AP Psych / Chp. 14: Social Psychology

prejudice is a negative ______ and ________ is a negative ________

attitude; discrimination; behavior

which factor is the MOST powerful predictor of friendship

physical proximity

professor washington's students did very poorly on the last exam. the tendency to make the fundamental attribution error might lead her to conclude that the class did poorly because

students were unmotivated

given the tendency of people to categorize information according to preformed schemas, which stereotype would juan, a 65-year-old political liberal and fitness enthusiast, be most likely to have?

"young people today have no sense of responsibility" (Judging a group he doesn't belong to)

*fritz heider*'s theory of how we explain others' behavior is the *____ theory*. according to this theory, we attribute behavior either to an *internal* cause, which is called _______ _______ or to an *external* cause, which is called a ______ _______

*attribution*; *dispositional attribution*; *situational attribution*

according to *____ _____ theory*, thoughts, and feelings change because people are motivated to justify actions that would otherwise seem hypocritical. this theory was proposed by _____

*cognitive dissonance; leon festinger*

when the desire for group harmony overrides realistic thinking in individuals, the phenomenon known as ________ has occurred

*groupthink* (elections)

In psychology, being assertive _____ (is/is not) the same

*is not*

the roots of prejudice

-all prejudice is learned -devloped in relationship to the development of the individual and his or her sense of self-worth -tend to lack self-worth -discriminate against others to make themselves feel more powerful and elevate their own sense of self-esteem

examples of avoidance

-avoiding homes, schools, and churches -avoiding businesses and recreation areas/ activities -boycotting -separation/ avoidance breeds fear and increases negative feelings

examples of spoken abuse

-degrading names -verbal attack -stereotyping -music/ songs that are degrading -jokes -rumors -ascribing evil motives and behaviors to a whole group/ class of people

research studies have shown that frequent exposure to sexually explicit films

-makes a woman's friendliness seem more sexual -diminishes the attitude that rape is a serious crime -may lead individuals to devalue their partners

examples of physical attack on people and property

-such groups as the kkk and the neo-nazis use forms of physical attack to frighten and intimidate their victims, such as burning crosses, painting sqastikas on synagogues, inciting riots, gay bashing, etc

jose is the one student member on his school's board of trustees. at the board's first meeting, jose wants to disagree with the others on several issues but in each case decides to say nothing. studies on conformity suggest what are valid factors?

-the board is a large group -the board is prestigious and most of its members are well known -because this is the first meeting jose has attented, he feels insecure and not fully competent NOT - The board members are already aware that Jose and the student body disagree with them on these issues

conformity increased under which conditions in asch's studies of conformity?

-the group had three or more people -the group had high status -individuals were made to feel insecure

examples of genocide in history

-the nazi entermination of the jews and other enemies of the state -cambodia in the late 1970s - the khmer rouge under the leadership of pol pot murdered 3 million people (one-thid of the population) -white settlers/ native americans -kkk and white supremacists/ non-whites -ethnic cleansing in yugoslavia -the anarchy and violence in rwanda and somalia

acts of discrimination

-the unwanted group is now kept out of some neighborhoods, shopping areas, social clubs, schools, churches, gathering places, and public centers -laws are enforced to enforce this discrimination -makes it legal for society to discriminate

identify the circumstances in which a person is most likely to offer help during an emergency

-the victim appears to need help and deserve help -if the person is female -small town/ rural area -not preoccupied -good mood -not in a hurry -guilty feelings for not helping -observed that someone asked for assistance

prejudice avoidance

-these people will seek to avoid the group which has been stereotyped -lack of contact and friendship with a group leads to ignorance about them -ignorance leads to stereotyping, fear, and prejudice

examples of institutional racism (the legalization of prejudice)

-treating others as legally inferior -segregation laws -all types of institutional racism, sexism, age-ism, etc -making legal distinctions that deny rights to others

list the conditions under which we are more likely to conform

-we are incompetent/insecure -group has 3 or more people -everyone else in group agrees -we admire group status -we've made a commitment -when others observe our behavior -when our culture encourages social standards

four characteristics associated with prejudice

1. generalization: individual traits applied to a whole group 2. irrationality: prejudiced opinions are often held without any basis in reality 3. close-mindedness: ignorance and the inability to change 4. strong feelings - fear and anger: when our opinions about others and groups are accompanied by anger toward or fear ofothers, then we are more likely to think and behave with prejudice

allport's ladder of prejudice

1. spoken abuse 2. avoidance 3. acts of discrimination 4. physical attack on people and property 5. genocide/ extermination

