GRE 2022 (Reading Comprehension Skills)

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A common misconception is that color refers only to a wavelength of light in the visual spectrum, from about 400 nanometers (violet) to about 700 nanometers (red). When an object reflects light of a given wavelength, we see that object as the corresponding color. So, for example, we might see a Braeburn apple as red and Granny Smith apple a green because the reflect light of different wavelengths. However, color is not merely a property of an external physical object but rather the result of an interaction among that object, the light that shines on it, and, finally but most significantly, the manner in which the human eye and brain make sense of the reflected light stimulus. Thus, the study of color can properly fall as much within the realm of psychology as that of physics. Experience is one psychological factor that uniforms our perception of color. For example, a child eating by a campfire that emits a great deal of yellow light may believe that the the melted Cheddar cheese served on white bread on a white paper plate is actually a white cheese like Swiss or Monterey Jack. This occurs because the yellow light reflects off both the plate and the bread, which the child knows are white, and off the cheese, which the child isn't sure about. All the objects therefore appear to be the same color, and the child assumes that color is white. On the other hand, an adult with experience viewing things in firelight would intuitively adjust her perception to account for the yellow light and would not make the same mistake. Color is also perceived differently depending on its context. The noted abstract painter Josef Albers produced an influential body of work based on this phenomenon, including his series Homage to the Square featuring nested squares of different colors. In one psychological experiment testing perception, the letter X is presented against two colored backgrounds. Although the letter is identical each time it is presented, it appears olive green in one context and lavender in the other context. This effect is achieved when the X is given a low-saturation blue color, or gray-blue, and the backgrounds are also low-saturation colors with hues on either side of blue on the color wheel. Because blue falls between purple and green on the color wheel, a gray-blue X against a gray-purple background will look gray-green, or olive, and the same X against an olive background will look gray-purple, or lavender. In a similar manner, an intermediate color will look different against different primary color backdrops; teal, for instance, will look green against a blue background and blue against a green background. Other subjective factors also influence the experience of color. These include cultural norms (Westerners most often name blue as their favorite color, whereas in China red is preferred) and simply what we learn about color. Consider that if a child learns that stop signs are "red," the child will call them "red." However, whether the two people are experiencing the same color is unknown since that experience exists only in the mind. Therefore, if one were to tell an interior designer that color is an immutable physical property of objects, one would meet with skepticism. Before placing the electric blue sofa in a client's living room, the designer considers the color of light the various light fixtures will emanate, the colors of the carpet and walls, and her client's feelings about electric blue, which after all may not even be the same color in the client's mind as it is in the designer's. (9)According to the passage, which of the following accurately describes human perception of color? (a) A low-saturation color against a low-saturation background of an adjacent hue on the color wheel will appear a similar shades as the other adjacent hue. (b) An intermediate color against a background that is one of the intermediate color's component primary colors will be difficult to distinguish from that background. (c) Letters written in an intermediate color or in a low-saturation color are more likely to be misread by children than by adults.

(a) A low-saturation color against a low-saturation background of an adjacent hue on the color wheel will appear a similar shades as the other adjacent hue.

Toward the end of the 19th century, many scientists thought that all the great scientific discoveries had already been made and that there was not much left to do beyond some "tidying up." Max Planck, born in 1858, turned this notion upside down with his study of black-body radiation. Even in a vacuum, a hot body will tend to come to thermal equilibrium with a colder body by radiative heat transfer. This is the principle by which we derive energy from the sun. However, measurement of black-body radiation frequencies across a range of temperatures resulted in a parabolic curve. which devoted to this problem, Planck succeeded in quantitatively explaining the experimental data; his key insight was that energy comes in small, discrete packets, called quanta. His theory was the birth of what is called quantum mechanics, the revolutionary theory of matter that is fundamental to the modern understanding of Physics, chemistry, and molecular biology. (9)Which of the following would best paraphrase the opening sentence? (a) By the late 1800s, much of the scientific community felt it had completed the majority of its work and minor revisions were its only remaining task. (b) By 1900, few scientists were still making significant discoveries, and most projects were revising current theories. (c) At the end of the 19th century, scientists were concerned that they has run out of discoveries to make and could only perfect already proven theories. (d) By 1900, the scientific community had declared that it had come to understand the natural laws of the universe. (e) At the end of the 19th century, scientists ceased trying to formulate new theories.

