AP Human Geography Review Book
Native American religion- doctrine
- depends on tribal following - prayers to sun, moon, animal spirits, climatic features are in most practices
haute cuisine
"high cooking" traditionally a main meat course is served with a flour, cream, or wine-based sauce and side dishes of vegetables and potatoes.
5 Pillars of Islam
5 daily prayers, Islamic Creed, Alms to the poor, Observance of Ramadan, Hajj
Entrepot
A port city in which goods are shipped in at one price and shipped out to other port locations at a higher price, resulting in a profitable trade. Ex. Singapore, Hong Kong, Dubai
Redlining
A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.
Elongated state
A state with a long, narrow shape.
Native American religion- where
Alaska to Tierra del Fuego
More Developed Country
Also known as a relatively developed county or a developed country, a country that has progressed in relativety far along a continuum of development.
aquifers
An underground water reservoir.
labor-intensive animals
Animals that require constant tending, includes dairy cow and poultry for eggs.
Jainism-when
Around 2,900 years before present
Fall in line city examples
Boston, Philadelphia, Albany
foreign competition
Business competition from other countries
footloose industry
Businesses whose locations are not tied to resources, transportation, or consumer locations
separation of powers
Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law
Garden City Movement
Ebenezer Howard's movement, which advocated the construction of new towns separated from each other by open country with recreational areas, fresh air, and sense of community that would encourage healthy family life
House of commons
England's lower house in Parliament
exponentially
Extremely rapid increase.
Private investors/investment firms
FDI invests money in other countries looking to make a profit
centripetal force
Factors that hold together the social and political fabric of the state
BT corn
Genes from the bacteria, "bacillus thuringiensis," have been spliced into the genes of some corn which makes them pest resistant
language families
Group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin
Judaism- denominations
Hassidic, Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, and Reconstruction
Examples of specialized services found in CBDs
High-technology and computing Research and development Transportation services Bio-technology Hospital centers Telecommunications and call centers Banking and Finance Suburban government centers Universities or branch campuses
Hindu-Buddist Religons
Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism
Christianity- who
Originates in the Roman Empire but not recognized officially until the fourth century C.E.
Islam- who
Originates with the peoples of the Arabian Peninsula along the Red Sea, particularly Mecca, Medina, and Jeddah.
Law of the Indies
Outlined how colonial cities were constructed in Latin America -- gridiron street plan centered on a church and central plaza etc.
Judaism- when
Over 5,700 years before present. January 1, 2015, will be during the year 5,775 on the Hebrew calendar.
Intraregional Migration
Permanent movement within one region of a country.
Sectors of the economy
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary, Quinary
balkanization
Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities EX. YUGOSLAVIA
plantation agriculture
Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations were established within the tropics; in recent decades, many have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives
denominations
Religious groups
seed agriculture
Reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which result from sexual fertilization.
Internalization of economic capital
Requires companies to deposit profits from factors in LDC banks and reinvest locally
Jainism- scripture
Several texts collectively known as Agamas. The most commonly cited is the Tattvartha Sutra.
Microstates
States with very small land areas
township and range
Survey system based upon lines of latitude and longitude
life expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.
horticulture
The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.
Indigenous population
The people who originally settled an area
Ecumene
The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
intervening opportunity
The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.
Gross National Income
The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country
J-curve
This is when the projection population shows exponential growth; sometimes shape as a j-curve. This is important because if the population grows exponential our resource use will go up exponential and so will our use as well as a greater demand for food and services.
Jainism- denominations
Three main groups exist that differ in practice and worship.
3rd ring of von thunen
Village forest or "wood" wood's weight makes it expensive to transport. LOCAL RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Voodoun (Voodoo) religion- who
West-African, Afro-Brazilian, and Afro-Caribbean descendants
Jainism- where
Western India
allocational border disputes
When a resource lies on two sides of a border. Who gets what?
Locational border dispute
When the border moves, like a river changing course or a lake drying up
Telecommuting
Working at home by using a computer terminal electronically linked to one's place of employment.
nation
a population represented by a singular culture
Traditional architecture: housing
based on folk housing, new homes follow more than one element of folk housing, Has several forms
Geometric Border
boundaries surveyed mostly along lines of latitude or longitude
Furnitire
home, office, bedding
non-basic services
services like dry-cleaning and gift shops
decolonization
the action of changing from colonial to independent status
human ecology
used to describe human interactions with nature
Judaism- doctrine
varies between groups. shared between all are the atonement for sins annually during Yom Kippur
animist tradition
various ethnic, tribal, and forms of nature worship ex. Native American religions and voodoo - geographically unrelated common themes, worship practices, and morality tales Animus means spirit. believe that items in nature can have a spiritual being
Eastern-European steppe
very productive area of grain cultivation mostly controlled by the Russian empire in the early 1900s
Delimination
when borders are put on the map
white flight
working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs
cultural globalization
worldwide spread of similar norms, values, and practices
acculturation
(n.) the modification of the social patterns, traits, or structures of one group or society by contact with those of another; the resultant blend
European union constitution
- proposed in 2004 for ratification - poorly understood by citizens and members of parliament who voted on it - included concepts like common foreign policy - worried about issues with sovereignty - was not put through
prime minister or premier
-Head of a majority party -Member of legislature -No fixed terms
2nd ring of von thunen model
Intensive farming: Vegetable, dairying, market gardens LABOR INTENSIVE THOUGHTS things that spoil
Carrying Capacity
Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support
Hinterland
Market Area
Example of Megalopolis
Northeastern United States- Boston, Providence, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington. Also can include Arlington, Richmond, and Norfolk
extensive subsistence agriculture
Occurs when there are low amounts of labor inputs per unit of land
supranational organization
Organization of three or more states to promote shared objectives. UNITED NATIONS
high-benefit services
Sectors in which pay tends to be salaried and includes considerable fringe benefits
Examples of Agglomeration
Silicon Valley, Detroit- cars, Banks in South Dakota
Housing Types: New England
Small one-story pitched roof (a.k.a. Cape Cod style) or the irregular roof (a.k.a Saltbox style) with one long pitched roof in front and a sort of low-angle roof in back.
Jainism- historical diffusion
Some Jain communities relocated to places such as Great Britain during the colonial period, 1830s to 1940s. Mohandas Gandhi's mother was a devout Jain and her compassion for all life influenced her son's civil rights and peace activism.
Hinduism- who
South Asians and some Southeast Asians.
Territorial Sea
Sovereign territory includes the area of sea from shore out to the 12-nautical mile limit. Within 12 nautical miles all laws of a country applu
monolingual
Speaking only one language
Malthusian Theory
Starvation is the inevitable result of population growth, because the population increases at a geometric rate (exponentially) while food supply can only increase arithmetically (linear) Thought that this would happen by 1900
retail location theory
States that the market area of a city is defined by two factors: threshold and range. The precise location of retail services is spatially dependent on the relationship between varible cost and revenue surfaces based on local geography. Business owners look to find locations where they can maximize profits.
Islam- denominations
Sunni (85%) and Shia (15%) sects with a number of denominations within, such as the Ismaili Shiite and Wahabi Sunni. Differences between the two major sects are based upon the emphasis by Shiites on the necessity for Imams (religious leaders) to have a direct blood line back to Muhammad.