Research studies of the impact of violent video games ____ The idea that we feel better if we " blow off steam" by venting our emotions. Playing violent video games ___ aggressive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

Disconfirm, increases

(Assuming) we attribute it to someone's disposition, usually when we don't know them —>

Fundamental attribution error

(graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction) is a strategy of conflict resolution based on the defusing effect that conciliatory gestures can have on parties in conflict

GRIT

Give an example of altruism

Giving food, shelter, or support to strangers without expectation of reward

In a sentence, list several of the characteristics that physically attractive people are judged to possess:

Health, happiness, sensitivity, success, and social skills

Summarizing his report on the biology of aggression, Sam notes that

Hormones and alcohol influence the neural systems that control aggression

Which of the following is an example of implicit prejudice

Jake, who is White, gives higher evaluations to essays he believes to be written by Blacks than to White-authored essays.

Compared with relationships formed in person, Internet formed relationships are _____ likely to last beyond two years. Studies of people who engage in ____ dating revealed that observers can read a ___ level of romantic interest more accurately than a ____

More, speed, men's, women's

A prerequisite for, and perhaps the most powerful predictor of, attraction is

Proximity

What are the two biggest factors in starting a relationship?

Proximity and appearance

Experiments have shown that, among other factors, depictions by the media of ____ most directly affect men's acceptance and performance and aggression against women. (The idea that a woman is asking for it)

Sexual violence

Using or taking anabolic steroids to increase athletic performance does what?

Shrinks testicles, heightens aggression, and is associated with high rate of testicular cancer

We tend to perceive the members of an ingroup as ________ and the members of an outgroup as ________.

Similar to one another; different from one another

A culturally specific model of how to act in a given situation

Social script

according to cognitive dissonance theory, dissonance is most likely to occur when

an individual does something that is personally disagreeable

aggressive behavior is defined by psychologists as: __________. thus psychologists _______ (do/ do not) consider assertive salespeople to be aggressive

any physical or verbal behavior *intended* to hurt or destroy; do not

our first impression of another person is most influenced by ther person's

appearance

according to the two-factor theory, emotions have two components; physical _______ and a _______ label

arousal (body); cognitive (mind)

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that may predispose us to respond in particular ways to objects, people, and events

attitudes

compared with strangers, friends and couples are more likely to be similar in terms of:

attitudes, beliefs, interests, religion, race, education intelligence, smoking behavior, and economic status

a casual explanation for someone's behavior

attribution

deals with our casual explanations of behavioe; attribute behavior to the individual's situation or disposition

attribution theory

which theory describes how we explain others' behavior as being due to internal dispositions or external situations?

attribution theory

*Fritz Heider -->* *Internal cause -->* *external cause -->*

attribution theory dispositional attribution situational attribution

which is associated with an increased tendency on the part of a bystander to offer help in an emergency situation?

being in a good mood (this is just 1 of them)

like all attitudes, prejudice is a mixture of ______, ______, and predispositions to _______

beliefs; emotions; action

many factors contribute to aggression, including _______ factors, such as an increase in testosterone; _________ factors, such as frustration; and __________-_______ factors, such as deindividuation

biological; psychological; social-cultural

like other behaviors, aggression emerges from the interaction of ______ and ______

biology; experience

having read the chapter, which of the following is best borne out by research on attraction?

birds of a feather flock together

that there are genetic influences on aggression can be shown by the fact that many species of animals have been ______ for aggressiveness

bred

the tendency of a person to be less likely to offer help to someone if there are any other people present

bystander effect

the tendency that a person is less likely to help someone in need when others are present

bystander effect

research suggests that prejudice may also derive from ______, the process by which we attempt to simplify our world by classifying people into groups. one-by-product of this process is that people tend to _________ the similarity of those within a group. one manifestation of this is the _______-_______ ______, the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than those of other races

categorization; overestimate; other-race effect

occurs when people respond favorably to arguments as a result of engaging in systematic thinking about an issue

central route persuasion

taking on a set of behaviors, or acting in a certain way, generally _____ (changes/ does not change) people's attitudes