(a) By the late 1800s, much of the scientific community felt it had completed the majority of its work and minor revisions were its only remaining task.

There is an anthropological theory that states that societies may be divided into one of two broad categories by their cultural motivators: shame or guilt. In a shame-based society, the ethical motivations are primarily external; one's behavior is governed based on potential effects on the social group (such as dishonoring one's family). By contrast, guilt-based societies rely more heavily on internal motivations; one's behavior is governed based on a set of internal guidelines. There is no society where one or the other is entirely absent, but the distinction lies in that, based on the accepted values of the society, one will come to be dominant over the other. It would seem that early Medieval Europe was primarily a shame-based society; indeed, the forms of shame-based motivators in courtly society were extremely highly developed, with express social laws governing various behaviors. This sort of shame may be seen to be divided into many forms such as positive and negative shame; that is, prospective and retrospective (knowledge of the honor one will accrue or the the shame one will avoid through future actions, and humiliation or other punishment after something harmful has been done, respectively), ethical and nonethical (dealing with higher, such as theological and abstract, concepts, and quotidian matters, respectively), and so on. These social structures may also be found in the contemporary tales of the chivalric world. An example of such may be seen in the frequent plot device of the knight committing adultery with the wife of his lord. Adultery with the wife of one's lord is a matter of treason and an explicit moral wrong, and yet the condemnation in these stories seems to focus on the perpetrator's violation of social norms (treason) rather than moral standards (adultery). Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. (15)Which of the following CANNOT be inferred from with passage? (a) Early Medieval Europe was unconcerned with moral codes. (b) Some cultures are neither shame-based nor guilt-based. (c) Guilt-based societies have few laws.

(a) Early Medieval Europe was unconcerned with moral codes. (b) Some cultures are neither shame-based nor guilt-based. (c) Guilt-based societies have few laws.

The origins of the English language can be traced back to the Saxon and other Germanic settlers in Britain beginning in the 5th century CE. The English language's unusual nature can be attributed to the diverse linguistic origins of the groups that contributed to its development and their role in English society. Although English belongs to the Germanic language family and its grammatical and syntactical rules reflect this, English vocabulary can be seen to be from multiple origins. In fact, a large part of the vocabulary was not derived from the Germanic languages at all but is rather of Latin origin. This can be from multiple origins. In fact, a large part of the vocabulary was not derived from the Germanic languages at all but is rather of Latin origin. This can be explained by the influence on Old English of Old French and Latin during the Norman Invasion in the 11th century. By the time of the Norman Invasion, Old English was already a language, with both its grammar and vocabulary based in Germanic language family. However, the establishment of a ruling class who spoke a Romance language caused significant changes in the indigenous tongue. It is also interesting to note that there is a distinct correlation between the length of a word and its origin--most of the shorter words in the English language are derived from the Germanic languages, whereas the longer words are from a Latin background. One theory to explain this is that these more elaborate and complex words were primarily used by the elite after the Norman Invasion--who would have favored a Latin-based (or Romance) vocabulary--whereas words with the same meaning in the Old English were used primarily by the lower classes and thus fell into disuse. Modern English words, then, concerning more complex and theoretical rather than utilitarian ideas (astronomy, poetry, and epistemology), can generally be found to be of romance origin, whereas more mundane words, such as pronouns and auxiliary verbs, can be traced back to a Germanic origin. Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. (8)The passage suggests that the word "they," a pronoun, would most likely have which of the following origins? (a) Germanic (b) Romance (c) Norse