Gender related development index
Takes the same indicators used to calculate HDI but replaces GDP per capita with income. Then the data between men and women is mathematically compared by dividing the female score from the male score. Closer the the score is to 1 the higher women's rights are.
Religious Architecture: Hindu
Temples and Shrines- rectangular main body, one or more short towers of carved stone. towers often have stepped sides and display carvings of deities. TEMPLE COMPLEX OF ANGKOR WAT IN CAMBODIA.
Religious Architecture: Buddhist
Temples and Shrines- vary based on reigon. Nepal and Tibet- stupa- dome or tower featuring eyes East Asia- tower style pagoda has several levels, each of which features winged roofs extending outward. China and Shinto Japan- one or two stories, large, curved, winged roofs. Often have large lion statues TEMPLE OF THE SUN AND MOON - forbidden city Beijing Southeast Asia- several towers with thin pointed spires that point outward at an angle.
5 main EU purposes- Judicial Union
The European Court of Justice in Luxembourg is a legal venue for cases between litigants in separate states. Required due to issues with open borders. EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS- established to preserve civil rights regardless of member state's local laws.
Judaism- historical diffusion
The Jewish Diaspora begins in 70 C.E. with the Roman destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem, where Jews were forced out to other parts of the Empire. The post-WWII era following the Nazi Holocaust marks the beginning of the Jews' movement to Israel from Europe. Conflicts in the 1950s and 1960s caused migrations from North Africa and the Middle East to Israel.
Containment theory
The US theory that stated, if Communism in Asia could be contained in the area the system would eventually die out.
Millenium Development Goals
The United Nations mandate of eight development goals designed to eliminate poverty by the year 2015
Comparative advantages
The ability of a country to produce a good at a lower cost than another country can.
Sustainability
The ability to keep in existence or maintain. A sustainable ecosystem is one that can be maintained
Natural increase rate (NIR, Rate of natural increase)
The amount of population change per thousand members of the population each year. the birth rate minus the death rate divided by ten.
Diffusion of fertility control
The availability of contraceptives in more urbanized and developed economies
Total Fertility Rate
The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years. (15-45) Number of children born/women 15-45
Zones of the latin american city model
The commercial spine, zone of elite housing, zone of maturity, zone of In Situ Accretion, Zone of peripheral Squatter Settlements, squatting land and tenure, zone of disamenity
bid-rent curve
The concept that the concentric circles in Burgess's concentric zone model are based on the amount people are willing to pay for land in each zone
cultural survival
The efforts to research , understand, and promote the protection of indigenous cultures
head of state
The executive role that symbolizes and represents the people both nationally and internationally.
Suburban sprawl
The expansion of housing, transportation, and commercial development to undeveloped land on the urban periphery
Domino effect
The fear that if Vietnam fell to communism, so would the surrounding countries.
uneven development
The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.
Official Language
The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.
Primate City
The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.
Hinduism- doctrine
The main personal practice is to work continuously toward multiple reincarnations and eventually nirvana. Practice of temple-based worship and festivals to praise particular supreme gods, including humanistic forms Vishnu, Shiva, Krishna, and animal forms Ganesha (elephant god) and Naga (serpent gods). Several doctrinal writings depict the historical moral traditions and practices.
range
The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.
threshold
The minimum number of people needed to support the service
French Creole
The mixture of continental French and African dialectal sounds that is spoken in Haiti
sex ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population.
Overpopulation
The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
physiological density
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
Dependency Ratio
The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force
crop rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
hearth
The region from which innovative ideas originate
transhumance
The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.
spatial margin of profitability
The set of points delimiting the area within which a firm's profitable operation is possible.
market gardens
The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually.
Received Pronunciation (RP)
The standard language in England
population dynamics
The study of short‐ and long‐term changes in the number of individuals for a given population, as affected by birth, death, immigration, and emigration.
Gross Domestic Product
The sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced in a nation
gross domestic product
The sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced in a nation
Word Sounds
The vocal pronunciation of a word.
Kshatriyas
The warrior and aristocrat varna of the caste system. Hereditary princes and kings still bow to Brahmans. Landowners, government leaders, wealthy business people.
Buddhism- Denominations
Three distinct traditions: Tibetan (Vajarayana); Southeast Asian (Theraveda); and East Asian (Mahayana), each broken into smaller denominations. Tibetan Buddhists- universalizing, accepting westerners into community, uncompromising in beliefs Theravada Buddhists- less universalizing and not compromising Mahayana Buddhists- both universalizing and compromising. Incorporates a number of different forms including Zen, Confucianism, Shintoism, and Taoism
Islam- where
Today the Islamic realms spans from Mauritania in West Africa , east to Indonesia and the Philippine Island of Mindanao; north to Chechnya, Kazakhstan, and Xinjiang in Western China; and south to Tanzania.
Examples of megacities
Tokyo, Shanghai, Mexico City, Mumbai, Beijing, New York
Judaism- scripture
Torah (includes several books also used in the Christian old Testament) and Talmud.
oil shocks of the 1970s
Triggered the Deindustrialize in the United States, Canada, and Western Europe
Dalits
Untouchables often segregated from other Hindu housing areas and social networks subcastes were divided among trade and duties in the community Indian President elected in 1997- K.R. Narayanan was born into this caste. Symbol of affirmative action
architectural forms
Usually contain enclosed spaces. most are geometric but some are curvilinear
investment value
Value to a particular individual (investor).
Christianity- doctrine
Varies depending on the denomination. Typically involve communion practices and baptisms.
Hinduism- scripture
Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, and other early Sanskrit religious texts.
off-shore locations
When one countries company opens up companies in another country
life-course changes
When people move because of major changes in the course of their life
Market stagnation
Where a market fails to grow or grows very slowly.
Neo-malthusians
a belief that the world is characterized by scarcity and competition in which too many people fight for few resources. Pessimists who warn of the global ecopolitical dangers of uncontrolled population growth - Sustainability - Increasing PER CAPITA Demand - Natural Resource Depletion
Cultural Divisions
a boundary based on different cultures
crimes against humanity
a category of activities, made illegal at the Nuremberg war crime trials, condemning states that abuse human rights
Postmodern Architecture
a category of contemporary architecture that abandons rectangular shapes for more wavy and bendy shapes
Market share
a company's product sales as a percentage of total sales for that industry
geographic center (centroid)
a country's physical central point
Stateless nations
a culture group is not included or allowed share in the state political process
Environmental determinism
a culture's traits are defined by the physical geography of its native hearth or culture region
centrifugal force
a force that divides people and countries
Swidden/slash and burn
a form of cultivation in which a field is cleared by felling the trees and burning the brush
Exclave
a fragmented piece of sovereign territory separated by land from the main part of the state's territory (example- Alaska)
amnesty programs
a governmental program that allows illegal immigrants the chance to apply for citizenship
age-sex cohort
a group of people who share the same age and sex (on population pyramid: single colored bar on one side of the graph)
Creole Languages
a language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in a place of the mother tongue
Commodity Chains
a linked system of processes that gather resources, convert them into goods, package them for distribution, disperse them, and sell them on the market
land-rent curve
a mathematical function that shows the changes in rent prices across the model
Brahmans
a member of the highest Hindu caste, that of the priesthood. Also high government officials, others get rid of material possessions to live as monks
Sector model
a model of urban structure proposed by Homer Hoyt in which the growth of a city is said to occur in wedge-shaped sectors that extend outward from the center to the edge of the city.
ethnic neighborhoods
a neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs
Admiralty law
a part of international law that dictates legal procedures on the high seas. Beyond the 200 mile limit international fishing fleets can catch ocean life in unregulated amounts
Spring wheat
a plant that follows the normal growing season- plant in spring, grow in harvest in fall.