changes

Leon Festinger —>

cognitive dissonance theory

refers to the theory that we act to reduce the psychological discomfort we experience when our behavior conflicts with what we think and feel, or more generally, when two of our thoughts are inconsistent; frequently accomplished by changing our attitude rather than our behavior

cognitive dissonance theory

refers to a deep, enduring, affectionate attachment to those with whom we share our lives

companionate love

the deep affection that is felt in long-lasting relationships is called _____ lovel this feeling is fostered in relationships in which ________

companionate; there is equity between partners

opening her mail, joan discovers a romantic greeting card from her boyfriend. according to the two-factor theory, she is likely to feel the most intense romantic feelings if, priot to reading the card, she has just

completed her daily run (physical arousal)

in his study of obedience, stanley milgram found that the majority of participants

complied with all the demands of the experiment

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas between individuals or groups

conflict

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas is called _____. this perception can take place between _______ at war, _____ gropups feuding within a society, or ________ sparring in a relationships

conflict; nations; cultural; partners

twenty-year-old marge belonged to a sorority. during pledge week, she was ordered to force potential members to strip in front of their friends. although marge disapproved of asking fellow students to embarass themselves, she did it anyway. she respected the sorority officers, and all her fellow sisters were also hazing the pledges. how would milgram explain marge's behavior?

conforming to group behavior (made a commitment, admires group, large group that agrees)

adjusting one's ehavior to coincide with a group standard

conformity

the tendency to change one's thinking or behavior to coincide with a group standard

conformity

the term that refers to the tendency to adjust one's behavior to coincide with an assumed group standard is

conformity

which most accurately states the effects of crowding on behavior?

crowding sometimes intensifies people's reactions

increasing the number of people that are present during an emergency tends to

decrease the likelihood that anyone will help (bystander effect)

refers to the loss of self-restraint and self-awareness that sometimes occurs in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity; undo one's individuality

deindividuation

the feeling of anonymity and loss of self-restraint that an individual may develop when in a group is called

deindividuation (KKK & white hoods)

the phenomenon in which individuals lose their identity and relinquish normal restraints when they are part of a group is called

deindividuation (like KKK)

Violence on television tends to ____ people to cruelty and ___ them to respond aggressively when they are provoked

desensitize prime

violence on television tends to _______ people to cruelty and _____ them to respond aggressively when they are provoked

desensitize; prime

research studies of the impact of violent video games ________ (confirm/ disconfirm) the idea that we feel better if we "blow off steam" by venting our emotions. playing violent video games _______ (increases/ decreases) aggressive thoughts, emotions and behaviors

disconfirm; increases

an unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members

discrimination

dissonance theory predicts that people induced (without coercion) to behave contrary to their true attitudes will be motivated to reduce the resulting _____ by changing their ______

dissonance; attitudes

today, most psychologists _____ (do/ do not) consider human aggression to be instinctive

do not

research has found that for a minority to succeed in swaying a majority, the minority must

express its position as consistently as possible

today's biopsychosocial approach has stimulated neuroscience studies that have detected implicit prejudice in people's _______-muscle responses and in the activation of their brain's ______

facial; amygdala

true or false: a bystander is more likely to offer help in an emergency if other bystanders are present

false

true or false: group polarization tends to prevent groupthink from ocurring

false

true or false: human aggression is instinctual

false

true or false: in our relations with others of similar status, we tend to give more than we receive

false

true or false: when explaining our own behavior, we tend to underestimate situational influences

false

true or false: crowded conditions usually subdue people's reactions

false: they increase/intensify people's reactions

the mere exposure effect demonstrates that

familiarity breeds fondness

in getting people to administer increasingly larger shocks, milgram was in effect applying the ______-_____-______-______ technique

foot-in-the-door

the tendency for people who agree to a small request to comply later with a larger request

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

violent criminals often have diminished activity in the _____ of the brain, which play an important role in ___________

frontal lobes; controlling impulses

according to the _________ ________ principle, *inability* to achieve a goal leads to anger, which may *generate aggression*

frustration aggression

states that aggression is triggered when people become angry because their efforts to achieve a goal have been blocked

frustration-aggression principle

our tendency to underestimate the impact of situations and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions upon the behavior of others

fundamental attribution error

example of altruism

giving food, shelter, or support without expectation of reward

charles osgood has advanced a strategy of concilitation called GRIT, which stands for _________ and ___________ __________ in _________ __________. the key to this method is each side's offering of a small ____ gesture in order to increase mutual trust and cooperation

graduated; reciprocated; initiatives; tension reduction; conciliatory/cooperative

group discussion enhances prevailing tendencies

group polarization

jane and sandy were best friends in their first year of university. jane joined a sorority; sandy did not. by the end of their last year, they found that they had less in common with each other than with the other members of their respective circles of friends. which phenomena most likely explains their feelings?