(a) Germanic

One you have strategically read a passage to determine its Topic, Scope, and Purpose and have made a Passage Map, it is time to start answering the questions. Luckily, because the GRE is a standardized test, the questions that accompany a passage almost always fall into one of just a handful of categories: -Global. These ask about the passage as a whole. Look for language in the question stem that asks you to determine a passage's main idea, primary purpose, or overall structure. Here are some examples of Global question stems: Which of the following most accurately describes the primary purpose of the passage? The author's tone could best be described as -Detail. These ask you to research the text and identify a specific detail mentioned in the passage. Look for language in the question stem such as "according to the author" or "is mentioned in the passage." Here are some examples of Detail question stems: According to the passage, the primary cause of unemployment in micronations is a lack of Which of the following was mentioned in the passage as a result of high employment? -Inference. These questions ask for something that, through not stated explicitly in the text, must be true based on the information that is provided in the passage. Look for language in the question stem like "suggests," "implies," or "most likely agrees." Here are some examples of Inference question stems: The passage most strongly suggests that which of the following is true? With which of the following characterizations of medieval comedies would the author most likely agree? -Logic. This type of question asks you to describe why the author included a certain word, phrase, or statement. Look for language like "in order to" or "primarily serves to." Here are some examples of Logic question stems: The author mentions Tussey's theory of copyright systems primarily in order to Which of the following most accurately describes the reason the author included the results of the experiments in lines 9-12? -Vocab-in-Context. These relatively straightforward questions ask you to identify the specific way a word is used in the passage. Here are some examples of Vocab-in-Context questions: As it is used in line 16, "brilliant" most nearly means Which of the following most closely corresponds to the meaning of the word "effect" as it is used in line 26? -Reasoning. These questions ask you to analyze an author's reasoning in an argument. They may ask you to identify an argument's assumption, point out a flaw in the author's reasoning, or strengthen or weaken the reasoning. Here are some examples of reasoning questions: The ethicist's argument requires the assumption that Which of the following would cast the most doubt on the conclusion drawn by the scholar? Now be honest: Did you just skim through that list of question types without taking the time to catalog and understand how the tasks are different? If you did, you're not alone. But take another look. The fact is, knowing the type of question you're dealing with is incredibly helpful. For one thing, different question types require different research and prediction steps. For another, different question types require different types of flawed answer choices, which you can learn to avoid. Knowing how to research a question effectively and how to avoid wrong answer traps will allow you to choose correct answers confidently and improve your performance. (7) An appropriate title for the passage would be (a) Global (b) Detail (c) Inference (d) Logic (e) Other

(a) Global Explanation: Since the title of a passage reflects the content of the passage as a whole, this is a Global question.

One you have strategically read a passage to determine its Topic, Scope, and Purpose and have made a Passage Map, it is time to start answering the questions. Luckily, because the GRE is a standardized test, the questions that accompany a passage almost always fall into one of just a handful of categories: -Global. These ask about the passage as a whole. Look for language in the question stem that asks you to determine a passage's main idea, primary purpose, or overall structure. Here are some examples of Global question stems: Which of the following most accurately describes the primary purpose of the passage? The author's tone could best be described as -Detail. These ask you to research the text and identify a specific detail mentioned in the passage. Look for language in the question stem such as "according to the author" or "is mentioned in the passage." Here are some examples of Detail question stems: According to the passage, the primary cause of unemployment in micronations is a lack of Which of the following was mentioned in the passage as a result of high employment? -Inference. These questions ask for something that, through not stated explicitly in the text, must be true based on the information that is provided in the passage. Look for language in the question stem like "suggests," "implies," or "most likely agrees." Here are some examples of Inference question stems: The passage most strongly suggests that which of the following is true? With which of the following characterizations of medieval comedies would the author most likely agree? -Logic. This type of question asks you to describe why the author included a certain word, phrase, or statement. Look for language like "in order to" or "primarily serves to." Here are some examples of Logic question stems: The author mentions Tussey's theory of copyright systems primarily in order to Which of the following most accurately describes the reason the author included the results of the experiments in lines 9-12? -Vocab-in-Context. These relatively straightforward questions ask you to identify the specific way a word is used in the passage. Here are some examples of Vocab-in-Context questions: As it is used in line 16, "brilliant" most nearly means Which of the following most closely corresponds to the meaning of the word "effect" as it is used in line 26? -Reasoning. These questions ask you to analyze an author's reasoning in an argument. They may ask you to identify an argument's assumption, point out a flaw in the author's reasoning, or strengthen or weaken the reasoning. Here are some examples of reasoning questions: The ethicist's argument requires the assumption that Which of the following would cast the most doubt on the conclusion drawn by the scholar? Now be honest: Did you just skim through that list of question types without taking the time to catalog and understand how the tasks are different? If you did, you're not alone. But take another look. The fact is, knowing the type of question you're dealing with is incredibly helpful. For one thing, different question types require different research and prediction steps. For another, different question types require different types of flawed answer choices, which you can learn to avoid. Knowing how to research a question effectively and how to avoid wrong answer traps will allow you to choose correct answers confidently and improve your performance. (4) The main point of the passage is (a) Global (b) Detail (c) Inference (d) Logic (e) Other

