AP Human Geography- (Unit 6.1) - Cities and Urban Land Use
What can happen with businesses in regards to population?
Businesses can begin to die out if there is not enough people to support them as there is excess competition that overrides the current available population to support them.
*What can the gravity model be used to estimate?
- Traffic Flows - Migration between two areas - The number of people likely to use one central place
What are places that are in low demand and therefore have lower order of services?
-Gas Stations -Barber Shops -Religious Services -Grocery Stores (Size and quantity of items dependent on the population.) (Moderately-Low Demand) -Fast Food -Coffee -Diners -Family Doctors -Used Car Dealers
What is a colonial city?
A city usually described in regards to european colonialism that served as main hubs for ex-european colonial government and has somewhat of a european transplant within their country. Examples Include: African cities (such as Lagos, Nigeria (British colony), and Kinshasa, Demographic Republic of the Congo (Belgium colony)) as well as South American Cities (such as Sao Paulo, Brazil, and Mexico City, Mexico.
What is a megacity?
A city with a population over 10 million.
What is the working class?
A class that is between the middle class and the under class, here, there is an occupancy of manual labor or jobs that do not require a college degree. These jobs can include working in factories, office support, care-oriented, etc. and mostly paid per wage. There is also little financial security, disposable incomes, and living conditions in multi-family homes such as apartments.
What is the middle class?
A class that is described as a midpoint between the working class and the upper class, here, we have a large occupance of professional, white collar jobs. The work in office, administration positions, homes that have one bedroom per person, have access to post-secondary education, and have financial security and disposable incomes.
What is the upperclass?
A class that is described to hold the most socioeconomic power within a population, and also the most access to wealth within in a population.
What is a central place? What are some things to be said about specialized services?
A cluster of services that act as functional region to its hinterland. The more specialized a service is, the more likely people will be willing to travel farther for it. Additionally, these services will need larger populations as not everyone can afford it or will have access to it.
Where are factories in regards to the burgess, concentric rings model?
Factories were close to CBDs and waterfronts, this is where land rent and transport factors all were optimized to make profits; however, land here was very pollution-heavy.
How can government and legalities affect economic development in cities?
Local governments can affect economic development by encouraging businesses lower tax rates but also prevent it by not approving developmental permits. For example in Austin, with immense people moving in, property taxes are rising exponentially and people are beginning to settle in suburban, surrounding areas instead of the mainland, downtown area. There is also the construction of landscapes that can deter homeless.
What was upper class residential areas like in the Hoyt-Sector Model?
Located on a streetcar or rail line with many access points.
What are world cities?
Main leaders of economics, politics, and culture on a global scale. An example of this can be New York who has political influences as its the headquarters of the UN and has highly influential stock markets, followed by London, Tokyo, and Chicago who also have influential stock markets that sets precedents on global economics. Pairs, Seoul, Tokyo, and London are also major hearths for culture. The city will have high levels of infrastructure and communication technology and will have strong connections with other "world cities."
How are MSAs usually compiled?
Major cities and their other adjacent communities.
What is a low range of central place?
Means that a certain central place has a low range that does is often times traveled in short distances to get such as gasoline.
What is a high range of central place?
Means that a service has high amounts of attraction, which leads it to have a larger hinterland. This can be seen in places such as Disney Land and news stations such as KVUE which can travel hundreds of miles into hinterland.
What can be a description of villages?
They have dozens of services such as a few banks, grocery stores, post offices, schools, and conviences stores. Their 1-2 specialzied jobs such as generic medical positions and doctors. Population is usually a few hundred people.
What are some attributes of cities?
They have large specialized professions and usually have at least one hospital, there is also post-secondary education such as vocational training, community college, or a university. They usually have settlements that can attract their hinterland such as used-car dealerships. They usually have several thousand people in their population.
What are some attributes of the squatter settlements in Latin American models?
They have slums in the periphery of cities, they do not have access to the modern infrastructure or services in the cities. These cities have formed due to transition from LDC to NIC that is created by en masse rural-urban migration.
Where do the underclass live in in regards to the hoyt-sector model?
They live in the transition zones of industry and factories that was once occupied by high socioeconomic classes; however, the houses are now deteriorating and near disruptive rail lines.
What are some urban models in southeast asia?
They were colonized as port cities, squatter settlements reflect the growth of cities as they're in areas without infrastructure. People live where they can afford, usually in multi-family apartments. There is an alien commercial zone, small shops and businesses owned by Chinese Immigrants. New industrial zones formed by corporations offshored labor and business zones.
What were education centers (ancient)?
They were places that inhabited teachers and philosophers and were placed there for educational services?
What can happen with the provisions of services in regards to decentralization of urban areas?