State
a population under a single government
Nation
a population with a single culture
linguistic region
a region where everyone speaks the same language
Nation-State
a single culture under a single government
Ethnicity
a single identifiable lineage or heritage which all members tend to identify with as a common social bond
urban primacy
a state in which a disproportionately large city dominates the urban system and is the center of economic, political, and cultural life
Multi-national state
a state with a number of different nations represented by the multitude of culture groups who
food web
a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains.
autonomous republics
a territorial unit in the Soviet Union that was a constituent unit of the union republic within which it was located.
Communter zone
a wealthy area of people who own large tracts of land outside the city
Constitutions
a written plan that provides the basic framework of a government
frontier
a zone where no state exercises complete political control
Nirvana
achievement of total consciousness or enlightenment
pastoralism
agriculture based on the seasonal movement of animals from winter to summer pastures and back again
ethanol
an alcohol that can supplement gasoline and make it burn cleaner
planned economy
an economic system directed by government agencies
Country
an identifiable land area
Cockney Rhyming Slang
an odd but humorous use of code phrases to describe everyday situations
Modern Architecture
architecture developed during the twentieth century that expresses geometric, ordered forms
Culture regions
areas that are unified by common cultural traits or characteristics
export processing zone
areas where governments create favorable investment and trading conditions to attract export-oriented industries
reapportions
assign or distribute (something) again or in a different way.
Restrictive covenants
at the behest of neighbors and local politicians, homeowners added special covenants to their home real estate titles, restricting future sale of a home to white-only buyers. NOW ILLEGAL
population control
attempts by government to control birth rates
Transport
automotive, rail, aerospace, shipbuilding, recreational vehicles
Karma
balance between good and evil deeds in life
Voodoun (Voodoo) religion- doctrine
based on community attempt to bring worshippers in contact with the deities and family ancestors in the spiritual world through different ceremonies, dace, and sacrificial practices.
downer cattle
beef cows that appear ill or are lame and cannot be used for human consumption, but can wind up in pet food or animal feed instead
Spratly Islands and Paracel Islands
boh claimed concurrently by China, Vietnam, Indonesia, the Phillipines, Mlaysia, and Brunei. Oil is believed to be under both.
reunification
bring together parts of a country under one government (ex: Germany)
Fragmented state
broken into pieces Philippines
mixed-use buildings
buildings that contain both housing and commercial space
service firms
businesses which provide services to consumers and other businesses
irrigation pumps
can be purchased at low cost to move water to dryland farming regions
distance elastic
can be transported over short or long distances
Mining and energy extraction
can be valuable depending on global commodity prices
sustaiability
can be viewed in both environmental and economic terms
Nationalism
can derive from an existing culture group that desires political representation or independence, or from a political state that bonds and unifies culture groups
specialized farm products
can keep a farm in buisness
Post-fordist era
car companies changed and became dependent on large networks of regional supply chains that, in the case of Detroit-area assembly plants, stretch throughout the Midwestern United States, with some specialized electronic parts coming from overseas suppliers.
Sudras
caste of tradespeople and farmers several hundred sub-castes known as jati
Religious Architecture: Christian
central steeple or two high bell towers. Steeple more common in smaller churches, opposite for towers. Older churches- cross shaped floor plan
Economic Restructuring
changes in the way the economy, firms, and employment relations are organized
chemical fertilizers
chemical agent added to soil to add nutrients
Textiles
clothing, shoes, and leather products, artificial fibers and thread
textiles
clothings
armed conflict
combat between the military forces of two or more states or groups
conurbation
combined city
Clustered rural settlement
communities in which all residential and farm structures of multiple households are arranged closely together
lateral commuting
commuting that occurs between suburban areas (or suburban areas and edge cities) rather than towards the central city.
counter-commuting
commuting that occurs from the urban area to the edge city/suburb
Economies of scope
companies benefit from the increase in the number of different products under a larger brand name
Federal states
confederations of several smaller states or provinces under a federal government- USA, Australia, Canada, Germany, Brazil, Russia, Mexico
Freidrich Ratzel
considered the father of modern human geography, built a large body of research claiming that all aspects of culture were defined by physical geographic factors such as climate
Nouvelle cusine
contemporary form of the continental styles mainly from France, Spain, and Italy
festival landscapes
conversion of spaces and buildings into parks, museums, sports stadiums, arenas, convention centers, and outdoor concert venues. (examples: Centennial Park, Georgia Dome, Madison Square Garden)
extensive monoculture of staple crops
corn, soybeans, and wheat
landwolves
countries eager to invade the Heartland by land
free-market democracies
countries with elected representative parliamentary systems
alternative energy crops
crops that can be used as a source for energy
fuzzy borders
cultural regions have these, its hard to tell where one starts and another begins, many overlap in irregular manners, border between Dixie and American NE
Possibilism
cultures were to a partial degree shaped by their environments and the material resources available to them; however, culture groups have the ability to adjust and modify the environment.
Carl Sauer
debated and opposed environmental determinism. Proposed possibilism.
heartland-rimland model
define the global geopolitical landscape and determine areas of potential future conflict
Plaza
defined in he laws of the indies that the central square in of the city would be known as a plaza. Shown in the latin american city model
Sustainable yield
describes the amount of crops or animals that can be raised without endangering local resources such as soil, irrigation, or groundwater, or it describes what can be raised without too many expensive inputs that make farming unprofitable.
Free-trade zones
designated areas where foreign companies can warehouse goods without paying taxes or customs duties until they move the goods into the marketplace
Prebisch thesis
detailed the dependency of Third World economies on First World loans and investments to pay for the building of new industries and infrastructure
New Urbanization
development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs
Voodoun (Voodoo) religion- denominations
distinct difference depending upon region and the degree of influence from parallel Christian worship by Voodoun followers
varna
each of the four Hindu castes, Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra.
domestication of plants
early farmers rejected poorly growing crops and took cuttings or seeds from the more productive, better-tasting plants to grow future generations
Truck farms
eastern U.S. and Canada farms that grow specialty crops during the summer growing season and are important sources of earnings, since much industrial dairy production has moved to the upper Midwest (ex. Wisconsin); name comes from the old term for agricultural exchange of goods
growth poles
economic activities that are deliberately organized around one or more high-growth industries.
Cultural Border
estimated boundaries between nations, ethnic groups, or tribes
Agglomeration economies
exist where firms with related or similar products locate together in clusters or regions.
Supply chain
exists when parts are assembled into components that are then joined together to create larger finished products.