(a) Global Explanation: This is a Global question that asks for the entire passage's main point.

Kleptoplasty (from the Greek kleptes, meaning "thief") is a phenomenon whereby host organisms ingest a chloroplasts contained within the consumed species to help meet their own metabolic needs. In the way, kleptoplasty is an example of symbiosis, a close relstionship between two different species. Further, it is an endosymbiosis, such that one of the species resides completely within another. Unlike the example of mitochondria, thought to have once been fully separate bacteria that came to live within animal cells and perform a mutualistic metabolic function, the algae are only partially utilized; most of the organism is digested and discarded, leaving only the chloroplasts to be retained by the host. Most kleptoplastic species are unicellular ciliates or dinoflagellates. The only known members of the animal kingdom that practice kleptoplasty are several species of sarcoglossan sea slugs. These "solar-powered" sea slugs incorporate whole chloroplasts into their body cells, where the stolen plastids can convert sunlight into useful energy for as long as ten months in some species. Chloroplasts produce energy by using sunlight to power a series of reactions that results in sugars that can be used as a food source for the host organism. Algae have genes that encode proteins that act as enzymes that support this process. PRK, for example, is an enzyme that is responsible for the regeneration of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate, an organic molecule used in the reductive pentose phosphate pathway (RPPP) of photosynthesis. Sea slugs lack the PKR gene, so for many kleptoplastic species, once the raw materials within the chloroplasts are exhausted, photosynthesis ceases and new chloroplasts must be obtained. As a result, until recently it remained a mystery how some sarcoglossan sea slug species were able to sustain chloroplast function for many months. Genome sequencing revealed the answer. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the genome of individual sarcoglossan sea slugs of species Elysia chlorotica that had been exposed to chlorophyll-utilizing algae revealed that these individuals did in fact have the PRK gene, whereas individuals that had not been exposed to algae lacked the gene. Radioactive labeling confirmed the surprising result: E. chlorotica incorporates genes from the algae into its own genome. This process, known as horizontal gene transfer, is common in bacteria and unicellular eukaryotes but is rare to find in more complex species. Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. (17)The passage provides support for which of the following statements about E. chlorotica? (a) In the absence of algae, E. chlorotica typically lacks the ability to synthesize ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate. (b) Some of the characteristics of E. chlorotica are not commonly found within the animal kingdom. (c) E. chlorotica is the only sarcoglossan sea-slug species that incorporates the PRK gene into its genome.

(a) In the absence of algae, E. chlorotica typically lacks the ability to synthesize ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate. (b) Some of the characteristics of E. chlorotica are not commonly found within the animal kingdom.