They will require more installment due to extensive coverage, also they services will be less efficient due to more decision makers being at hand. This can be an issues such as technological failure and natural disaster. There is also the issue of more costly infrastructure development that will require more expenses and cooperations to maintain and pay for.
What is an environmental impact of galactic cities?
They're places that have more flooding to more construction of sites that have impermeable surfaces such as sidewalks, paved roads, and office spaces that has caused more water runoff.
What is the 4th ring of the concentric, burgess model?
This is a zone of middle class people who live in this land comfortably until the 1960s. They're removed from the pollution, but is a little more costly to make it to the cities via transport. Eventually, the middle class will remove itself from this zone and the middle class will move in.
What is the under class?
Those who are unemployed, or employed but do not have enough money to pay the bills. These people live in the worst conditions in places with the lowest rent.
What are the north american models, what order did they come in?
1. Burgess Concentric Rings, 2. Hoyt-Sector Models. 3. Harris and Ullman multiple nuclei model. 4. Galactic City model, all of these developments were set up using infrastructure development at the time and studies of urban morphology.
What are some factors that can cause primate cities?
1. Ex-Colonized country will often times have set up cities due to old economic and administrative duties tasked in that city. 2. Countries being too small to sustain a smaller city. 3. Countries having physical factors that limit the development of other large cities. 4. Government structure encouraging primate cities- This can be seen in Unitary States as they have smaller land masses with centralized economic and political power in one place.
Why do multiple nuclei form in cities?
1. Nuclei will develop in places of industrial infrastructure such as railways or processing stations. To be able to take advantage of lower transport costs. 2. Nuclei will develop to help compensate main economic activity of certain places that is obligated to stay apart from one another. 3. Many businesses and services will conglomerate their services to be able to economically thrive.
What relations can be described by the gravity model?
1. People coming from large distances are more likely to move to large, urban areas. 2. People from large, urban areas are more likely to move to another large, urban areas due to heightened economic and political relations between large cities.
What is the Galactic-City Model?
A model that describes a ring road that develops in the periphery of a city and formulates edge cities. The city model was designed by Chauncey Harris as Canada and the U.S expanded their economic growth into the 2000s.
What can be a description of a town?
A place with certain mainstream services such as used car dealerships and generic title convienet stores such as Wal-Mart. Population can range from several hundreds to a few thousand people. Some specialized fields such as medical professions for orthodontist and pediatrcian.
What is a metropolitan statistical area?
A place with relatively high amounts of population and has close economic ties throughout the area.
What is zoning?
A practice of specializing land uses in a city, it is also the process of determining the bulk, size, and quantity of buildings per zone. It is a very common regulatory practices local governments use to carry out urban planning. Also can have accent labels such as commercial, which can make places have the main purpose of land function along with inclusion of shops and other retail services.
What is the "Dark Period" for Europe?
A time when urban growth and developmental stagnation occured in Europe after the collapse of the Roman and Greek Empires. It lasted from 500 BC-1300 BC and was able to pick up Urban Growth around the last 1/3 after Europe entered the Age of Exploration and the 2nd agricultural revolution.
What are some criteria and qualifications of world cities?
A variety of international financial services notably in finance, insurance, real estate, banking, accountancy, and marketing • Headquarters of several multinational corporations • The existence of financial headquarters, a stock exchange and major financial institutions • Domination of the trade and economy of a large surrounding area • Major manufacturing centers with port and container facilities • Considerable decision-making power on a daily basis and at a global level • Centers of new ideas and innovation in business, economics, culture, and politics (hearth of innovation) • Centers of media and communications for global networks • Dominance of the national region with great international significance • High percentage of residents employed in the services sector and information sector • High-quality educational institutions, including renowned universities, international student attendance, and research facilities • Multi-functional infrastructure offering some of the best legal, medical, and entertainment facilities in the country • High diversity in language, culture, religion, and ideologies.
What is the Disamenity zone in Latin America urban models?
A zone that falls out of the control of the Government, it has high crime rates and is controlled by drug lord, crime bosses, and gangs. It has high crime rate, high unemployment, and deterotiationg buildings.
What is the zone of in Situ Accretion?
A zone where the old city begins to transition into a slum area, the homes here are modest in size, vary in quantity and quality and even how they are made up.
What were some attributes and features of greek city-states?
Acropolis- Places where people built the most impressive, daunting structures usually being government buildings, storehouses, and religious sites. Agoras- Places were many greeks debated, judged, lectured, etc. They were hubs of commercial activity and were low-lying flat surfaces that had steps coming down to them, they were open, public spaces, (Markets.) Theaters- Common places for theatrics and philosophical discussions, common visitors would be aristocrats. Was responsible for the creation of the rectangular grid plan, the cities were built so that cities could have optimale wind coverage that could flow through the cities to cool down in the summer. Was invented in 470 BCE by Hippodamus of Milteus.
