

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family

Von Thunen Model

An agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent. Activities that require intensive cultivation and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be close to the market. Conversely, activities that are more extensive , with goods that are easy to transport, are located farther from the market where rent is less.

Highlands

An area of high or mountainous land

command economy

An economic system in which the government controls a country's economy.

Trade deficit

An excess of imports over exports

Buddhism- who

An ideological following that rejected the caste system and other Hindu practices.

European Union

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

primary economy

Any economic activity pertaining to the collecting, harvesting, and obtaining of raw materials

enclaves

Any small and relatively homogenous group or region surrounded by another larger and different group or region

High seas

Areas of seas considered beyond territorial waters.

Components of culture

Art, Architecture, Language, music, film and television, food, clothing, social interaction, religion, folklore, Land Use

Jainism- doctrine

At the core of religious practice is the complete respect for all other animal life, in that every living soul is potentially a divine god. Followers are strict vegetarians and often wear face masks to prevent the inhalation of insects.

natural food products

Because of many opposing artificial hormones in agriculture, a large market for so-called natural food products has emerged, and many small family farms have restructured their operations to meet the rapidly increasing, demand for such products.

Racism

Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.

Christianity- scripture

Bible, divided into an Old Testament, a modification of the Torah and sharing major dictates such as the Ten Commandments; and a New Testament, which depicts the messianic life of Jesus of Nazareth and includes the writings of his disciples and early followers.

Antecedent Boundary

Boundary lines that exist from prehistoric times ex. French-Spanish border along the Pyrenees

Industrial regions in Europe

British Midlands Ruhr Valley (germany) Northern Italy

World City

Centers of economic, culture, and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce.

Walter Christaller

Central Place Theory - Urban Hierarchy, Range, Threshold, Low Order Good, High Order Good Hexagon shape - trade areas

What did the new asian tigers offer?

Cheap labor, low-cost land and resources, and few labor and environmental regulations

Second order world cities

Cities including Los Angeles, Washington D.C, Chicago, Frankfurt, Paris , Brussels, Zurich, Hong Kong, Sao Paulo, and Singapore

Colonial Cities

Cities with origins as centers of colonial trade or administration

Megacity

City with more than 10 million people

Latin American City Model

Combines elements of Latin American Culture and globalization by combining radial sectors and concentric zones. Includes a thriving CBD with a commercial spine. The quality of houses decreases as one moves outward away from the CBD, and the areas of worse housing occurs in the Disamenity sectors.

Wallerstien's World Systems Theory

Core-periphery model

staple food crops

Crops that form the majority of a culture's diet

popular culture

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

Stage 3 of the DTM

Decreasing CBR, Low CDR, Decreasing NIR, population growth still high Fertility Transition

Decentralization

Degree to which decision-making authority is given to lower levels in an organization's hierarchy.

income disparity

Difference in earnings between the rich and poor

Hinduism- denominations

Different denominations are often based upon cults to deities. And based upon a hierarchical caste system.

Antibiotics

Drugs that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria

Hinduism- when

Earliest forms 7,500 years before present.

Islam- when

Early 600s C.E.

Buddhism- scripture

Early Hindu texts combined with the Tipitaka (a.k.a. "Pali Canon"), part of which contains the life and teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of this religion.

Satellite states

Eastern European states under the control of the Soviet Union during the Cold War

Heartland

Eastern European steppe

Christianity- denominations

Eastern Orthodox, Armenian, Antiochian, Greek Orthodox, Coptic, Roman Catholic, Protestant; each can be subdivided into further denominations.

Electoral college

Electoral system used in electing the president and vice president, in which voters vote for electors pledged to cast their ballots for particular party's candidates.

marxism

Emerged as the most famous socialist belief system during the 19th century. Saw all of history as the story of class struggle.

Kurds

Ethnic group that lives in parts of Iraq and Turkey. They often suffer persecution in both countries, and are currently under the protection of the United Nations in Iraq. EXAMPLE OF STATELESS NATION

Christianity- where?