There is an anthropological theory that states that societies may be divided into one of two broad categories by their cultural motivators: shame or guilt. In a shame-based society, the ethical motivations are primarily external; one's behavior is governed based on potential effects on the social group (such as dishonoring one's family). By contrast, guilt-based societies rely more heavily on internal motivations; one's behavior is governed based on a set of internal guidelines. There is no society where one or the other is entirely absent, but the distinction lies in that, based on the accepted values of the society, one will come to be dominant over the other. It would seem that early Medieval Europe was primarily a shame-based society; indeed, the forms of shame-based motivators in courtly society were extremely highly developed, with express social laws governing various behaviors. This sort of shame may be seen to be divided into many forms such as positive and negative shame; that is, prospective and retrospective (knowledge of the honor one will accrue or the the shame one will avoid through future actions, and humiliation or other punishment after something harmful has been done, respectively), ethical and nonethical (dealing with higher, such as theological and abstract, concepts, and quotidian matters, respectively), and so on. These social structures may also be found in the contemporary tales of the chivalric world. An example of such may be seen in the frequent plot device of the knight committing adultery with the wife of his lord. Adultery with the wife of one's lord is a matter of treason and an explicit moral wrong, and yet the condemnation in these stories seems to focus on the perpetrator's violation of social norms (treason) rather than moral standards (adultery). Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. (17)What can we infer about a society that focuses primarily upon a moral code of right and wrong? (a) It would be guilt-based. (b) It would tolerate adultery. (c) It would not have laws governing behavior.

(a) It would be guilt-based.

For the following questions, select the two answer choices that, when inserted into the sentence, fit the meaning of the sentence as a whole and yield complete sentences that are similar in meaning. (11)After naturally occurring smallpox was eradicated, the World Health Organization chose to ___________ the remaining samples of the virus in hopes that they might be later used in developing the means to combat other viruses. (a) eliminate (b) duplicate (c) preserve (d) retain (e) extirpate (f) cultivate

The origins of the English language can be traced back to the Saxon and other Germanic settlers in Britain beginning in the 5th century CE. The English language's unusual nature can be attributed to the diverse linguistic origins of the groups that contributed to its development and their role in English society. Although English belongs to the Germanic language family and its grammatical and syntactical rules reflect this, English vocabulary can be seen to be from multiple origins. In fact, a large part of the vocabulary was not derived from the Germanic languages at all but is rather of Latin origin. This can be from multiple origins. In fact, a large part of the vocabulary was not derived from the Germanic languages at all but is rather of Latin origin. This can be explained by the influence on Old English of Old French and Latin during the Norman Invasion in the 11th century. By the time of the Norman Invasion, Old English was already a language, with both its grammar and vocabulary based in Germanic language family. However, the establishment of a ruling class who spoke a Romance language caused significant changes in the indigenous tongue. It is also interesting to note that there is a distinct correlation between the length of a word and its origin--most of the shorter words in the English language are derived from the Germanic languages, whereas the longer words are from a Latin background. One theory to explain this is that these more elaborate and complex words were primarily used by the elite after the Norman Invasion--who would have favored a Latin-based (or Romance) vocabulary--whereas words with the same meaning in the Old English were used primarily by the lower classes and thus fell into disuse. Modern English words, then, concerning more complex and theoretical rather than utilitarian ideas (astronomy, poetry, and epistemology), can generally be found to be of romance origin, whereas more mundane words, such as pronouns and auxiliary verbs, can be traced back to a Germanic origin. Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. (10)Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? (a) Searching for meaning based on the Latin root of a word is less likely to be useful in shorter words. (b) The language spoken by the Saxon and Germanic settlers entirely supplanted the indigenous tongue of 5th-century Britain. (c) The discussion of complex ideas during the Norman era in England was primarily the domain of the ruling class.

(a) Searching for meaning based on the Latin root of a word is less likely to be useful in shorter words.

(a) The example of interpolation discussed in the passage would be illegal today. (c) Shakespeare used Middleton's writing without his consent.