What two main factors determined early settlements of Urban Areas? What forms of civilization did these things create?
Agricultural Surplus and Social Stratification, there are usually many ways of to how this could of occured, One way is the introduction of disparity between laborers and leaders. When agricultural surplus is achieved with greater technological innovation, the began a divide where people demanded to produce a surplus that would help benefit and help the leader sustain power within a community. This could of also happened when a priest or king would decentralize power to certain groups who were able to improve their technology and methods of farming to overall increase yields. This made it possible to have an agricultural surplus happening concurrently with a population boom and demand for food. Those were not in power would become bakers, blacksmiths, merchants, and other service jobs within the area. Overall, the rise of landed gentry, authority, laborers, and service job providers led to the rise of social stratification.
What are some attributes in cities in the Roman Empire?
All cities were designed for one specialty and hoe transportation networks made up by roads to facilitate communication and military and trade movement. Rome is estimated to have had about 1 million people by 400 BCE, which each city having around 1,500-30,000 people per city. Rome had vast transportation networks that connected places to each other either by roads, sea routes, and trading ports. The integration of the urban system was made possible by transportation networks. Roman regional planners displayed a remarkable capacity for choosing the sites of cities. The site was often chosen based on benefits of a trade location, defensive advantage, or because it was an appropriate religious location.
What is a suburban areas?
An community adjacent to a city within commuting distance, they usually develop in rings around cities or along major transportation lines or commuter rail line.
What is the Hoyt sector model?
An urban model developed by economist Homer Hoyt that used bases from the Concentric model with some added effects of railroads and street cars. This also dominated North American cities from the 1900s to WWII.
What are some attributes about Roman influence, urban development, and innovation?
Aqueducts are things that carry water away from places 300 miles away and deliver 60 million cubic feet of water daily. They also had supply from underground surface water and sewage systems. Roman Public Forums were designed by influences from greek Agoras and Acropolis, as they were focal points of everyday life. Has the world's first greatest stadium the Coliseum, the building has since been left behind its marble sheen, and the ruin of the building now stands. They adapted the rectangular system as well.
What is the impact of industry under the multiple nuclei model?
As multiple CBDs develop, so those the infrastructure of areas, which causes industry to form and moves to these cores. In this model, there is usually two main districts, light industry and wholesale-less polluting industry, and heavy industry such as oil refining, steel plants, and needs more capital than light industry.
What is a high housing density?
Can be when large amounts of people/families live in high-rise or low-rise apartment buildings.
What can lack of infrastructure mean for places?
Can lead to terrible economic conditions, even if the place is close to cities, it can lead to de facto segregation as those with higher socioeconomic status can move to more prosperous areas with more infrastructure and the poor can't move out of places with poor infrastructure. Lack of infrastructure is seen as a failure to urban places as city planners fix this by rebuilding many roads, rails, buildings, and crowding/service deficiency.
What invention has hurt urbanization?
Cars, cars have able to increase the sprawl of urban areas and has lead them to be less condensed. Population also can leave cities as people want more space away from the crowded mainland and wish to buy more affordable houses away from the cores of cities.
What can happen to cities in regards to sequence occupation?
Cities can leave imprints of sequence occupation due to ever changing demands of people.
How does infrastructure and transport technology affect the spatial distribution of cities?
Cities develop on transport networks, this influences the growth of cities as people and businesses settle along transport routes. If cities are built around public transport such as buses and subways they will be more compact. If cities are built around freeways and personal cars, they are more likely to sprawl and be more dispersed.
What were ancient religious cities?
Cities that had direct control of life such as planting under the command of a priest who had political and social control.. These cities were also theocratic centers that also acted as a common place for ceremonies.
What are boomburgs?
Cities that have higher-than-usual populations relative to cities but still maintain suburban status. To be considered a boomburg, your population in a suburban place must reach 100,000 or more population. Many boomburgs are rapidly developing in southwestern U.S along interstate road/railway programs.
What are some attributes of the Industrial Cities?
Cities that were shaped by precedents shaped by european innovators such as advanced breeding techniques, seed drills, and hybrid seeds. This led to mass movement to cities in the industrial age. They grew from villages along rivers and canals, this was ideal as they were close to a power source. They allowed for luxurious houses to grow into slums that had failing water supply and sanitation systems. Class position began to determine what lifestyle you lived, if you were a wealthy individual you could live virtually anywhere, away from the poor conditions of the slums. CBD became central economic, commercial activities within the cities that could have connections to other CBDs in other cities.
What are shock cities?
Cities usually located in LDC and NIC countries that have populations growing faster than can be accommodated for. Issues such as infrastructure development, overcrowding, and development of squatter settlements are all issues in these cities. These cities form due to en masse migration from rural to urban areas.
What were Hydraulic Civilizations?
