AP Human Geography- Unit 6

Redlining

A discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods. Today, it is officially illegal.

Master planned communities

A new town, planned community or planned city is a city, town, or community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically constructed in a previously undeveloped area.

Primate City

A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people s the second ranking settlement.

Rank-size Rule

A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.

Periferico

A peripheral area beyond the ring highway that contains squatter settlements. Included in the Griffin-Ford Model updated by Larry Ford.

Ghettoization

A process occurring in many inner cities in which they become dilapidated centers of poverty, as affluent whites move out to the suburbs and immigrants and people of color vie for scarce jobs and resources.

Cumulative Causation

A process through which tendencies for economic growth are self-reinforcing; an expression of the multiplier effect, it tends to favor major cities and core regions over less-advantaged peripheral regions

Urban Hierarchy

A ranking of settlements (hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis) according to their size and economic functions.

Greenbelt

A ring of land maintained as parks, agricultural, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area

Urban Realm Model

A spatial generalization of the large, late-twentieth-century city in the United States. It is shown to be a widely dispersed, multicentered metropolis consisting of increasingly independent zones or realms, each focused on its own suburban downtown; the only exception is the shrunken central realm, which is focused on the Central Business District (CBD).

Restrictive covenants

A statement written into a property deed that restricts the use of the land in some way; often used to prohibit certain groups of people from buying property

Burgess's Concentric Zone Model

A structural model of the American central city that suggest the evidence of five concentric land use rings arranged around a common center.

Suburb

A subsidiary urban area surrounding and connected to the central city. Many are exclusively residential; others have their own commercial centers or shopping malls.

Edge City

A term introduced by American Journalist Joel Garreau in order to describe the shifting focus of urbanization in the US away from the CBD toward new loci of economic activity at the urban fringe. These cities are characterized by extensive amounts of office and retail space, few residential areas, and modern buildings.

Central Place Theory

A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.

Christaller's Central Place Theory

A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.

Ethnic culture region

An area occupied by people of similar ethnic background who share traits of ethnicity, such as language and migration history

Zone in transition

An area that is either becoming more rural or more urban

Urban Hearth Area

An area, like Mesopotamia or the Nile River Valley where large cities first existed.

Central Place

Any point or place in the urban hierarchy, such as a town or city, having a certain economic reach or hinterland.

Industrial city

Cities that were developed hugely as an effect of the Industrial Revolution

Colonial City

City established by colonizing empires as administrative centers. Often they were established on already existing native cities, completely overtaking their infrastructures.

Griffin-Ford Latin American City Model

Combines elements of Latin American Culture and globalization by combining radial sectors and concentric zones. Includes a thriving CBD with a commercial spine. The quality of houses decreases as one moves outward away from the CBD, and the areas of worse housing occurs in the Disamenity sectors.

McGhee Model

Developed by geographer T.G. McGhee, a model showing similar land-use patterns among medium sized cities of Southeast Asia. Its focal point is the old colonial port zone. The model also does not find any CBD in asia, but rather he found elements of the CBD present as separate clusters surrounding the port zone.

Hoyt's Sector Model

Focuses on residential patterns explaining where the wealthy in a city choose to live. He argued that the city grows outward from the center, so a low-rent area could extend all the way from the CBD to the city's outer edge, creating zones which are shaped like pieces of a pie.

Borchert's Model of Urban Evolution

Four different epochs that cause a large amount of industrial development, they were Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790-1830), Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870), characterized by impact of steam engine technology, and development of steamboats and regional railroad networks. Steel Rail Epoch (1870-1920), dominated by the development of long haul railroads and a national railroad network. Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-

Micropolitan statistical area

Has at least one urban cluster of at least 10,000 but less than 50,000 and adjacent territory has a high degree of social and economic integration

Metropolitan statistical area

Has at least one urbanzed area of 50,000 or more and adjacent territory that has a high degree of socail and economic integration

Threshold

In central place theory, the size of the population required to make provision of services economically feasible.

Zoning Ordinances

Legal restrictions on land use that determine what types of building and economic activities are allowed to take place in certain areas. In the US, areas are mostly commonly divided into separate zones of residential, retail, or industrial use.

Counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.

Blockbusting

Rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks in American cities that occurs when real estate agents and others stir up fears of neighborhood decline after encouraging people of color to move to previously white neighborhoods. In the resulting outmigration, real estate agents profit through the turnover of property.

Racial Steering

Realtors steer nonwhites to non white neighborhoods.

Harris and Ulman's Multiple Nuclei Model

Recognizes that the CBD is losing its dominant position as the single nucleus of the urban area. Several urban regions have their own nucleus.

Exurb

Small communities lying beyond the suburbs of a city

Functional zonation

The division of a city into different regions or zones (residential or industrial) for certain purposes or functions (housing or manufacturing)

Central business district (CBD)

The downtown hearth of a central city. Marked by high land values, a concentration of business and commerce, and the clustering of the tallest buildings.

Uneven development

The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.

Range (of goods and services)

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.

Urbanization

The movement of people to, and the clustering of people in, towns and cities- a major force in every geographic realm today. Also when expanding cities absorb the rural countryside and transforms it into suburbs.

Urban Morphology

The physical layout of a city; its physical form and structure

Suburbanization

The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe.

Peak land value intersection

The region within a settlement with the greatest land value and commerce. As such, it is usually located in the central business district of a town or city, and has the greatest density of transport links such as roads and rail

Gentrification

The rehabilitation of deteriorated, often abandoned housing of low-income inner-city residents.

Urban Realm

The spatial componenets of the modern metroplis, where each realm is a separate economic, social, and polititical entity that is linked together to form the larger metropolitian framework

Central city

The urban area that is not suburban. Generally, the older or original city that is surrounded by newer suburbs.

Disamenity Sector

The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords.

Gated communities

restricted neighborhoods or subdivisions, often literally fenced in, where entry is limited to residents and their guests

Economic base

the wealth produced in or near a community that provides employment and income to the local population

Non-basic sector

Those economic activities of an urban unit that supply the resident population with goods and services and that have no "export" implication

Shantytowns

Unplanned slum developments on the margins of cities, dominated by crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and even pieces of cardboard.

Urban Sprawl

Unrestricted growth in many American urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning.

Shock city

Urban place experiencing infrastructural challenges related to massive and rapid urbanization.

Succession migration

When one person of a family migrates, then proceeds to bring the rest of the family or village along after they have been established

BId-rent curve

a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases. It states that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city centre.

Megalopolis

an extensive concentration of urbanized settlement formed by a coalescence of several metropolitan areas. The term is commonly applied to the urbanized northeastern seaboard of the U.S. extending from Boston, MA to Washington, D.C.

Urban Banana

arch of the dominant overland. Trade based cities stretching from London to Tokyo in the 1500's before the rise of sea based trade and exploration.

World cities

A city in which a disproportionate part of the world's most important business is conducted. Dominant city in terms of its role in the global political economy. Not the world's biggest city in terms of population or industrial output, but rather centers of strategic control of the world economy.

Mega cities

A city with a population of greater than 10 million

Favelas

Poor slums in the disamenity sectors of many Latin American cities.

Hinterland

Surrounding area served by an urban center. That center is the focus of goods and services produced for its hinterland and it is the dominant urban influence as well.