group polarization

refers to the enhancement of a group's prevailing tendencies through discussion, which often has the effect of accentuating the group's differences from other groups

group polarization

which is most likely to promote groupthink

group polarization is evident

the enhancement of each group's prevailing tendency over time is called _____ _______. electronic discussions in ______ groups provide a medium for this tendency

group polarization; virtual

refers to the unrealistic thought processes and decision making that occur within groups when the desire for group harmony overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

groupthink

which stragety would be MOST likely to foster positive feelings between two conflicting groups?

have the group work on a superordinate goal

blatant forms of prejudice _______ (have/ have not) diminished. however, even people who deny holding prejudiced attitudes may carry negative ____________ about race

have; associations

when male students in an experiment were told that a woman to whom they would be speaking had been instructed to act in a friendly or unfriendly way, most of them subsequently attributed her behavior to

her personal disposition

summarizing his report on the biology of aggression, Sam notes that

hormones and alcohol influence the neural systems that control aggression (factors that fuel aggression)

kids who play a lot of violent video games see the world as more ______, get into more ______ and ______, and get worse _______

hostile; arguments; fights; grades

explain what a reward theory of attraction is and how it can account for the three predictors of liking - proximity, attractiveness, and similarity

if you are involved with someone who has the three predictors of liking, there are more benefits than costs in the relationship; reinforces your lifestyle

over time, the initial differences between groups usually ______ (increase/ decrease)

increase (Facebook & social media)

research studies have indicated that the tendency of viewers to misperceive normal sexuality, revalue their partners, and trivialize rape is

increased by exposure to pornography

researchers found that people worked _______ (harder/ less hard) in a team tug-of-war than they had in an individual contest. this phenomenon has been called _____ _______

less hard; social loafing (Group testing or group task)

in a series of staged accidents, latane and darley found that a bystander was ________ (more/ less) likely to help when more people shared responsibility for helping, that is, when there was a _____________ _______ _____________. this phenomenon has been called the ________ ________

less; diffusion of responsibility; bystander effect

most researchers agree that

media violence is a factor in aggression

when conflicts arise, a third-party ________ may facilitate communication and promote understanding

mediator

refers to the fact that repeated exposure to an unfamiliar stimulus increases our liking of it

mere exposure effect

the distorted images people in conflict form of each other are called __________-_________ perceptions

mirror-image

mr. and mrs. samuals are constantly fighting, and each perceives the other as hard-headed and insensitive. their conflict is being fueled by

mirror-image perceptions

negative, mutual views that conflicting people often hold about one another

mirror-image perceptions

parent-training programs often advise parents to avoid ______ violence by screaming and hitting. one _________-________ program with juvenile offenders and gang members and their parents has been successful in bringing down the youths' re-arrest rates

modeling; aggression-replacement

compared with relationships formed to person, internet-formed relationships are ________ (more/ less) likely to last beyond two years. studies of people who engage in _______ dating reveal that observers can read a _______ (woman's/ man's) level of romantic interest more accurately than a _________ (woman's/ man's).

more; speed; man's; woman's

prejudice is also nourished by ______ emotions

negative

in humans and animals, aggression is facilitated by ______ systems, which are in turn influenced by ________, alcohol, and other substances in the blood

neural; hormones

refers to the pressure on individuals to conform to avoid rejection or gain social approval; the pressure groups exert on the individual to behave in ways acceptable to the group standard

normative social influence

subjects in asch's line-judgement experiment conformed to the group standard when their judgements were observed by others but not when they were made in private. this tendency to conform in public demonstrates

normative social influence

the effect of social approval or disapproval

normative social influence

one reason that people comply with social pressure is to gain approval or avoid rejection; this is called _____ _____ ______. understood rules for accepted and expected behavior are called social _____

normative social influence; norms

according to darley and latane, people will help only if a three stage decision-making process is completed: bystanders must first ________ the incident, then ________ it is an emergency, and finally _____ _________ for helping