Civilizations that thrived off of control over having access over the cities water supply, irrigation would then need to take specialized irrigation methods and cooperation. (Nile River Valley)
What are cities usually described as?
Core areas for industrial and political power, culture, medical care, centers of sports, education, and the usual centers of markets.
What is the context of the burgess, concentric rings model?
Describes a model shaped after peak-industrial Chicago, where the main modes of transport were by walking or horseback-carriages.
What can happen in regards to residential settlement in high populous areas?
Developers build up to create clustered, high-rise apartments.
Why did the galactic city model occur?
Due to rapid urbanization that occured in the 2nd half of the 20th century, the power that cities held were being decentralized by CBDs and other nuclei that would form around transportation hubs of the cities, this led to people to leave for the suburbs and therefore; retail services, which only supplemented more growth as services attract people. Their was also the expansion of low-rise sprawling office parks and parking lots as developers no longer wanted to build on expensive land and be limited to high-rise space, there is also a move away from industry jobs altogether. There is also more legal freedom as there is less jurisdiction of what can and cannot be built in urban areas.
What are some examples of places with primate cities and why?
France, has a unitary government. Thailand, has small land area and rugged topography on the peninsula that makes it hard for the pop-up of cities anywhere else but the low-lying, flat lands. Mexico, is an ex-colony. Egypt, land mass in uninhabitable as it is desert and rugged topography, the population is centered around the Nile River Valley as clusters in the city of Cairo. Argentina has plains suited for ranching and pasturing, but not so much for agriculture. The country also is an ex-colony.
What is an example regarding how changes made to a city's situation affected the respective city's viability?
Gavelston, prior to the 1900s, was one of the busiest ports in the U.S, just trailing behind New York(#1). However; the city was hit with one of the most deadly hurricanes in National History in 1900. But at that time, Houston was beginning to dredge their ship channels so ships can pass through directly away from Galveston. Now, Houston is the biggest port city in regards to foreign tonnage and remains one of the largest ports in the Gulf Coast. As of 2016, Houston remains as one of the biggest cargo handlers with 68% of foreign imports. With the expansion of transport vessels and the Panama Canal, Houston has grown in influence. This hurt Gavelston as many ports were being attached pipelines, but none were built to Galveston. Now, Galveston has many operations with cruise lines in attempt to better alleviate economic sanctions and improve infrastructure.,
What is the bid-rent theory?
Givers rings around urban areas, in each ring, there is three main purposes of business/land use. The closet rings to the CBD will have the highest land and rent costs which gradually decrease as you move away from cities.
What are higher order goods?
Good and services that are more specialized and needed less frequently or are only accessible to portions of populations. Therefore, this leads the place wherever these places are to be in places of high populations and have large ranges to be able attract as much customers.
What does the Christaller's hexagons show?
He tried to showcase the spatial distribution of cities across landscapes and showed how cities are central places that provide services to surrounding areas. That low-order settlements are all over the place regardless of settlement and more close together, while high-order settlements are spaced farther apart and are only really located in high-order settlements. The hexagons in the model show resting urban areas with hinterlands, this means that the lines of the hexagon are places were main service attractions become equidistant and begin to offer the same level of service. The higher settlements such as cities will be able to have larger ranges and more high-level services. The lower settlements will have lower-level services.
What are some examples of multiple nuclei?
In Round Rock, Texas, there is a lot of nuclei that pops up such in fringe areas of Austin and Lakeline mall which is a highway intersection between Ranch Road and Highway 183. The area has seen massive retail and infrastructure growth since its construction. There is also nuclei forming around transportation hubs in places like Columbia Heights.
What are some attributes of the Residential-Latin American Models?
In more historic times, people lived walled off with their own mini plazas, they had services such as shopping centers and churches. The wealthy live along the spine, and the middle class live farther out surrounded by abject poverty and the upper-class residentials of the spine.
What are some environmental issues of urban sprawl?
Increased flooding due to intensified wetland draining and building of paved roads. Increased air pollution, sanitation issues, and waste disposal. housing affordability, poverty, income disparity, traffic, stress, ambient light, and noise pollution.
What are some examples of ancient urban development?
Indianopleas- Early Market and Economic Hub. Salt Lake City- Salt Lake Temple, is an important central hub for the Mormon Religion. Roman Forum- Was a city in Rome that served as a day-to-day center of life and the main headquarters for the Roman Empire, was a place for elections and processions, places of commerce, criminal trials, gladiatorial matches. All of these cities have somewhat further development from their old functions, but their early cultural role has had an impact on the current cultural landscape in place.
What is Infill development?
Infill development occurs within established urban areas where the site or area either is a vacant place between other developments or has previously been used for another urban purpose. (The Domain)
How can infrastructure play a role in the expansion of cities?
