AP Human Geography Semester 2

modern commercial agriculture

-roots in the vast colonial European empires -they grew things in the colonies, took them, manufactured them and then sold it back to them and others

equity

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

Mediterranean agriculture

A form of agriculture referring to a particular climatic zone -near Mediterranean Sea, California, Oregon, Chile, South Africa's Cape, SW and S Australia -area of dry-summer climate -grow grapes, olives, citrus fruits, figs, certain vegetables, dates, and others. -known for wine

intensive subsistence agriculture

A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land. -harvesting grain for just themselves

irrigation

A system where water can be brought to farming lands (like sprinklers) -this technology allows crops to be grown in more areas since most of the work is in a dry climate and this allows even crops who need water to grow in a lot of places

aquaculture

Agriculture for living organisms in the water - Raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages

biorevolution

Biotechnology, this was used in the Green revolution with GMOs

conservation

Can be applied to agriculture in multiple ways: Relating to Iceland; people were fishing a lot so the government had to have policies to conserve the amount of fishing they did since the population of fish was going down Could also relate to conservation of fuels or conserving wheat and other grains

truck farm

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning batering or the exchange of commodities.

diffusion

Crops and livestock are not only grown/raised in the agriculture origins but they have diffused to different areas

rural settlement (dispersed, nucleated, building material, village form)

Dispersed settlement: land is intensively cultivated but by machine rather by hand -farmhouses lie quite far apart -seen in US midwest Nucleated settlement: most prevalent rural residential pattern -grouped together in tiny clusters or hamlets or larger clusters we call villages Building material: Village Form: Linear village, cluster village, round village, walled village, grid village

"Tragedy of the commons"

Explains how resources are used more than is desirable, since people think individually and do not look at the society as a whole

first agricultural revolution

Fertile Crescent is first place where domesticated plants and animals were integrated

genetically modified plants and animals

GMO's or GE's hybrid crops and crossover breeding of animals food in 75% of all processed foods US leads the world in production of genetically engineered seeds been banned and embraced in different places

primogeniture

Germanic system of property inheritance where the eldest son gets all the land norm in Northern Europe, Americas, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand

staple grains

Grains that can be stored and used throughout the year (used frequently) -corn, wheat, rice

double cropping

Harvesting twice (or more than once) a year from the same field. -this was allowed to happen because of increase of technology and knowledge

sustainable yield

Highest rate at which a renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply

agricultural industrialization

How agriculture is not just farming but it has become one part of an integrated string of vertically organized industrial processes including production, storage, processing, distribution, marketing and retailing

costs of development

Industrialization-air and groundwater are polluted Agriculture-desertification Tourism- taxing existing infrastructure beyond its capacities, affects cultural landscape, profit from tourism goes back into the business Ex:

extractive industry

Industries involved in the activities of prospecting, exploring, developing, and producing for non-regenerative natural resources from the Earth -ex: industries involved in getting coal to the people for power

foreign direct investment

Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.

renewable/nonrenewable

Nonrenewable resources are like the coal and other resources we started using before Renewable resources are more recent where people are starting to create different technology Allows agriculture to grow as there is more power to support industries, agribusiness, and factory farms

globalized agriculture

Nowadays, most of agriculture is globalized -not subsistence agriculture more commercial agriculture It is all part of a system -For example, old colonies still trade with their original colonizers

organic farming and local food production

Organic crops are when they do not use synthetic of industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers

agricultural labor force

The number of people who work in agriculture. This is important because a large value indicates that the country is likely an LDC dependent on agriculture, while a small value indicates that there are fewer people working in agriculture, meaning that the agriculture is more efficient and therefore the country is probably a MDC

crop rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil. -switching crops, helps make sure the soil is still good so that different foods can be grown

plantation agriculture

The production of cash crops grown on large estates -Europe colonization first made this in colonies to get money -even after decolonization it is still seen in the countries that used to be colonies -Sometimes they have the one cash crop they still export to MDCs to sell and they are highly dependent on this crop

growing season

The season of the year where a crop best can grow and be extracted in

survey patterns (long lots, metes and bounds, township-and-range)

Township and range system: (rectangular survey system) designed to facilitate the movement of non-indians evenly across farmlands of the US interior -creates a rigid grid-like patter on the land -1 square mile section sold in parts doesn't consider terrain; uniformity across the land Metes and bounds survey: Where natural features were used to demarcate irregular parcels of land -adopted in the eastern seaboard longlot survey system- divided land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals - found in Quebec, Louisiana, Texas, and Canadian maritimes

energy consumption

United States consumes a lot of energy so it is always in need of a source of energy. This causes them to be very watchful of the countries with large reserves of oil and natural gas like Saudi Arabia

feedlot

Where livestock are brought to in order to be fed a lot so they become fat so that they can be later slaughtered and eaten -not all livestock go to feedlots though because they have to be brought there -different from factory farms

dependency ratio

a measure of the number of dependents (old and young people who can't support themselves) that each 100 employed people must support a high dependency ratio can result in significant economic and social strain European countries are an exception because they have a high aging population because of good medical care showing that you can't look at just the dependency ratio

islands of development

a place where gov. or corps. build up economic activity in a certain city government focuses jobs in the capital city corporations build cities where they focus jobs; usually near the resource they are extracting Ex: ShellGabon by oil reserves created Port Gentile