notice; interpret; assume responsibility

a group that is like-minded will probabably change its ______ through discussion (they become more polarized)

opinions

our tendency to recall the faces of our own races of our own race more accurately than those of other races

other-race effect

refers to the people and groups that are excluded from our ingroup

outgroup

in one experiment, college men were physically aroused and then introduced to an attractive woman. compared with men who had not been aroused, these men

reported more positive feelings toward the woman

aggressive behavior can be learned through _______, as shown by the fact that people use aggression where they've found it pays, and through ______ of others

rewards; observation

Crime rates are higher in countries in which there is a large disparity between those who are ____ and those who are ____. High violence rates also are typical of cultures and families in which there is minimal ____.

rich poor father care/male role model

crime rates are higher in countries in which there is a large disparity between those who are _______ and those who are _____. high violence rates also are typical of cultures and families in which there in minimal ______ _______

rich; poor; father care

a set of explanations about how people in a specific social position ought to behave

role

proposes that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by finding someone to blame

scapegoat theory

refers to a person's sharing intimate feelings with another

self-disclosure

experiments have shown that, among other factors, depictions by the media of _____ _____ most directly affect men's aceptance and performance of aggression against women

sexual violence

which best summarizes the relative important of personal control and social control of our behavior

situational and personal influences interact in determining our behavior

the idea that social behavior aims to maximize rewards and minimize costs is proposed by the _____ ______ theory

social exchange (you scratch my back & I'll scratch yours; if someone gives u an xmas gift, u feel like u need to give one back)

states that our social behavior revolves around exchanes, in which we try to minimize our costs and maximize our benefits

social exchange theory

performance is improved by an audience

social facilitation

stronger performance of simple or well-learned tasks that occurs when other people are present

social facilitation

the tendency to perform a task better when other people are present is called ______ _______. in general, people become aroused in the presence of others, and arousal enhances the correct response on a(n) (easy/ difficult) task. later research revealed that arousal strengthens the response that is most _____ in a given situation

social facilitation; easy; likely

through our ______ ______, we associate ourselves with certain groups and contrast ourselves with others

social identities

people work less hard in a group

social loafing

the tendency for individual effort to be diminished when one is part of a group working toward a common goal

social loafing

psychologists who study how we think about, influence, and relate to one another are called

social psychologists

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

social psychology

repeatedly viewing on-screen violence may create _____ _____ to which people respond when they are in new situations or are uncertain how to act

social scripts

a situation in which conflicting parties become caught in mutually destructive behaviors because each persists in pursuing its own self-interest

social trap

situations in which conflicting parties become caught in mutually destructive behavior by pursuing their own self-interests are called

social traps

another rule tells us to help those who need our help; this is the __________-_____________ norm

social-responsibility (faith-based)

the expectation that people will help those who depend on them

social-responsibility norm

the Asch and Milgram studies demonstrate that strong _____ influences can make ______ people _____ to falsehoods and commit cruel acts

social; ordinary; conform (like mob violence)

the psychologist who first studied the effects of group pressure on conformity is

solomon asch

the "rape myth" is the mistaken idea that ______________. most rapists ______ (accept/ do not accept) this myth

some women invite or enjoy rape; accept

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

stereotype

a generalized belief about a group of people

stereotype

summarize the findings of the study in which undergraduates viewed either sexually explicit films or nonerotic films

studies find that after viewing sexually explicit and violent pornography films for several weeks, undergraduate males were more likely to recommend much lighter prison sentences for convicted rapists than those who viewed non-erotic films; this proved that the males who viewed sexually violent and explicit pornography were desensitized toward plight of female assault victims

mutual goals that require the cooperation of individuals or groups otherwise in conflict

superordinate goals

in muzafer sherif's study, two conflicting groups of campers were able to resolve their conflicts by working together on projects in which they shared __________ goals. shared ___________ breed solidarity, as demonstrated by a surge in the use of the word _____ in the weeks after 9/11

superordinate; predicaments; "we"

research studies have found a positive correlation between aggressive tendencies in animals and levels of the hormone

testosterone

which phenomena is best explained by cognitive disonnance theory

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

after waiting in line for an hour to buy concert tickets, teresa is told that the concert is sold out. in her anger she pounds her fist on the ticket counter, frightening the clerk. teresa's behavior is best explained by