Europe, the Americas, Sub-Saharan Africa, Philippines, Austronesian

Hinduism- historical diffusion

Expansion diffusion from the Hindu hearth in Northern India. Later relocation diffusion across the Bay of Bengal to Southeast Asia (consider the historical Hindu temple complex at Angkor Wat in Cambodia) and to Indonesia where a remnant population is found today on the island of Bali.

Christianity- when

Following begins around 30 C.E.; begins expansion outside the Mediterranean in the sixth century.

Profit-sharing agreements

Foreign companies are given permission to build new factories on land leased to them by government

Fordist production

Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.

Continental Cuisine

Formal food traditions that emerged from mainland Europe in the 1800s.

5 main EU purposes

Free trade union, open border policy, monetary union, judicial union, legislative and regulatory bodies

Islam- historical diffusion

From Mecca, this religion diffused in an expansion pattern in all directions very quickly. By 700 C.E., all of the Middle East and much of North Africa was adherent to Islam. Further expansion into Europe and Asia occurred through the 1600s. Some relocation diffusion was seen, such as that to Indonesia in the 1200s.

Voodoun (Voodoo) religion- when

From prehistory to present

Christianity- historical diffusion

From the Mediterranean hearth, this religion diffused hierarchically to large cities such as Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, And Marseilles. From there missionaries spread the religion to other towns and cities where it diffused to smaller communities. These patterns of diffusion become recognizable through the hierarchy of the Holy See, archbishoprics, bishoprics, and local parishes.

Native American religion- when

From the last period of glaciation (18,000 years before present)

Rimland

German empire

domestic consumption

Goods and services consumed in the country where they are produced.

guest worker programs

Government-run programs in western Europe designed to recruit labor for the booming postwar economy.

Agglomeration

Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.

Specialized crops

Grown for both immediate consumption and preservation

Quaternary Production

HUMAN SERVICES

Islam- doctrine

Haddith, the recorded sayings of Muhammad. All sects emphasize at least five pillars of Islam, if not more.

Judaism- where

Hearth in Israel, peripheral communities in Europe, United States, and Canada, particularly the metropolitan area around New York City and other urban areas worldwide, such as London, Antwerp, Paris, Los Angeles, Toronto, and Cleveland.

Buddhism- where

Hearth in the Gangetic Plain (Ganges river basin) of North Central India and spread throughout Asia.

Stage 2 of the DTM

High Growth: Industrializing society with a CBR that remains high but stable, a CDR that declines dramatically, and a NIR in rapid increase. CDR drops due to medical advancement- epidemiological transition (NIC)

Hindu-Buddhist Tradition

Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Polytheistic, began with Hinduism 5,000 years ago. Believe that the soul is reincarnated over an over, and that there is karma (a balance between good and bad) - polytheistic - nirvana

Appliances

Home appliances, commercial equipment, power tools, lighting

Dispersed rural settlements

Households are separated from one another by significant distances

shelf life

How long a product may be stored before use.

Forced Migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

dwarf varieties

Important plant hybrid innovation. Genetically modified plants with larger heads and shorter stalks. Green Revolution. 1950s-60s. Eg. Shorter breeds of both wheat and rice were found to be hardier and more productive because the plant spent less time and energy growing a stalk, resulting in more and larger grains on each head.

5 main EU purposes- Monetary Union

In 2000, European Union members began converting to the Euro. This eliminated the costs of currency exchange fees. 12 countries retained their currencies UK kept the pound because of its high value. Switching to the Euro would have caused financial issues. New EU member states have to meet EU economic regulations before they can join the monetary union. Financial crisis of 2008 showed issues- countries in debt could not devalue their currency

push factors

Incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as a harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil.

Sikhs

Incorporates principles from both Islam and Hinduism (No caste system)

Human Development Index

Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy. On a scale from 0 to 1. Combines GPD per capita, adult literacy rate, average level of education, and total life expectancy

Polices and programs that attempted to increase capital accumulation within third world national economies

Internalization of economic capital, import substitution, nationalization of natural resource-based industries, profit-sharing agreements, technology development programs.

Foreign direct investment

Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.