4th ring of von thunen
extensive farming: grain crops, hay fields
Suitcase farmers
farm owners who have city jobs but still own land in rural areas
monoculture
farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year
subsistence farming
farming that provides for the basic needs of the farmer without surpluses for marketing
xenophobia
fear of foreigners
fecundity
fertility
Druze
follow a religion that combines Islam with other teachings (Christian)
nationalization of natural resource-based industries
foreign corporate ownership of oil fields and mines robs the national government and local companies of potential earnings. If these resources are nationalized, kicking out the foreign companies but keeping their infrastructure, the money made from the production of publicly owned resources can then be used for local economic development
Relic Boundary
former state boundaries that still have political or cultural meaning- Great Wall of China
commercial gentrification
formerly shuttered business places were rebuilt as coffee shops, art houses, bars, and restaurants
republics
free of aristocrat or monarchal control
Voodoun (Voodoo) religion- historical diffusion
from West Africa relocation diffusion by forced migration under European directed slavery to the Caribbean and coastal American mainland areas such as northern Brazil, Belize, and Louisiana.
voting districts
generic term adopted by the Bureau of the Census to include the wide variety of small polling areas, such as election districts, precincts, or wards, that State and local governments create for the purpose of administering elections
animal domestication
genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control
non-durable goods
goods that last a short period of time, such as food, light bulbs, and sneakers
Durable goods
goods that last for a relatively long time, such as refrigerators, cars, and DVD players
5th ring of von thunen
grazing lands, meadows requires lots of space
Anatolian Theory
group of migrants from the Indian subcontinent and their language were for some time concentrated in the peninsula that makes up most of present day Turkey, historically known as Asia Minor or Anatolia.
transhumance
groups moved seasonally to avoid harsh climates AND to follow herds and walk to areas were native plants were in fruit.
multi-cropping
growing two or more crops in the same space during a single growing season
gastarbeiter
guest worker program in Germany (From turkey, north africa, and the middle east)
unionized-labor states
had higher payroll and benefit costs which were ingrained into state workforce regulations
extensive agriculture
harvested crops are exchanged for currency, goods, or credit
Perforated
has a hole(holes) (another country, large lake) South Africa
Prorupt State
has a panhandle or peninsula Italy
Landlocked State
has no sea or ocean borders
Fundamentalists
have little interest in compromising their beliefs or doctrine and strictly adhere to scriptural dictates.
Central Business District
highest density of commercial land use
Kurgan Theory
holds that migrants from the Indian Subcontinent made their way into Central Asia, and then migrated across the Eurasian steppe into central and Western Europe, taking their language with them.
Technology
home computers, business computing servers, industrial control devices, phones, television, and audio entertainment
Native American religion- denominations
hundreds of different tribal interpretations
Brahman cattle
hybrid of european cattle and the Zebu cattle of india
Primary Production
includes agriculture, mining, energy, forestry, and fisheries. These activities and jobs deal with the extraction of natural resources from the earth
Tertiary production
includes all services UNLESS quaternary and quinary are considered in which case BUSINESS SERVICES
Secondary Production
includes the processing of the raw materials drawn from the primary sector. Includes all forms of manufacturing
Traditional architecture: commercial buildings
incorporates efficiency and simplicity of modern architecture with a standard building design. Squared walls, traditional materials (stone, brick, steel, glass)
negative effects of gentrification
increases property values, property taxes, and pushes out low-income residents, displaced elderly persons
ubiquitous industries
industries that are located everywhere in direct proportion to the distribution of population
import substitution
instead of buying simple First World-made consumer products this apporach causes for building factories and producing it within the LDC. The profits for this could then be reinvested locally.
Assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
Product cycle
introduction, growth, maturity, decline
Weight-losing or bulk-reducing manufacturing
involves a large amount of input that are reduced to a final product that weighs less or has less volume or bulk than the input. These factories tend to be located near the input.
Weight-gaining or bulk-gaining manufacturing
involves a number of inputs that are combines to make a final product that gains bulk, volume, or weight in the production process. These factories tend to be located closer to consumers because the cost of transporting the finished product is more than the cost of transporting the inputs.
food preservation
involves reducing the chances that food will spoil or become unsafe- drying, picking, cooking, and storage jars
seawolves
island states eager to partake in the Heartland's resources
decentralized network
keeps fresh products in stores longer by reducing transportation time
corporate agriculture and agribusiness
large-scale extensive farms of several thousand acres or several thousand animals are controlled by a single regional business
genocide
large-scale systematic killing of people of ethnic group has been seen in a number of ethnic conflicts
Housing Types: Federalist or Georgian
late 1700s, early 1800s in Anglo America. 2-3 story urban townhomes, greek and roman designs, stone carvings. As stand alone, symmetrical houses with central doorways and symmetrical windows.
chakras
levels of existence in the hindu caste system. lower animal forms, higher animal forms and human forms a soul reincarnated can be elevated into a higher chakra if the soul has a positive karmic balance.
Superimposed boundary
lines laid down for political reasons overtop cultural boundaries Boundaries set up at the Conference of Berlin
Subsequent Boundary
lines resulting from conflict or cultural changes, such as war and migration
Housing Types: The I-house
loose form of federalist/georgian influence on average home. rectangular, central door, one window on each side fo door, three symmetrical windows on second floor. Diffusing westward- lost rectangular shape and symmetry- door on side and additions. FIREPLACE ON EACH END AND EVEN PITCHED ROOF
suburban business districts
main area of commerce and business on a small scale within the suburban environment
Important sectors in Vietnam
manufacturing
Important sectors in phlippines
manufacturing
Important sectors in Brazil
manufacturing, heavy industry, services
Important sectors in Malaysia
manufacturing, high tech
Important sectors in China
manufacturing, high tech, heavy industry, finance, transport
Important sectors in Thailand
manufacturing, medical services
Important sectors in Indonesia
manufacturing, oil, tourism
Important sectors in mexico
manufacturing, oil, tourism
Important sectors in India
manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, high tech, computing services
Important sectors in Dominican Republic
manufacturing, tourism
Central Place theory
market areas are focused on a central settlement that is a place of exchange and service provisions. The market areas overlap each other at different scales. Larger settlements have larger market areas, but they are fewer in number. Walter christaller
Vaisyas
merchant and professional caste Doctors, lawyers, accountants, middle-ranking officials in the government Mohandas Gandhi was born into this caste
Native American religion- historical diffusion
migration diffusion from north to south through the Americas
Enclave
minority culture group concentrated inside a country that is dominated by a different large culture group
general farming
mixed farming
Shatterbelt Theory
modified the Heartland into the 'Pivot Area' and the Rimland into the 'Inner Crescent'. the rest of the world became the 'Outer Crescent', including the United States. this land-based concept was that Cold War conflicts would likely occur within the Inner Crescent. several Inner Crescent areas of political weakness were called Shatterbelts. this theory accurately identified numerous areas where wars emerged between 1950 and the end of the Cold War in 1991
foreign aid
money, food, or other resources given or lent by one country to another.