Infrastructure can lead for the opportunity for cities to expand, this can be supplemented by communications and further developments to technology. Once cards were invented, people could now have the option to move farther away from the CBDs of cities., this was further supplemented by the development of subways and underground transport systems. Then, with the inventions of personal vehicles, people could live anywhere and commute to the CBD of cities. This was further supplemented by the interstate highway program, which cut time to travel, which allowed further expansion. Finally, with the rise of the internet, people can now work at home with tele-commute with the internet, they no longer have to leave their homes.
What is the 3rd ring in the burgess, concentric model?
It is occupied by working class civilians who live in close proximity of factories to be able have quick transportation and be somewhat removed from the pollution. This ring has residences living in high-density tenements owned by factories, they're also known as the inner city as they are the closet full residential area close to the CBD. They also have sequent occupance of people, the underclass and new-arrival immigrants began to live in these high-density apartments after the working class moved out one ring farther away.
What did early forms of social stratification lead to in societies?
It led to developments of upper-class, urban elites, control over life and resources, led those not farming to be able to pursue education and other professions, it led to the preservation of traditions and ways of life, which led to recordkeeping which allowed for the development of codified monetary systems and complex social orders (Laws) in societies.
What are some attributes of Sub-Saharan African Urban Models?
It was a model created during apartheid. It has two CBDs, a traditional CBD and a colonial CBD. However; the infrastructure disproportionately benefits the colonial CBD. There is also the presence of ethnic neighborhoods.
What has happened to Detroit?
It's population hit its peak in 1950, there was about 1.9 million people living in the area, people have begun to move out due to the closing and relocation of car manufacturers many buildings are now vacant.
How has situation helped improve the economic conditions of Shenzhen, China?
Its proximity to the economic introduction zone and export processing zones help economically improve the conditions of Shenzhen, China.
What are some attributes of the economics of cities?
Money is needed to help keep the people in cities have access to salaries, schools, food services, etc. An example of this is basic industries, which is money that is earned by the cities that comes out from the cities. An example of this can be universities, the money is extracted from people who are providing loans and payments and used to pay people who work in the university. This income is the base for revenue of cities. Another way cities can get money is non-basic industries which is the creation jobs created by the needs and economic flexibility of residents in cities. This can be seen in schools as schools will create venue positions but also receive federal funding. For reach basic industry, a non-basic industry is created. If basic industries leave, the population in cities will decline and there will be many consequential issues such as increased crime rates, slums, vacancies, etc.
What are some examples of high order goods?
New Car Dealerships- These are items that are more substantial and rare in one's life and therefore will be located in larger cities to be able to have a sustainable market base. This can also be seen in higher-end department stores, for examples this can be seen in Vera Wang clothing. Her dresses are long sought after wedding dresses that are concentrated in certain parts of the country, however; people are willing to travel longer distances for them, and will consequently have a large range due to the commitment of people to travel to her carrying stores.
What is urban decentralization?
Occurs when the mainland urban areas decentralizes due to policy and decision making transfers to lower administrative districts. This usually happens as taxpayers will flock to suburban, fringe areas to escape higher taxes. This means that money meant to develop infrastructure and social services out of the cities and into suburban areas.
What is an example of place that saw success both based on site and situation characteristics?
Paris, Paris is an island located in the Seine River. The island morphology helped make the place more economically viable for agriculture due to fertile soils and flat plains. The island was also easy to protect as it was an island. The place was also set at a political advantage as it was set in a kingdom that would later become France. The hinterland of Paris was also economically prospering and was able to make essential economic and political developments that help France on a local and global scale due to the small benefits Paris provided for the economies of these places.
What were some attributes of Dark Age European Settlements?
Period of feudalism, highly structured settlements with strict social order and stratification. Trade was difficult due to disputes of manors. Residences lived in safety inside barred walls, while farmers and agriculturalist farmed the land. They were able to get this privilege of protection and land if they were to pay a small share of crops to the baron. These places have left legacies in toponyms and physical implications on the cultural landscape.
What were ancient economic centers?
Places were core economic bases and wealthy merchants, land and livestock owners, and traders all operated.
What were early government centers?
Places were government officials operated and lived.
What best describes hamlets?
Places with a few basic services, the population is small with a large composition of small families.
What happen with one of Rome's cities that now makes it an ideal place to study history?
Pompei, a Roman city serves a record keep for roman history due to being frozen in time due to the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius.
What is green space in regards to urban development?
Previously undeveloped land, attracted by developers and different urban planners.
What is an edge city?
Ring cities that are more hubs for business, commercial, and entertainment work. They also differ from suburbs as they have more office space than houses or residential areas. They usually replace suburbs. They can develop slowly over large transportation networks or roads, or they can advance in a soon-to-be suburb area
What is a Modern Example how a place's situation affects its economic viability?