the frustration-aggression principle (blocking an attempt to achieve a goal creates anger and aggression)

two neighboring nations are each stockpiling weapons. each see its neighbor's actions as an act of aggression and its own actions as self-defense. evidently, these nations are victims of

the fundamental attribution error

ever since their cabin lost the camp softball competition, the campers have become increasingly hostile toward one camper in their cabin, blaming her for every problem in the cabim. this behavior is best explained in terms of

the scapegoat theory

genocide/ extermination

the systematic attempt to destroy an entire people

which best describes how GRIT works

the two sides engage in a series of reciprocated conciliatory acts

ahmed and monique are on a blind date. which of the following will probably be MOST influential in determining whether they like each other?

their physical attractiveness

based on findings from milgram's obedience studies, participants would be LESS likely to follow the experimenter's orders when

they see another person disobey instructions

people with power and status may become prejudiced because

they tend to justify the social inequalities (they blame the victim: just-world phenomenon)

true or false: an individual is more likely to conform when the rest of the group is unanimous

true

true or false: counterattitudinal behavior (acting contrary to our beliefs) often leads to attitude change

true

true or false: peripheral route persuasion allows for fast responding to an issue

true

true or false: the tendency of people to conform is influenced by their culture

true

true or false: when explaining another's behavior, we tend to underestimate situational influences

true

true or false: when individuals lose their sense of identity in a group, they often become more uninhibited

true

prejudice is an ________ (and usually __________) attitude toward a group that involves overgeneralized beliefs known as _________

unjustifiable; negative; stereotypes

a minority opinion will have the most success in swaying the majority if it takes a stance that is _______ (unswerving/ flexible)

unswerving

in humans, aggressiveness _______ (varies/ does not vary) greatly from culture to culture, era to era, and person to person

varies

when college men were placed in an aroused state, their feelings toward an attractive woman _______ (were/ were not) more positive than those of men who had not been aroused

were

which is important in promoting conformity in individuals

whether an individual's behavior will be observed by others in the group

cross-cultural research reveals that men judge women as more attractive if they have a ________ appearance, whereas women judge men who appear _______, _________, ______, and _______ as more attractive. people also see to prefer physical features that are neither unusually ________ nor _________. average faces, which tend to be _______, are judged to be more sexually attractive

youthful; mature; *dominant*; affluent (stable financially); masculine; large; small; symmetrical

Regarding the influence of alcohol and testosterone on aggressive behavior, which of the following is true

Consumption of alcohol and injections of testosterone both promote aggressive behavior (anabolic steroids)

the classic social psychology studies of obedience were conducted by _______. when ordered by the experimenter to electrically shock the "learner", the majority of participants (the "teachers") in these studies have found that women's compliance rates in similar situations were _______ (higher than/ lower than/ similar to) men's

Stanley Hilgram; complied; similar to

Summarize the findings of the study in which undergraduates viewed either sexually explicit films or non-erotic films

Studies find that after viewing sexually explicit & violent pornography films for several weeks, undergraduate males were more likely to recommend much lighter prison sentences for convicted rapist than those who viewed not erotic films (desensitization toward plight of female assault victims)

give an example of the practical consequences of attributions

a hurtful remark from a friend is more likely to be forgiven if it is attributed to a situation

which situation should produce the GREATEST cognitive dissonance?

a student volunteers to debate an issue, taking the side he personally disagrees with

which is an example of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?

after agreeing to wear a small "enforce recycling" lapel pin, a woman agrees to collect signatures on a petition to make recycling required by law

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

aggression

one drug that unleashes aggressive responses to provocation is ______

alcohol

an unselfish regard for the welfare of others is called

altruism

unselfish regard for others

altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

altruism

twin studies suggest that genes _____ (do/ do not) influence human aggression. one genetic marker of those who commit the most violence is the _____ chromosome. studies of violent criminals reveal diminished activity in the brain's ______ _______, which play an important role in controlling ________

do; Y; frontal lobes; impulses (Less than 10% of males have the warrior gene which makes them more aggressive due to the YY chromosome (anomaly)

people take on the _____ tones of others around them. this natural tendency is called _____ ______. the chameleon effect refers to our natural tendency to unconsciously ______ others' expressions, postures, and voice tones. this helps us to feel what they are feeling, referred to as _______. it also helps explain why studies of british nurses and accountants have revealed ______ ______ sharing up and down moods