At the atomic scale, all matter exhibits properties commonly associated with both waves and particles. The classic experiment that demonstrates wavelike properties is the double-slit experiment, first performed by Thomas Young at the beginning of the 19th century. If a beam of light passes through two narrow slits and is projected onto a screen behind the slits, a pattern of light and dark fringes can be observed. The explanation for this is based on an analogy with ripples in water. If we drop two stones some distance apart, the ripples start to interfere with each other, sometimes amplifying when two crests or troughs meet, sometimes canceling when a crest meets a trough. A similar explanation holds for interference effects with visible light; the two slits act as independent sources in the same way as do the stones in water. This experiment provided convincing evidence in support of Christiaan Huygens's wave theory of light, which eventually supplanted the older particle theory of Isaac Newton. However, in the 20th century, Einstein showed that Newton was not entirely wrong. His analysis of the photoelectric effect showed that light could behave as a particle as well as a wave. Surprisingly, electrons, which we tend to think of as particles, also demonstrate interference effects, showing that they too are waves as well as particles. (19)Which of the following best summarizes the findings of Young's experiment, as described in the passage? (a) The waves from independent light sources interact with one another in predictable patterns. (b) Two light sources can cancel each other out, creating the observed dark fringes. (c) Light exhibits properties of both particles and waves. (d) Newton's theory was permanently debunked. (e) Newton's theory was correct all along.

(a) The waves from independent light sources interact with one another in predictable patterns.

As the business world becomes ever more globalized and dynamic, freelance knowledge workers have come into their own. Technology drives rapid change in products and markets, and to keep up, companies find value in an on-demand workforce, one that they can adjust at will as new skills are needed. At the same time, the Internet means that a worker across the country or on the other side of the company's headquarters. Reflecting this reality, the U.S. Census Bureau's count of "nonemployer business" rose 39 percent from 2002 to 2017, and according to one study, 57 million Americans-- more than one-third of the workforce--engage in freelance work. The growth of so-called contingent labor is forecast to continue unbated. Clearly, not all labor is equally powered in the new paradigm. The barista placing the artistically styled forth on a customer's latte must be in the coffee shop. However, the systems analyst upgrading the shop's financial system that tracks the scales of lattes can be anywhere. Thus, workers with intellectual capital are in prime position to choose where they work and for whom. The transition to labor market of independent professionals has social and cultural implications. In much of the world, work is a major source of identity, so when work changes, identity changes. Instead of identifying as Widgets Incorporated employees who, whether they are an executive or a janitor, will someday earn a gold watch with the Widgets logo engraved on the back, workers identify as designers or social media gurus or software engineers. Rather than forging a common bond with coworkers in a mix of jobs around the proverbial water cooler, freelancers build geographically dispersed networks with other self-employed professionals with similar skill sets. Furthermore, in the twenty-first century the workplace has become a primary site of social connections and thus an important thread in the fabric of social cohesion, but instead of going to an office for a large portion of the day where they assume their workday persona, the new entrepreneurs work at home-- even in bed, where they tap out messages to clients on their smartphone while wearing pajamas. And instead of relying on company benefits packages when working or government-administered unemployment payments when not working, these workers attempt to provide for themselves in defiance of the vicissitudes of life. Not partaking in any communal safety net, they argue that in an era when layoffs are commonplace, being self-employed is little more precarious than working fro an employer. The cumulative results of these changes may be, on the one hand, an integration of personal and work life not seen since the Industrial Revolution moved people from farms into factories and, on the other hand, the atomization of society as individual contributors of labor rent themselves out impermanently to companies around the globe without meeting their coworkers face-to-face. Contributing further to social distribution is the bifurcation of the labor market into the independent self-employed and those still dependent on traditional jobs. It remains to be seen whether this new generation of professionals will appreciate the degree of vulnerability that accompanies their freedom and reach out to find common cause with employees who still draw a steady paycheck, working together to address issues of security and dignity in the workplace. Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. (8)Based on the passage, one can infer that the author would likely agree with all of the following statements about self-employment freelancers EXCEPT: (a) Unlike traditional employees, who are dependent on the local economy, freelancers can contract with companies anywhere in the world and so do not experience sudden changes in workload and income. (b) Freelancers who can use the globalized, technology-enhanced business environment to their advantage generally perform mental rather than physical labor. (c) Compared to workers in the traditional workforce, freelancers are likely to use the Internet to build relationships with people of different socioeconomic status from themselves.