Sharia

Islamic law

Industrial regions in Asia

Japan Korea Taiwan China

Abrahamic Tradition

Judaism, Christianity, Islam- similar scriptural description of the earth's genesis and the story of Abraham as a morality tale of respect for the will of God or Allah, monotheistic, significance on prophecy about coming or returning of messiah - monotheistic - subdeities saints, angels, archangels - prophecy of the coming or return of a messiah

Islam- scripture

Koran (Quran), the scriptures received by Muhammad.

Judaism- who

Larger groups including European Ashkenazi Jews, Sephardic Jews from North Africa, and the Middle East and Native Israelis known as Sabra.

galactic/peripheral city model

Latest version- most up to date Developed in the 1990s (other three developed in early 1900s - outdated) Has to contain a beltway/ring way/ring road A ring road is a road that surrounds the core of the city The purpose is to take this road without going through the city DECENTRALIZATION of the traditional CBD Must contain an edge city Promotes greenbelts

Finite lines

Lines with set limits based on politics (political boundaries)

Stage 5 of the DTM

Low CBR, Increasing CDR, Negative NIR, decreasing population or ZPG (zero population growth) THEORETICAL

Stage 4 of the DTM

Low CBR, Low CDR, Low NIR, stable (but large) population First World Countries

Stage 1 of the DTM

Low Growth: A pre-industrial agrarian society with a High CBR, High CDR, and a Zero NIR

Hinduism- where

Mainly India; also today Bali in Indonesia, London, Manchester, and other parts of the former British Empire, with significant populations in Guyana, Trinidad, Fiji, Malaysia, and South Africa.

cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Third order world cities

Miami, Toronto, Seoul, Mumbai, Amsterdam, Buenos Aires, and Sydney

Step migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

Religious Architecture: Islamic

Mosques- many have central domes MINARETS- narrow towers pointed at the top Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem

Suburbanization

Movement of upper and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions (perceived and actual). In North America, the process began in the early nineteenth century and became a mass phenomenon by the second half of the twentieth century.

Native American religion- scripture

NONE- based on belief in supreme/ Great Spirit hat oversees the universe. - Shamans provide interpretation

Voodoun (Voodoo) religion- scripture

NONE- based upon multiple deities that control parts of the inhabited world shamanism

Counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.

First order world cities

New York, London, Tokyo

Voodoun (Voodoo) religion- where

Nigeria, Benin, Ghana, and other states in the region, Haiti, Cuba Dominican Republic Brazil, and other small communities in the region

5 main EU purposes- Free trade union

No taxes/tarrifs are charged on goods and services that cross the internal borders of the EU. Saves money and allows the EU to be more competitive with U.S. and Japan

Secular

Non-religious

Mortality Rate (Crude death rate, CDR, death rate)

Number of deaths per year per every thousand members of the population

hybrids

Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits

Resource processing

Oil refineries, metals, plastics, chemicals, lumber, paper, food and beverage, concrete and cement, glass

Levittowns

Planned suburban communities of cheap, mass-produced houses built by WIlliam Levitt all over the country during the 1950's.

interplanting

Planting fast-growing crops alongside slow-growing crops. Allows a farmer to harvest the fast growing crop before the slow-growing crops shades it out.

medicinal crops

Plants - herbs - grown for medicinal purposes, as opposed to growing them for culinary or ornamental purposes

pull factors

Positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas

Shamans

Practitioners in Native American religions that provide spiritual interpretation and lead worship and religious rites.

Ethnic cleansing

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

ethnic cleansing

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

genetic engineering

Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms

Gerrymandering

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

just in time production

Process that redefines and simplifies manufacturing by reducing inventory levels and delivering raw materials just when they are needed on the production line

mechinization

Process whereby machinery takes over the work of humans or animals

conservation

Protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment

Donor state

Provides foreign development aid That is not expected to be given back

Standard of living

Quality of life based on ownership of necessities and luxuries that make life easier.

green revolution

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers. Positively affected third world countries

Buddhism- Historical Diffusion

Relocated across physical barriers- Tibetan Buddhism across the Himalayas and Tarim Basin desert to Siberia and Mongolia; Theravada from Sri Lanka across the Bay of Bengal to Southeast Asia; Mahayana across the Himalayas to Eastern China

Industrial regions in North America

Rust Belt following deindustrialization Canadas industrial Heartland (SE) Piedmont Industrial region (through southern states)


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