emotional; automatic mimicry; imitate/mimic; empathizing; mood linkage

refers to the condition in which there is mutual giving and receiving between the partners in a relationship

equity

companionate love is promoted by ________ - mutual sharing and giving by both partners. another key ingredient of loving relationships is the revealing of intimate aspects of ourselves through _______. a third key to enduring love is _______ ________

equity; honest self-disclosure; positive support & trust

which conclusion did milgram derive from his studies of obedience

even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process

when people are repeatedly exposed to unfamiliar stimuli, their liking of the stimuli __________ (increases/ decreases). this phenomenon is the ________ ________ ______. this phenomenon was ______ for our ancestors, for whom the unfamiliar was often dangerous. one implication of this is that _________ against those who are culturally different may be a primitice, ________ emotional response

increases; mere exposure; adaptive; prejudice; automatic

another reason people comply is taht they have genuinely been influenced by what they have *learned* from others; this type of influence is called _______ _________ ________

informational social influence

results when one is willing to accept others' opinions about reality

informational social influence

refers to the people and groups with whom we share a common identity

ingroup

the tendency to favor our own group

ingroup bias

High levels of testosterone correlate with ____, low tolerance for ___, ____, and ____. Among teenage boys and adult men, high testosterone also correlates with ___, hard ____, and aggressive-bullying responses to ____. With age, testosterone levels--and aggressiveness--____. Although testosterone heightens aggressiveness, aggression ____ testosterone level.

irritability frustration assertiveness impulsiveness delinquency drug use frustration decrease increases

high levels of testosterone correlate with _______, low tolerance for _____, _______, and _______. among teenage boys and adult men, high testosterone also correlates with __________, hard ____ ______, and aggressive-bullying responses to _______. although testosterone heightens aggressiveness, aggression _______ (increases/ decreases) testosterone level

irritability; frustration; assertiveness; impulsiveness; delinquency; drug use; frustration; increases

aggression as defined as behavior that

is intended to hurt another person

Aggression is defined as behavior that

is intended to hurt another person.

a person's attractiveness ______ (is/ is not) strongly related to his or her self-esteem or happiness

is not

in most situations, establishing contact between two conflicting groups ______ (is/ is not) sufficient to resolve conflicr

is not

physical attack on people and property

it may take the form of a physical attack by a mob or gang warfare resulting from prejudice. it also may take the form of defacing buildings or places of worship; physical attack includes all violence to people or property based on hatred, fear, ignorance, and revenge (when institutional racism is prevalent in a society, physical attack is likely to go unpunished and may even be encouraged

what is true about agrression?

it varies too much to be instinctive in humans

the belief that people get what they deserve - that the good are rewarded and the bad punished - is expressed in the ______-_______ phenomenon

just-world

a manifestation of the commonly held belief that good is rewarded and evil is punished; the logic is indisputable

just-world phenomenon

the belief that those who suffer deserve their fate is expressed in the

just-world phenomenon

when people who overheard a seizure victim calling for help through others were hearing the same plea, they were ____ (more/ less) likely to go to his aid than when they thought no one else was aware of the emergency

less (bystander effect)

another factor that fosters the formation of group stereotypes and prejudice is the tendency to _______ from vivid or memorable cases

overgeneralize (Like 9/11)

hatfield has distinguished two types of love: _____ love and ______ love

passionate (sexual); companionate (companions)

refers to an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another person, especially at the beginning of a relationship

passionate love

which was NOT mentioned in the text discussion of the roots of prejudice?

people's tendency to assume that exceptional, or especially memorable, individuals are unlike the majority of members of a group

occurs when people are influenced by more superficial and incidental cues, such as a speaker's reputation or appearance

peripheral route persuasion

Other aversive stimuli can provoke hostility, including...