Singapore is an island that has strategic location at the many crossroads of SE Asian Trade, the situation has made the country an entrepot and a financial hub due to sheer amounts of handling of imports, the island has also become a hub of technological and communications companies and innovations.
What are exurbs?
Smaller cities or towns with open land between them and the central city, they usually have combinated styles of rural and urban areas.
What parallels can be drawn from early agricultural and cultural hearths?
The spot for the first cities/urban areas. These areas formed around places such as the Fertile Crescent and the Yellow River Valley and began to pop up when we saw population clusters forming in 3500 BC.
What are some examples of mercantile cities?
St. Florence, Versailles, Dresden Germany, St. Peters,
What is the rank-size rule of cities?
States that cities are 1/(whatever their rank is) from the largest cities, as you go up in ranks, the jumps of population become more noticable but as you go down the differences begin to shrink.
What is the basis of the multiple nuclei model?
Takes in account of car ownership as popular means of transportation accounting for the development of smaller CBDs on urban fringe. This causes for less commute times for people that lives in these urban outskirts. The expansion of movement allows for multiple nuclei to form as specialized regional centers. This allows it to be suited for rapidly expanding cities.
What can happen to population and the demand of services?
That as a population grows, there will be more businesses suited for commerce of a region. However; as a population shrinks, less businesses are needed, and there is soon to be a recession or relocation of businesses in that area.
What are some of the assumptions of the central place model?
That land is relatively flat, resource supply is adequate and equitable, there is no governmental restriction that limits the transpiration of people from and between urban areas. They begin to fail as cities get close to urban areas as the normal economic flows are overpowered by the centrality of the city. An example of this is the success of this model in Illinois until it reaches the city of Chicago. The rest of IL is flat land with adequate fertile farmland and soil, until it reaches the city where blobs of cities begins to form around the MSA and the city.
What is a connection with income and place to live regarding urban areas?
That low-income persons will live closer to the CBD, they do not have the resources to buy or show for mortgages in low-rent costs areas and they also have smaller sq foot manors to pay for as high-density housing is common in CBD areas, so therefore rent per sq foot will be cheaper in more extensive manors outwards from the cities.
What determines the settlement of central places on a landscape and how many them can be clustered?
That these factors are determined by the size of the urban area and the level of service needed to be provided.
What is an example of infrastructure development having an affect on places socioeconomic status?
The Columbia Heights neighborhood was once considered one of the most poverty-stricken, horrendous places to live in the State. However; with the development of a subway network, incentives for retail development, and the construction of a park. The neighborhood began to be one of the most thriving place to live within the city.
What bill lead to increased veteran and middle class expansion into residential areas outwards from CBDs?
The G.I Bill.
What can be said about the size comparison of Washington and Baltimore to Houston?
The Houston ring roads has been able to increase the surface area of Houston's population, while Maryland and Baltimore only have one, making their cities compact with a high population density with better developed public transit in comparison to Houston's metro.
How has the site and situation of Round Rock, Texas helped it progress economically?
The Town's fertile soil, position as a Gulf Coastal Plain and being a limestone outcrop in Brushy Creek made it a great economic hub., this was compounded with the City's situation among the Chisholm Trail. Today, the city is economically at an advantage due to our proximity to I-35 and close proximity and short commuting time to Austin, Texas.
What is housing density?
The amount of people per residential space.
What are some of the things urban geography studies?
The structure of services and the accessibility to service jobs within cities. How cities are related to their rural areas under their influence and how cities are related to other cities that influence them.
What is the plaza of the Latin American model?
The city has a plaza that was inspired by roman-portugal and spain design. The plaza is surrounded by administrative buildings and catholic buildings.
What are some factors of Mesopotamia?
The city was protected by 25 feet high and 75 feet wide mud walls. The city's urban landscape was dominated by temples that were large mounds over 100 feet. Priests and authority figures lived in palaces. Normal citizens were to live in mud-walled, packed house that were only separated by one, narrow line. The poorest people lived in the outskirts of city in mud huts. The authorities kept slaves in prison-like accommodations sometimes outside of city lines. They did not have a waste disposal systems, all trash was disposed of in the streets and kept there it would pile up several feets and would supplement the spread of disease, keeping the population of this city overall small. This is how a lot of the city's history is studied. The city grew to a maximum of 10,000-15,000 persons after about 2,000 years of growth. The relic boundaries of the cities are important to the cultural landscapes they inhabit. Such as The Western Wall in Jerusalem.
What is the 5th (and final) ring of the burgess, concentric model?
The commuter zone, the wealthy can remove itself from the musk of cities and afford to pay the cost of transportation to the cities (commuters) As cars become more accessible, the wealthy will move out of this zone and the middle class will begin to occupy instead.
What has the expansion of the Galatic model caused?
The decline of high-rise buildings and main CBDs, as they are taking on many of the roles that they use to occupy. Houston, NYC, and places like San Antonio have also had struggled with declines of economic viability of CBDs.