Fusion Cuisine
more than one global tradition is incorporated in dishes
Dependency Theory
most LDCs are highly dependent on foreign owned factories, foreign direct investment, and technology from MDCs to provide employment opportunities and infrastructure.
Rostow's Stages of Development: Traditional Society
mostly primary production, subsistence farming, country's wealth is spent on things like military and religion rather than the economy.
cyclic movement (periodic movement, circulation)
movement that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally
Multi-ethnic state
multinational state
mixed farming
multiple crops and animals exist on a single farm to provide diverse nutritional intake and non-food items
folk music
music performed by untrained musicians and passed down through oral traditions; it encompasses a wide range of music, from Appalachian fiddle tunes to the accordion-led zydeco of Louisiana
organic
must not be grown using genetic engineering, must be free of pesticides, antibiotics, and synthetic hormones, must not use artificial fertilizers, and must feed on organic crops
long-lot patterns
narrow frontage along a road or waterway with a very long lot shape behind
Culture group
nation
Physical Border
natural boundaries- rivers, lakes, oceans, mountains, or deserts
close proximity
near
planned capital cities
new capitals located in places where cities did not previously exist
columbian exchange
new world crops made their way to the rest of the world with the conquest of south & central america in the early 1500s.
Religious Architecture: Judaism
no specific architectural style for synagogues Western Wall/Wailing Wall
peerage
nobility
Transnational Migration
occurs when migrants move from one country to another
Important sectors in Gabon
oil
Important sectors in Nigeria
oil, chemicals
Contemporary Architecture
organic, use of curvature, green energy technologies, recycled materials, nontraditional materials
S-curve population growth
pattern on DTM showing how population grows over time until Stage 4. rapid growth and plateau
Age cohort
people born at roughly the same time who pass through the life course together (on population pyramids, 5 year increments)
refugees
people who flee their homeland to seek safety elsewhere (war, disaster, fear of government oppression are reasons)
Health
pharmaceuticals, medical devices, personal care products
Race
physical characteristics of a common genetic heritage
elder population
placed on top of the population pyramid, reduces much more quickly due to increased mortality from old age, men's side decreases more quickly than does the women side due to decreased life expectancy
Transport Nodes
places that were founded as settlements due to their location as intersections of two or more lines of transportation
Gateway Cities
places where immigrants make their way into a country Ex. NYC and Miami, Toronto
double cropping
planting two crops one after another on a single plot in a year
fallow
plowed but not seeded; inactive; reddish-yellow; land left unseeded; to plow but not seed
5 main EU purposes- Open-border policy
policy made by the EU that allows people to move between nations; when areas of Europe are successful, people tend to move here= population growth
population-weighted centroid
population center, the point where you could balance that weighted surface w/ out tipping over
nomadic herding
practice in which whole communities drive their herds from one seasonal grazing area to another following an annual cycle that was repeated over centuries.
Native American religion- who
pre-columbian civilizations in the americas and some decendants
economies of scale
producers expand their operations but incur lower per unit costs in the process.
Vegatative planting
production of plants by direct cloning of existing plants, such as cutting stems and dividing roots
Federal home loan programs
programs such as the GI Bill in which millions of war veterans were eligible for guaranteed federal home loans. Other programs included Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae; programs in which the federal government financed home loans
United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea
proposed standard oceanic boundaries for all UN member states and was fully ratified in 1994
anti-growth movements
push for new laws and regulations that slow suburban development and limit approval of new suburban roads and highways
Recombination Bovine Growth Hormone
rBGH; widely used in both the production of beef and milk in the United States and some other countries. These synthetic hormones mimic the real growth stimulating hormones produced by a cows pituitary glands. Cattle grows bigger more milk is produced.
racial steering
real estate agents advising customers to purchase homes in neighborhoods depending on their race
feudal
relating to a system of lords and vassals
proselytic religions
religions that actively seek new members and aim to convert all humankind
compromising religons
religions that are cited for their ability to reform or integrate other beliefs into their doctrinal practices.
Syncretic Religions
religions, or strands within religions, that combine elements of two or more belief systems.
Extensive agriculture
requires limited labor inputs, or is spread across large areas of land, or both
Intensive agriculture
requires lots of labor inputs, or is focused on a small plot of land, or both
soil salinization
salt buildup in the soil
low-benefit services
sectors where the labor force tends to be hourly employees who receive few if any additional benefits
Basic-services
services like food, the family doctor, fuel, and auto repair
Arbitration board
settles disputes regarding boundaries at sea
Morphology
shape
Compact state
shape without irregularity -nigeria, colorado
hunting and gathering societies
societies whose mode of subsistence is gained from hunting animals, fishing, and gathering edible plants
Technology development progams
some countries have used their limited public funds to invest in high-technology equipment and worker training for locally owned manufactures. This allows these manufacturers to compete more globally
North vs South analogy
some economiss describe the developed world as the north and the less developed world as the south. -Two issues- australia and new zealand - least developed countries are mostly north of or at the equator
Expatrite
someone who chooses to live outside of, or renounce, his or her native country
champagne
sparkling wine made in the champagne district of France.
multilingual
speaking several languages
special economic zones
specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment
Diffusion of Disease
spread of disease in an area
value added tax
standard 20% sales tax across the EU that is the EU's main revenue source.
right-to-work states
states where workers in unionized companies do not have to join the union or pay union dues
Economic indicators
statistics that measure variables in the economy
Cosmology
study of the universe
transportation models are common locations for _____
suburban cbds due to their high level of access
Technology transfer
technical knowledge, training, and industrial equipment is provided to NIC governments to increase business efficiency and capacity
perishable products
tend to be manufactured in many individual plants that serve the local regions
Linear settlements
tend to follow a road or a stream front
middle-class flight
the 1970s movement of the middle class from the inner cities to the suburbs.
Comparative advantage
the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer
Annexation
the addition of a territory as a result of a land purchase or when a territorial claim is extended through incorporation
personal consumption
the amount of resources consumed by an individual
culture synthesis/syncretism
the blending together of two or more cultural influences
population structure
the composition of a population, the most important elements of which are age and sex
popular representation
the concept of a large region of people appointing a someone to be a representative of that region in a state's government
Fortress Europe
the concept of sealing European Union borders
Supranationalism
the concept of two or more sovereign states aligned together for a common purpose
Natural Resource Depletion
the consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished
Brexit
the decision made in the UK in 2016 to leave the European Union due to issues with immigration, open borders, and British sovereignty.
Genocide
the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.