physical pain, personal insults, foul odors, hot temperatures, cigarette smoke

other aversive stimuli can provoke hostility, including:

physical pain, personal insults, foul odors, hot temperatures, cigarette smoke, and crowds

comment on the impression of women that pornography frequently conveys and the effects this impression has on attitudes and behavior

pornography tends to portray women as enjoying being the victims of sexual aggression, and this perception increases the acceptance of coercion in sexual relationships. repeatedly viewing X-rated films and Internet pornography makes one's partner seem less attractive. it makes friendships seem more sexual and makes sexual aggression seem less serious (Studies on pornography)

attitudes _____ (predict/ do not predict) behavior under certain conditions

predict

an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group or its members

prejudice

a prerequisite for, and perhaps the most powerful predictor of attraction is

proximity

one rule of social behavior tells us to return help to those who have helped us; this is the _________ norm

reciprocity

the expectation that people will help those who have helped them

reciprocity norm

list the conditions under which obedience was highest in Milgram's studies

-person giving orders was close at hand -person was perceived to be a legitimate authority (milgram effect) -group was prestigious (yale university in this experiment)

research studies indicate that in an emergency situation, the presence of others often

-prevents people from even noticing the situation -prevents people from interpreting an unusual event as an emergency -prevents people from assuming responsibility for assisting

many research studies demonstrate that our attitudes are strongly influenced by our _______. one example of this is the tendency for people who agree to a small request to comply later with a larger one. this is the _____-___-______-_____ phenomenon

Behavior/actions; foot-in-the-door

researchers have found that the reactions of people in crowded situations are often ________ (lessened/amplified)

amplified e.g. watching a movie alone you barely react, but when you watch in a movie theater you laugh a lot

feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose our responses are called _____. when people focus on an issue and respond favorably to an argument, ______ _____ _____ has occured. persuasion may also occur through the _____ (slower/ faster) _______ ______ as people respond to incidental cues such as a speaker's appearance

attitudes; central route persuasion; faster peripheral route ("snap judgements")

discrimination increases prejudice through the tendency of people to ______ victims for their plight

blame

before she gave a class presentation favoring gun control legislation, Wanda opposed it. her present attitude favoring such legislation can best be explained by

cognitive dissonance theory

studies of prejudice indicate that it is often an unconscious, or ______ action. research has shown that _________ people with a flashed Black rather than White face makes them _______ (more/ less) likely to perceive a flashed tool as a gun

implicit; priming; more

concluding her presentation on deindividuation, renee notes that deindividuation is less likely in situations that promote

increased self awareness and self esteem

the effect of accepting others' opinions about something

informational social influence

maria recently heard a speech calling for a ban on aerosol sprays that endanger the earth's ozone layer. maria's subsequent decision to stop using aerosol sprays is an example of

informational social influence (learned about it)

the tendency to favor one's own group

ingroup bias

prejudice is also fostered by the _____ _____, a tendency to favor groups to which one belongs - called the _____ - while excluding others, or the _______ ("us vs them" mentality)

ingroup bias; ingroup; outgroup

for those with money, power, and prestige, prejudice often serves as a means of _______ social inequalities

justifying

americans today express ______ (less/ the same/ more) racial and gender prejudice than they did 50 years ago

less (this is actually not true today)

most people prefer mirror-image photographs of their faces. this is best explained by

mere exposure effect

the power of one or two individuals to sway the opinion of the majority is called ____ ____

minority influence

most people tend to ______ (overestimate/ underestimate) the extent to which people's actions are influenced by social situations because their ______ is focused on the person. this tendency is called the ______ _____ ______. when explaining our own behavior, or that of someone we know well, this tendency is ______ (stronger/ weaker). when observers view the world from others' perspectives, attributions are _______ (the same/ reversed)

overestimate; attention; *fundamental attribution error*; weaker; reversed

when you follow the social prescriptions for how you should act as, say, a college students, you are adopting a ____

role

which would most likely be subject to social facilitation

running quickly around a track

that prejudice derives from attempts to blame others for one's frustration is proposed by the _____ theory

scapegoat

in considering the power of social influence, we cannot overlook the interaction of ______ _______ (the power of the situation) and ______ ________ (the power of the individual)

social control; personal control

alexis believes that all male athletes are self-centered and sexist. her beliefs are an example of

stereotypes

the aggressive behavior of animals can be manipulated by altering the levels of the hormone __________. when this level is __________ (increased/ decreased), aggressive tendencies are reduced

testosterone; decreased

in this study, when the opinion of other group members was contradicted by objective evidence, research participants _____ (were/ were not) willing to conform to the group opinion

were

worldwide, ______ (women/ men) are more likely to live in poverty. people tend to perceive women as being more ________ and ______ and less _____ than men. This is called ____ ___ ___

women; nurturant; sensitive; aggressive; feminization of property