What is the industrial zone like in the Hoyt-Sector model?
The factories more or less located upon freight lines with little access points rather than being around the CBD.
What is the transition zone in the burgess, concentric rings model?
The first ring outside of the CBD, it is a place where services, retail areas, and factories turn into residential areas. The wealthy used to occupy much of this land before they began to be pushed out by increasing pollution and population. The residences are now occupied by the underclass, who now live in conditions of high pollution and terrible conditions. They usually live in old mansions of low rent and disparaging/varying quality.
What is the 1st ring in the bid-rent theory?
The first ring, or, closest to the CBD, will have retail services and other high-order goods. They are willing to pay more for land as that spot generates them high profits.
What is the initial development era for residential areas?
The initial development describes when land has some sort of buildings on it that transform it from an open-land use or an agricultural land use. The land becomes more improved when there is the development of infrastructure such as telecommunication lines, electricity, water, all built from the cooperation of local governments and urban planners. The houses built will then cater to a certain socioeconomic class-usually being the middle or upper class.
What is urban geography?
The study of how cities form and function, in this study, geographers will look and study about internal geographical systems that are executed within city lines. In Urban Geography, there is also the study of people, where they work, play, shop, go to work, attend school, and how they are relative to the cities infrastructure.
What is the deterioration phase of residential settlements?
The initial development of land commands higher prices, and families of the desired socioeconomic class will move in; however the settlement will slowly decrease in appeal, and therefore decrease in value as well. This acts as a push factor for those who do live in those areas, and a lower class will begin to move in. This can be seen with upper class neighborhoods being turned into middle class ones, or, divided into different units and apartments for the occupancy of under class civilians. This can also happen with middle class neighborhoods being turned into working class neighborhoods. The populations become more mobile, rent-based civilians who begin to wear-tear the property and promote lack of upkeep.
What is gentrification, what happens in this phase of residential areas?
The land is catered to a middle-class taste by either urban renovators or middle-class people moving in. This causes a chain of events, property values begin to rise, the amount of rent and taxes rise as well, and therefore leads to increased displacement of underclass people living in these areas and also a complete change of nature and values of a place.
What is the 2nd ring in the bid-rent theory?
The manufacturing zones, these areas do not generate enough profits to be located in the CBD, so, they gather near the 2nd ring to be able to have quick access to cities to conduct business and have reasonable land/rent prices for their business.
What can happen to poverty-stricken, poor areas begin to get fixed by urban planning and gentrification?
The old communal support systems, old residents, and sense of place all become increasingly removed from the population as new people begin to move in and tidy up the place. This a process of gentrification, as the tidying up of areas with poor infrastructure removes old citizens and other sense-of-place aspects, city planners do not want to worsen the conditions of the already struggling citizens of that area.
What is a historic example of how a place's situation affected its economic viability?
The silk road was once an important economic hub as it harbored many cities that were essential stopping points along the way. However; as the more lucrative Indian Ocean routes became popular, there began an economic recession within the cities.
What is the third ring of the bid-rent theory?
The third ring out is the Residential zones, low population density and lower land costs causes this land to be most profitable outwards from the CBD.
What is urban sprawl?
The uncontrolled growth in commercial zones, housing, and other attributes of cities within an areas often times with disregard of urban planning. This can be seen after many developments of infrastructure technology such as the freeway construction in 1940 has contributed to increased urban sprawl and more development of transport lines to compensate for this.
Where do the wealthy live in regards to the Burgess, concentric rings model?
The wealthy lived closest to the CBD due to increasing access to services and main commercial activity or away from the crowds and pollution.
Where does the working class live in regards to the Hoyt-Sector model?
The working class lives near factories.
A What method do we use to describe urban areas?
Their MSA, which describes the economic relations and linkages with other smaller cities and suburban areas.
What is medium density housing?
These are places that have larger land area than high-density housing, however; may share walls and be closely packed settlements. This can be seen in clustered, single family homes; garden style apartments, duplexes, and townhouses.
What are some attributes of primate cities?
They are cities that do not fit into the rank-size rule, as they are the largest cities disproportionately largely than the rest of the cities in whatever given area. One example is Paris, Paris has about the same population as New York, however; the next largest cities is Birmingham which is about the same size as Austin(#11 of size of cities.)
What are some attributes of conurbations?
They are clusters of cities that have high economic and political influence. They have super specialized medical care such cancer research centers. They're also the headquarters for many multimillion corporations and multi billion corporations and financial institutions. They are the center of stock exchange such as NYSE and NASDAQ which in located in NYC. They're main places of border patrol and exits and entrances from in and out of the country. Some areas are examples such as the MSAs of: New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, Atlanta, and Dallas-Ft. Worth Some countries have only one conurbations, usually acting as a large primate city.