Net migration rate
the difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1,000 people in a country
Peak land value intersection
the downtown intersection surrounded by the most expensive pieces of real estate- in the CBD
Per capita demand
the economic demand per person
Gentrification
the economic reinvestment into existing buildings
economic context
the economic state of a country
Tyranny of the Map
the effect of European political boundaries enforced upon diverse African cultures that led to conflict
doubling time
the estimate for the amount of years it would take to double its population. 70/NIR
Territoriality
the expression of political control over space
geopolitics
the global-scale relationships between sovereign states
multiplier effects
the idea that every one dollar of government spending creates more than one dollar in economic activity
build environment
the intentionally designed features of human settlement, including buildings, transportation and public service infrastructure, and public spaces
Citizenship
the legal identity of the person based on the state where he or she was born or where he or she was naturalized as an immigrant
growth boundaries
the limit to how big a city can get
appellation
the local or regional geographic name for the product
Deglomeration
the location of industrial or other activities away from established agglomerations in response to growing costs
Hellespont
the long, narrow body of water between Europe and Asia in present-day Turkey
ruling party
the majority party becomes this; the party has more than half of the M.P.s (members of parliaments), the prime minister, and his elected officials; get all their laws passed
Megalopolis
the merging of the urbanized areas of two or more cities, generally through suburban growth and expansion
value-added processing
the more complex and technology-driven the manufacturing is, the higher value applied to the finished product
staple crop
the most important crop produced or consumed in a region
BosWash
the name given to a line of large northeastern cities running south from Boston to Washington D.C.- megalopolis
Cockney
the nonstandard dialect of natives of the east end of London
Sequence occupance
the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape
Arithmetic Density
the number of people per square unit of land
seat of government
the place where political power is centered
fall-line cities
the ports that lay upstream on coastal rivers at the point where navigation was no longer possible by ocean-going ships. FALL LINE CITIES ARE BREAK OF BULK POINTS
Ecotourism
the practice and business of recreational travel based on concern for the environment
Off-shoring
the practice of basing some of a company's processes or services overseas, so as to take advantage of lower costs.
conservation
the practice of preserving and carefully managing the environment
commodity prices
the prices for raw materials such as minerals and agricultural products
Asylum
the protection granted by a nation to someone who has left their native country as a political refugee.
cash-cropping
the raising of crops for market sale rather than domestic consumption
expanded food production
the rapidly growing populations in the post-World War II developing world would have led to disastrous global food shortages, as opposed to the periodic regional famines that occurs within some countries, often initiated by drought or civil war,
Self-determination
the right of people to choose their own form of government
Suffrage
the right to vote
animal husbandry
the science of breeding and caring for farm animals
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
the seazone extending 200 nautical miles from the coast over which a state has special rights as to the exploration and use of marine resources. Almost always beyond the continental shelf.
Industrialization location theory
the selection of optimal factory locations has much to do with the minimization of land, labor, resource, and transportation costs.
Culture
the shared experience, traits, and activities of a group of people who have a common heritage
extensive pastoralism
the shifting of animal herds between grazing pastures
Verticality
the tendency to build skyscrapers that maximize the use of one parcel of land
commodity of conflict
the thing that countries were willing to fight over
growing season
the time of year when it is warm enough for plants to grow
Birth Rate (Crude Birth rate, CBR)
the total number of live births per year, per every thousand members of the population
illegal immigration
the unlawful entry of a person into a nation
House of lords
the upper house of the British parliament
incentives
things that attract or lure people into action
triple cropping
three crops in the same year are planted on a single crop
export
to carry out of the country
Development loans
to help develop the necessary infrastructure to attract FDI, some NICs seek loans from organizations like the World Bank. loans help build major infrastructure projects such as electric power systems, dams, water purification, and waste treatment centers, pipelines, highway, and national rail systems. New services can charge fees that will be used to pay back loans to the donor.
population pressure
too many people, too few resources
Quinary Production
top level economic controllers- CEOs
Center (1st) ring of the von thunen model
town, village, city, centralized place -central marketplace
Resource nodes
towns and cities that were founded due to access to natural resources
traditional architecture
two patterns: commercial buildings and housing
Mideval Cities
urban centers that predate the European Renaissance, roughly 1400 CE. Ex, Paris, Rome, London, Beijing
sustainable use
use of resources at a rate that they can be replaced or recycled
External identity
used by individuals to express their cultural heritage, ethnicity, or place of origin to people who do not share a common cultural or geographic background
Internal identity
used by individuals to express their cultural heritage, ethnicity, or place of origin to people who share their heritage or place of origin
Asian tigers
used to describe the industrial economies of Asia that have been aggressive in terms of economic growth and their ability to compete for consumers
cost-to-distance relationship
value of labor and distance from center of model (higher total labor costs = closer to center)
Winter wheat
wheat planted in the autumn and harvested in the early summer
Trade surplus
when a country exports more than it imports
Tourist draw
when a industry uses select location to attract consumers by ... inherent or exhibited natural or cultural value, historical significance, natural or built beauty, offering leisure and amusement.
factory farming
when animals are used for meat or dairy products but are kept indoors in very small places
Definitional border dispute
when border treaties are interpreted two different ways by states
operational border disputes
when borders are agreed to, but passage across the border is a problem
Definition
when borders are claimed, negotiated, or captured
State terrorism
when governments use violence and intimidation to control their own people
Demarcation
when markers are placed on the ground to show where borders lay
Conference of Berlin
1884 was a diplomatic meeting between the European colonial powers to set up the internal political boundaries in Arica, which was one of the last areas of european expansion.
Green Revolution
1950s tropical plant and animal hybrids and chemical fertilizers and pesticides began to be used in third world culture.
Schengen plan
1985- west germany, france, belgium luxemborg, and the netherlands open their borders to one another.
International Whaling Commission
1986 moratorium on commercial whale hunts banned whaling after centuries of hunting dangerously depleted populations.
Rostow's Stages of Development Preconditions for Takeoff
2nd stage, leadership begins to invest in the country's wealth in infrastructure such as roads, ports, electrification, and school systems. Technical knowledge is learned which stimulates the economy
Rostow's Stages of Development Takeoff
3rd stage, the economy begins to shift onto a limited number of industrial exports. Much of the country still participates in traditional agriculture, but factory work begins, Technical experience is gained
Rostow's Stages of Development Drive to Maturity
4th stage, Technical advancements diffuse throughout the country. Advancements in industrial production are seen in many sectors of the economy. which grows rapidly. Workers become increasingly skilled and educated, and fewer people are engaged in traditional activities.
Rostow's Stages of Development Age of Mass Consumption
5th stage, an industrial trade economy develops in which highly specialized production such as vehicles, energy, and consumer products dominate the economy. Agriculture is mechanized, technical knowledge and education levels are high.
5 main EU purposes- Legislative and regulatory bodies
751 seat EU parliament established to propose and approve laws within the union. European Commission is a separate council with one seat per member state. Presidency shifts to one member state each you to allow it to set the agenda that year. European commission is also the executive branch of the union and it enforces regulations (by council and parliament) as well as enacting programs. European Council appoints the EU commission president.
constitutional monarchy
A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.
population pyramid
A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
ecosystem
A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
Circular settlements
A circle of homes surrounding a central open space
post-industrial city
A city where manufacturing has declined and the focus of the city is service industries.
Language Group
A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.
resource-dependent country
A country that depends on a specific resource to keep the economy alive and growing
Newly industrialized countries
A country that is undergoing or has recently undergone rapid industrialization and economic grown.
commercial crops
A crop grown for direct sale rather than for livestock feed.
Outsourcing
A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.
Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.
Pidgin Language
A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.
biotechnology
A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.
Jainism- who
A fundamentalist interpretation of Hinduism.
William Denevan
A geographer who studied the depopulation of Native Americans in the early colonial era
theocracy
A government controlled by religious leaders
Aristocracy
A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility
Lingua Franca
A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
Creolized Language
A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.