Transhumance

a seasonal periodic movement of livestock between highland and lowland pastures

commodity chain

a series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market how much wealth is generated depends on how production occurs at that step ex: the workers who cut dolomite don't need that much education so they have low salaries while the people in New York who sell it have high salaries

plant domestication

adapting wild plants and animals for human use southeast and south Asia may have been where it started choose seeds from the largest and healthiest plants to save for planting which changed the plant

how governments affect development

affect values added to commodity chains and impact wealth generated from production in argriculture, gov affects generation of wealth creates policies on the production zs of things from cheap labor changing the development

commercial agriculture (intensive, extensive)

agriculture of large scale grain producers and cattle ranches, mechanized equipment and factory type labor forces, plantations and profit Intensive: lots of work involved, more yield per area of farm land Extensive: Larger land that does not produce as much, not as much hand field work

suitcase farm

an american commercial grain agriculture; a farm where no one lives

planned economy

an economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government

factory farms

animals crowded and tended by automated systems, huge amounts of wastes (lagoons), air pollution, political power protects from environmental regulation -ex: The chicken radio we listened to: the chicken were all crowded together and the government had to kill all those chickens when just one got the chicken flu

Sauer, Carl O.

believed the experiments necessary to establish agriculture and settle in one place would occur in lands of plenty; such as Southeast and South Asia

agribusiness

businesses that provide a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry serves to connect local farms to a spatially extensive web of production and exchange fosters the spatial concentration of agricultural activities

Koppen climate classification system

classifies the world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation

swidden

cleared land after the slash and burn

intertillage

clearing of rows in the field through the use of hoes, rakes, and other manual equipment

fishing

commercial agriculture has caused over-fishing fishing industry has depleting harvests and missing species

gender development index (GDI)

compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes reflects improvements in the standard of living and well being of women combines income, literacy, education, life expectancy

root crops

crops that are reproduced by cultivating either the roots or cuttings from the plants ex: yams or sweet potatoes

cash crops

crops that country is dependent on; main export Ex: cotton and rubber

agriculture

deliberate tending of crops and livestock to produce food, feed, and fiber primary industry

monoculture

dependence on a single agricultural commodity established by colonial agriculture

vectored disease

diseases spread by one host to another by an intermediate host or vector Ex: mosquito/ Malaria

Johann Heinrich Von Thunen

experienced second agricultural revolution first hand and lived in Rostock, Germany made the Von Thunen model

extensive subsistence agriculture (shifting cultivation [slash-and-burn, milpa, swidden], nomadic herding/ pastoralism)

extensive because they need a lot of land to move around

slash -and-burn (also called milpa and patch agriculture)

farmers slash down the trees and burn the vegetation on the ground the ash settles on the ground and adds to the soils fertility

debt-for-nature swap

financial transactions in which a portion of a developing nation's foreign debt is forgiven in exchange for local investments in environmental conservation measure

market gardening

first ring of agricultural location model

dairying

first ring of agricultural location model widespread at the northern margins of the mid-latitudes- particularly in the northeastern United States and in northwestern Europe

farming

form of agriculture production of crops on fields and raising livestock

mineral fuels

fuels made organically, by plants

collective farm

group of farms that were run by the government so the profits were distributed -communist

subsistence agriculture

growing only enough food to survive subsistence=survival in the strict sense subsistence farmers to not enter the cash economy at all many subsistence farmers sell a small portion for things like taxes way of life; surplus is shared among community, individual wealth and development is restricted

nucleated settlement

houses are every half mile but land use is just as intense, but the work is done by people and animals most prevalent rural residential pattern in agriculture

desertification

humans destroying vegetation and eroding soils through the overuse of lands for livestock grazing crop production Ex: 2/3 Africa

environmental modification (pesticides, soil erosion, desertification)

impacts of commercial agriculture intensive use of land and new pesticides has lead to pesticides leaking into the soil expanding livestock herding in a place with limited resources can lead to desertification

village forms

in Europe, villages are clustered on hillslopes castle on top of hill Western Europe- villages located no dikes and levees; linear villages cluster- small hamlet or crossroad which developed by accretion rundling- circular village with its central cattle corral walled villages- villages walled or surrounded by moats grid villages- laid out in a grid pattern

structural adjustment loans

loans given to countries in exchange for reforms in the economy or government, such as privatizing government entities, opening the country to foreign trade, reducing tariffs, and encouraging foreign direct investment