What can be said about east coast cities v. southern and west coast cities?
They are more compact as a lot of cities were built prior to automobile eras and were designed around public transport, of course, modern transport technology has allowed some degree of urban sprawl. South and western cities were built after the development of the interstate highway program and the personalized automobile era. People living in NYC and Washington, D.C will more likely take subways and public transport than those living in places such as Houston, Austin, Dallas, etc. As the cities are more sprawled.
What is happening with Industry in galactic models?
They are moving outwards from the main CBDs, this has left brownsvilles on cities and have left them with additional clean up and planning before being redeveloped.
What is happening with residences in Urban areas?
They are much more spread out due to access to personalized vehicles and less access to public transport systems, there is also the development of edge cities which are newly built settlements built on old greenfields.
What are some characteristics of European cities?
They are old, with long standing infrastructure and water development. They have a CBD with markets, government and religious services. They also may have a CBD on the outskirts to fit for the rapidly changing landscape of Urban areas' economic needs. They also have the wealthy living near the main town center of nice residences, while the poor and middle class live on the outskirts of towns. There is also greatly developed infrastructure and public transportation.
What are squatter settlements, and how do they relate to urban growth in LDC and NIC countries?
They are places that are illegal settlements set up by people that is part of the main settlement of cities, espically megacities in developing countries. They're not built with safety codes, and are heavily affected during natural disasters, they are also built with whatever material may be available-hence the name "bootstraps."
Where does the middle class live in regards to the hoyt-sector model?
They fill in the spaces between the upper class and working class.
What are threshold populations? What types of services would need low populations, which would need higher?
Threshold populations are the minimum population needed to maintain a service, services that need low populations this is due because these kind of services are always in demand. However; places that need high populations do so because it is a specialized service. This is because these types of commerce have somewhat of a small audience and to compensate for this, a high population is needed a result. This can be seen in places such as medical research centers. These places will also have to space out their range to attract more people.
What are some examples of infrastructure helping guide urban growth?
Tyson's corner was somewhat of a lackluster edge city around Washington, D.C until the development of a subway program that helped bring new residences and businesses into the area. Pflugerville, is one of the fastest growing cities in The Texas area. The construction of Texas tollways 35 and 45 in the area made the place an intersection site between the two cities which tripled growth from 20,000 to 60,000 in about 15-20 years as many businesses and residences are moving into a once farmland town. Also helped to bring in massive retail with the construction of an Amazon warehouse along Texas 35.
Where do people live in regards to the multiple nuclei model?
Underclass- near industry in areas such as 2, 3, and 6. Middle Class- Lives in spatial 4. Upper Class- Zone 5.
What is the urban hierarchy?
Urban hierarchy is the ranking of cities on a scale, the top of the pyramid with the lowest settlements but the highest populations is Cornubanizations, collections of large cities. Continuing, we have large cities, cities, towns, small towns, villages, and then the bottom of the list we have hamlets which are the lowest of the hierarchy anything below this is an isolated residence.
What are some factors of urbanization?
Urbanization has historically occurred due to improvements in agricultural techniques, fewer people are needed to farm and so they begin to flock to urban areas. Another factor of en masse urbanization is population booms occuring due to increased food supply, IMR is beginning to decrease and life expectancy is increasing. Economic opportunity draws people to cities and rapid urbanization begins to develop until their is a substantial amount of population living in cities. MDC = 80% of persons living in cities. LDC = Less Than 50% Companies and social services are usually installed in cities due to high population density and they usually have the equitable infrastructure to host these practices. Cities may also provide incentives for businesses to come settle in cities such as tax breaks, cheaper land and rent that can help bring in money to the state and also contribute to a increased labor pool.
What is to say about Roman infrastructure and technology?
Was very impressive and paved away for modern day technologies and innovation with some influence from greeks.
What is a low housing density?
When people/families live in dispersed, privatized residential areas that have their own yards. They are usually located on the urban fringe, with about 5-10 acres of land to themselves.
What are mercantile cities, what are some attributes of these cities?
Where cities are responsible for the building of downtowns and central business districts. Wealthy merchants in these cities help contribute to the cultural landscape by them building ornate mansions, patronizing arts, and the participation of local governance and reconstruction of cities. Cities that thrived on mercantilism took on silimar forms during this period. The central square became the focus of the city, fronted by royal, religious, public, and private buildings of wealth and prosperity. Streets leading to the central squares formed arteries of commerce and the beginnings of downtowns emerged. The rise of monarchs who presided over unified countries was apparent in the display of power. There were increased city sizes. One national capital rose to prominence. There was new concern for city planning. Wide boulevards, large open squares, palaces and public buildings. During the 16th and 17th centuries European Mercantile cities became nodes of widening networks of national and global commerce.