Edge city
A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.
break-of-bulk point
A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.
Buddhism- doctrine
A main doctrinal difference is the belief that nirvana can be achieved in a single lifetime, with intensive study, meditation, and moral thought. This is through an understanding of the effects of suffering on human life and the following of a "Middle Way" or non-extremist pathway toward enlightenment. Buddhism also rejected the Hindu caste system as oppressive and not in line with the Buddhists' view of human suffering.
Gini coefficient
A measure of income inequality within a population, ranging from zero for complete equality, to one if one person has all the income.
metes and bounds
A method of land description which involves identifying distances and directions and makes use of both the physical boundaries and measurements of the land.
Rostow's Stages of Development
A model of economic development that describes a country's progression which occurs in five stages transforming them from least-developed to most-developed countries. Traditional Society, Preconditions for takeoff, takeoff, drive to maturity, age of mass consumption
multiple-nuclei model
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.
cocentric zone model
A model represents the Anglo-American city of the United States and Canada during the height of industrialization. Sector
conservation agriculture
A modern method of farming that balances maximum crop yield with sustainable farming methods and protection of the environment
renewable resource
A natural resource that can be replaced at the same rate at which the resource is consumed
nonrenewable resources
A natural resource that is not replaced in a useful time frame.
Urban Hierarchy
A ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions.
Dialect
A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.
Universalizing Religion
A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.
ethnic religion
A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.
Demographic Transition model
A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.
food chain
A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
The Communist Manifesto
A socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1848) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views.
World Bank
A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
absolute monarchy
A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power
debt peonage
A system that bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer
communism
A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.
Eurasian steppe
A vast expanse of dry grassland extending from Romania to northeastern China.
irrigation
A way of supplying water to an area of land
bilingual
Able to speak two languages
Buddhism- when
About 2,500 years before present.
Subsistence agriculture
Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family
Von Thunen Model
An agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent. Activities that require intensive cultivation and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be close to the market. Conversely, activities that are more extensive , with goods that are easy to transport, are located farther from the market where rent is less.
Highlands
An area of high or mountainous land
command economy
An economic system in which the government controls a country's economy.
Trade deficit
An excess of imports over exports
Buddhism- who
An ideological following that rejected the caste system and other Hindu practices.
European Union
An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.
primary economy
Any economic activity pertaining to the collecting, harvesting, and obtaining of raw materials
enclaves
Any small and relatively homogenous group or region surrounded by another larger and different group or region
High seas
Areas of seas considered beyond territorial waters.
Components of culture
Art, Architecture, Language, music, film and television, food, clothing, social interaction, religion, folklore, Land Use
Jainism- doctrine
At the core of religious practice is the complete respect for all other animal life, in that every living soul is potentially a divine god. Followers are strict vegetarians and often wear face masks to prevent the inhalation of insects.
natural food products
Because of many opposing artificial hormones in agriculture, a large market for so-called natural food products has emerged, and many small family farms have restructured their operations to meet the rapidly increasing, demand for such products.
Racism
Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.
Christianity- scripture
Bible, divided into an Old Testament, a modification of the Torah and sharing major dictates such as the Ten Commandments; and a New Testament, which depicts the messianic life of Jesus of Nazareth and includes the writings of his disciples and early followers.
Antecedent Boundary
Boundary lines that exist from prehistoric times ex. French-Spanish border along the Pyrenees
Industrial regions in Europe
British Midlands Ruhr Valley (germany) Northern Italy
World City
Centers of economic, culture, and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce.
Walter Christaller
Central Place Theory - Urban Hierarchy, Range, Threshold, Low Order Good, High Order Good Hexagon shape - trade areas
What did the new asian tigers offer?
Cheap labor, low-cost land and resources, and few labor and environmental regulations
Second order world cities
Cities including Los Angeles, Washington D.C, Chicago, Frankfurt, Paris , Brussels, Zurich, Hong Kong, Sao Paulo, and Singapore
Colonial Cities
Cities with origins as centers of colonial trade or administration
Megacity
City with more than 10 million people
Latin American City Model
Combines elements of Latin American Culture and globalization by combining radial sectors and concentric zones. Includes a thriving CBD with a commercial spine. The quality of houses decreases as one moves outward away from the CBD, and the areas of worse housing occurs in the Disamenity sectors.
Wallerstien's World Systems Theory
Core-periphery model
staple food crops
Crops that form the majority of a culture's diet
popular culture
Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.
Stage 3 of the DTM
Decreasing CBR, Low CDR, Decreasing NIR, population growth still high Fertility Transition
Decentralization
Degree to which decision-making authority is given to lower levels in an organization's hierarchy.
income disparity
Difference in earnings between the rich and poor
Hinduism- denominations
Different denominations are often based upon cults to deities. And based upon a hierarchical caste system.
Antibiotics
Drugs that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria
Hinduism- when
Earliest forms 7,500 years before present.
Islam- when
Early 600s C.E.
Buddhism- scripture
Early Hindu texts combined with the Tipitaka (a.k.a. "Pali Canon"), part of which contains the life and teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of this religion.
Satellite states
Eastern European states under the control of the Soviet Union during the Cold War
Heartland
Eastern European steppe
Christianity- denominations
Eastern Orthodox, Armenian, Antiochian, Greek Orthodox, Coptic, Roman Catholic, Protestant; each can be subdivided into further denominations.
Electoral college
Electoral system used in electing the president and vice president, in which voters vote for electors pledged to cast their ballots for particular party's candidates.
marxism
Emerged as the most famous socialist belief system during the 19th century. Saw all of history as the story of class struggle.
Kurds
Ethnic group that lives in parts of Iraq and Turkey. They often suffer persecution in both countries, and are currently under the protection of the United Nations in Iraq. EXAMPLE OF STATELESS NATION
Christianity- where?
Europe, the Americas, Sub-Saharan Africa, Philippines, Austronesian
Hinduism- historical diffusion
Expansion diffusion from the Hindu hearth in Northern India. Later relocation diffusion across the Bay of Bengal to Southeast Asia (consider the historical Hindu temple complex at Angkor Wat in Cambodia) and to Indonesia where a remnant population is found today on the island of Bali.
Christianity- when
Following begins around 30 C.E.; begins expansion outside the Mediterranean in the sixth century.
Profit-sharing agreements
Foreign companies are given permission to build new factories on land leased to them by government
Fordist production
Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.
Continental Cuisine
Formal food traditions that emerged from mainland Europe in the 1800s.
5 main EU purposes
Free trade union, open border policy, monetary union, judicial union, legislative and regulatory bodies
Islam- historical diffusion
From Mecca, this religion diffused in an expansion pattern in all directions very quickly. By 700 C.E., all of the Middle East and much of North Africa was adherent to Islam. Further expansion into Europe and Asia occurred through the 1600s. Some relocation diffusion was seen, such as that to Indonesia in the 1200s.
Voodoun (Voodoo) religion- when
From prehistory to present
Christianity- historical diffusion
From the Mediterranean hearth, this religion diffused hierarchically to large cities such as Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, And Marseilles. From there missionaries spread the religion to other towns and cities where it diffused to smaller communities. These patterns of diffusion become recognizable through the hierarchy of the Holy See, archbishoprics, bishoprics, and local parishes.