barriers to development

low levels of social welfare- high birth/death rates, low life expectancy, men more powerful than women, high rates of disease, lack of education, trafficking foreign debt- countries owe money to IMF, repaying their debts means they can't fund development projects, or development projects profit is too low political instability- divide exists between wealthy and poor, democracies don't last in poor countries; economic stability is connected to political stability widespread disease- weakens labor force, orphans children

shifting cultivation

move from place to place in search of better land subsistence farmers primarily found in topical and subtropical regions people live in a central village surrounded by successfully worked land only occurs in places with low population densities less energy; conserves forest and soil

green revolution- aka "Third Agricultural Revolution" (mechanized, chemical farming, food manufacturing)

new seed varieties but also from use of fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation in some places, and significant capital improvements agricultural scientist in the American Midwest began experimenting with technologically manipulated seed varieties to increase crop yields Mexico grew corn IR8-IR36- most widely grown crop on the planet (rice) brought new high-yield varieties of wheat and corn from the United States to other parts of the world, particularly south and southeast asia

core-periphery model

peripheral processes create a poor place which cannot easily climb the ladder of development multinational corporations in the core rely on the periphery if they are to produce goods cheaply for a profit semi periphery exists so that people can rationalize that periphery can become semi periphery and semi periphery can become core

seed crops

plants that are reproduced by cultivating seeds planned and more complex some believe that this started in the Nile River Valley but most believe that it started in the Fertile Crescent

dependency theory p. 308

political and economic relationships between countries of the world control and limit the economic development possibilities of poorer areas core limits how periphery grows ex: colonization

hunting and gathering

pre-agriculture what you gathered/hunted depended on environment first tools used were clubs, then spears, axes fire was the symbol of the community

mining

primary sector

economic activity (primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary, quinary)

primary- products closest to the ground: agriculture, fishing, ranching, hunting, mining secondary- manufacture primary products tertiary-service industry, commerce and trade quarternary- concered with the information or the exchange of money or goods; banking quinary- tied into research or higher education agriculture is in all sectors

development

progress; improvements in technology and production and improvements in the social and economic welfare of people

agricultural landscape

reflects the pattern of landownership in much of the country cadastral systems have a big influence also reflects property ownership where land is divided into neat parcels of land the size of that land depends on the rules of property inheritance Northern Europe, Americas, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand have bigger parcels of land Asia, Africa, Southern Europe, and Indian reservations have smaller plots of land because inheritance is split among the siblings

cultivation regions

regions in which large amounts of agriculture take place

forestry

second ring of the agricultural location model

second agricultural revolution

series of innovations, improvements, and techniques in Great Britain, the Netherlands, Denmark etc. farms expanded and were fenced in technologies made farming more efficient, in rows, and easier to maintain weeds with fertilizers livestock were breed and fed artificial feed abled feeding large urban populations railroads helped goods transport faster

adaptive strategies

societies system of their economic production

export processing zones (EPZ's)

special manufacturing zones in the global periphery and semi-periphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to foreign films Ex: Mexican maquiladoras and special economic zones of China

biotechnology

sprung with conjunction to the third agricultural rev. and development of genetically engineered crops GMO's and GE's is its principal orientation

animal domestication

taming wild animals used for milk, sources of meat, and beasts of burden smaller animals were breed because they were docile, making the domestic version of the animal appear different than the wild version 5 most important animals: cow, sheep, goat, pig, and horse modern domestication isn't successful

agrarian

term used to characterize farmers and their land

dollarization

the country's original currency is abandoned in favor for a currency of a wealthier country where they have strong ties ex: El Salvador abandoned colon for dollar

dispersed settlement pattern

the land is intensively cultivated but by machine rather than by hand houses are far apart ex: US Midwest

cadastral system

the method of land survey through which landownership and property lines are defined adopted in places where settlement could be regulated by law, and land surveys were crucial to their implementation

organic agriculture

the production of crops without the use of synthetic or industrially` produced pesticides and fertilizers growing industry

livestock ranching

the raising of domesticated animals for the production of meat and byproducts, such as leather and wool -wide distribution -Thunian pattern: livestock ranching in periphery, consumers in cities

farm crisis

times of agricultural recession smaller or subsistence farms shut down

core/periphery

traditional farm-village life is still common in India, Subsaharan Africa, China, and Southeast Asia 70% of the population is occupied in subsistence farming 2% of pop. remains if agriculture in US farm villages are disappearing from core countries

agricultural location model (Von Thunen model)

transport costs govern the use of the land high level intensity of production in the ring closest to the core; perishable items like milk need to be transported faster so they are closer to the consumers second ring (forest) provided wood and fuel for building in the third ring the crops are less perishable and bulkier ex: wheat and corn fourth ring was were livestock was being raised to replace field crops assumes ground is flat, environmental conditions are the same, no barriers to transportation cost of production/cost of transportation are most important

specialization

where individuals become experts in producing certain goods or services that are then exchanged