Native American religion- when
From the last period of glaciation (18,000 years before present)
Rimland
German empire
domestic consumption
Goods and services consumed in the country where they are produced.
guest worker programs
Government-run programs in western Europe designed to recruit labor for the booming postwar economy.
Agglomeration
Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.
Specialized crops
Grown for both immediate consumption and preservation
Quaternary Production
HUMAN SERVICES
Islam- doctrine
Haddith, the recorded sayings of Muhammad. All sects emphasize at least five pillars of Islam, if not more.
Judaism- where
Hearth in Israel, peripheral communities in Europe, United States, and Canada, particularly the metropolitan area around New York City and other urban areas worldwide, such as London, Antwerp, Paris, Los Angeles, Toronto, and Cleveland.
Buddhism- where
Hearth in the Gangetic Plain (Ganges river basin) of North Central India and spread throughout Asia.
Stage 2 of the DTM
High Growth: Industrializing society with a CBR that remains high but stable, a CDR that declines dramatically, and a NIR in rapid increase. CDR drops due to medical advancement- epidemiological transition (NIC)
Hindu-Buddhist Tradition
Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Polytheistic, began with Hinduism 5,000 years ago. Believe that the soul is reincarnated over an over, and that there is karma (a balance between good and bad) - polytheistic - nirvana
Appliances
Home appliances, commercial equipment, power tools, lighting
Dispersed rural settlements
Households are separated from one another by significant distances
shelf life
How long a product may be stored before use.
Forced Migration
Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.
dwarf varieties
Important plant hybrid innovation. Genetically modified plants with larger heads and shorter stalks. Green Revolution. 1950s-60s. Eg. Shorter breeds of both wheat and rice were found to be hardier and more productive because the plant spent less time and energy growing a stalk, resulting in more and larger grains on each head.
5 main EU purposes- Monetary Union
In 2000, European Union members began converting to the Euro. This eliminated the costs of currency exchange fees. 12 countries retained their currencies UK kept the pound because of its high value. Switching to the Euro would have caused financial issues. New EU member states have to meet EU economic regulations before they can join the monetary union. Financial crisis of 2008 showed issues- countries in debt could not devalue their currency
push factors
Incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as a harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil.
Sikhs
Incorporates principles from both Islam and Hinduism (No caste system)
Human Development Index
Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy. On a scale from 0 to 1. Combines GPD per capita, adult literacy rate, average level of education, and total life expectancy
Polices and programs that attempted to increase capital accumulation within third world national economies
Internalization of economic capital, import substitution, nationalization of natural resource-based industries, profit-sharing agreements, technology development programs.
Foreign direct investment
Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.
Sharia
Islamic law
Industrial regions in Asia
Japan Korea Taiwan China
Abrahamic Tradition
Judaism, Christianity, Islam- similar scriptural description of the earth's genesis and the story of Abraham as a morality tale of respect for the will of God or Allah, monotheistic, significance on prophecy about coming or returning of messiah - monotheistic - subdeities saints, angels, archangels - prophecy of the coming or return of a messiah
Islam- scripture
Koran (Quran), the scriptures received by Muhammad.
Judaism- who
Larger groups including European Ashkenazi Jews, Sephardic Jews from North Africa, and the Middle East and Native Israelis known as Sabra.
galactic/peripheral city model
Latest version- most up to date Developed in the 1990s (other three developed in early 1900s - outdated) Has to contain a beltway/ring way/ring road A ring road is a road that surrounds the core of the city The purpose is to take this road without going through the city DECENTRALIZATION of the traditional CBD Must contain an edge city Promotes greenbelts
Finite lines
Lines with set limits based on politics (political boundaries)
Stage 5 of the DTM
Low CBR, Increasing CDR, Negative NIR, decreasing population or ZPG (zero population growth) THEORETICAL
Stage 4 of the DTM
Low CBR, Low CDR, Low NIR, stable (but large) population First World Countries
Stage 1 of the DTM
Low Growth: A pre-industrial agrarian society with a High CBR, High CDR, and a Zero NIR
Hinduism- where
Mainly India; also today Bali in Indonesia, London, Manchester, and other parts of the former British Empire, with significant populations in Guyana, Trinidad, Fiji, Malaysia, and South Africa.
cottage industry
Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.
Third order world cities
Miami, Toronto, Seoul, Mumbai, Amsterdam, Buenos Aires, and Sydney
Step migration
Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city
Religious Architecture: Islamic
Mosques- many have central domes MINARETS- narrow towers pointed at the top Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem
Suburbanization
Movement of upper and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions (perceived and actual). In North America, the process began in the early nineteenth century and became a mass phenomenon by the second half of the twentieth century.
Native American religion- scripture
NONE- based on belief in supreme/ Great Spirit hat oversees the universe. - Shamans provide interpretation
Voodoun (Voodoo) religion- scripture
NONE- based upon multiple deities that control parts of the inhabited world shamanism
Counterurbanization
Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.
First order world cities
New York, London, Tokyo
Voodoun (Voodoo) religion- where
Nigeria, Benin, Ghana, and other states in the region, Haiti, Cuba Dominican Republic Brazil, and other small communities in the region
5 main EU purposes- Free trade union
No taxes/tarrifs are charged on goods and services that cross the internal borders of the EU. Saves money and allows the EU to be more competitive with U.S. and Japan
Secular
Non-religious
Mortality Rate (Crude death rate, CDR, death rate)
Number of deaths per year per every thousand members of the population
hybrids
Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
Resource processing
Oil refineries, metals, plastics, chemicals, lumber, paper, food and beverage, concrete and cement, glass
Levittowns
Planned suburban communities of cheap, mass-produced houses built by WIlliam Levitt all over the country during the 1950's.
interplanting
Planting fast-growing crops alongside slow-growing crops. Allows a farmer to harvest the fast growing crop before the slow-growing crops shades it out.
medicinal crops
Plants - herbs - grown for medicinal purposes, as opposed to growing them for culinary or ornamental purposes
pull factors
Positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas
Shamans
Practitioners in Native American religions that provide spiritual interpretation and lead worship and religious rites.
Ethnic cleansing
Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region
ethnic cleansing
Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region
genetic engineering
Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms
Gerrymandering
Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.
just in time production
Process that redefines and simplifies manufacturing by reducing inventory levels and delivering raw materials just when they are needed on the production line
mechinization
Process whereby machinery takes over the work of humans or animals
conservation
Protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment
Donor state
Provides foreign development aid That is not expected to be given back
Standard of living
Quality of life based on ownership of necessities and luxuries that make life easier.
green revolution
Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers. Positively affected third world countries
Buddhism- Historical Diffusion
Relocated across physical barriers- Tibetan Buddhism across the Himalayas and Tarim Basin desert to Siberia and Mongolia; Theravada from Sri Lanka across the Bay of Bengal to Southeast Asia; Mahayana across the Himalayas to Eastern China
Industrial regions in North America
Rust Belt following deindustrialization Canadas industrial Heartland (SE) Piedmont Industrial region (through southern states)