(a) Unlike traditional employees, who are dependent on the local economy, freelancers can contract with companies anywhere in the world and so do not experience sudden changes in workload and income. (c) Compared to workers in the traditional workforce, freelancers are likely to use the Internet to build relationships with people of different socioeconomic status from themselves.

A common misconception is that color refers only to a wavelength of light in the visual spectrum, from about 400 nanometers (violet) to about 700 nanometers (red). When an object reflects light of a given wavelength, we see that object as the corresponding color. So, for example, we might see a Braeburn apple as red and Granny Smith apple a green because the reflect light of different wavelengths. However, color is not merely a property of an external physical object but rather the result of an interaction among that object, the light that shines on it, and, finally but most significantly, the manner in which the human eye and brain make sense of the reflected light stimulus. Thus, the study of color can properly fall as much within the realm of psychology as that of physics. Experience is one psychological factor that uniforms our perception of color. For example, a child eating by a campfire that emits a great deal of yellow light may believe that the the melted Cheddar cheese served on white bread on a white paper plate is actually a white cheese like Swiss or Monterey Jack. This occurs because the yellow light reflects off both the plate and the bread, which the child knows are white, and off the cheese, which the child isn't sure about. All the objects therefore appear to be the same color, and the child assumes that color is white. On the other hand, an adult with experience viewing things in firelight would intuitively adjust her perception to account for the yellow light and would not make the same mistake. Color is also perceived differently depending on its context. The noted abstract painter Josef Albers produced an influential body of work based on this phenomenon, including his series Homage to the Square featuring nested squares of different colors. In one psychological experiment testing perception, the letter X is presented against two colored backgrounds. Although the letter is identical each time it is presented, it appears olive green in one context and lavender in the other context. This effect is achieved when the X is given a low-saturation blue color, or gray-blue, and the backgrounds are also low-saturation colors with hues on either side of blue on the color wheel. Because blue falls between purple and green on the color wheel, a gray-blue X against a gray-purple background will look gray-green, or olive, and the same X against an olive background will look gray-purple, or lavender. In a similar manner, an intermediate color will look different against different primary color backdrops; teal, for instance, will look green against a blue background and blue against a green background. Other subjective factors also influence the experience of color. These include cultural norms (Westerners most often name blue as their favorite color, whereas in China red is preferred) and simply what we learn about color. Consider that if a child learns that stop signs are "red," the child will call them "red." However, whether the two people are experiencing the same color is unknown since that experience exists only in the mind. Therefore, if one were to tell an interior designer that color is an immutable physical property of objects, one would meet with skepticism. Before placing the electric blue sofa in a client's living room, the designer considers the color of light the various light fixtures will emanate, the colors of the carpet and walls, and her client's feelings about electric blue, which after all may not even be the same color in the client's mind as it is in the designer's. (8)The author would be most likely to agree with which of the following ideas? (a) When attempting to achieve a particular aesthetic effect, a graphic designer should consider how the color used for the border of an advertisement will appear next to the color of the text. (b) A decorator working for a client in China would not purchase an electric blue sofa for that individual's living room, because blue is not a preferred color in China. (c) Companies designing packaging for their products should avoid using gray tones because these would cause different customers to see the colors differently, thereby rendering the brand message inconsistent. (d) Because red is a primary color, a wall should not be painted red if a sofa of an intermediate color will be placed against it, as the sofa's color may be distorted by its proximity to the wall. (e) Artists often explore the interaction of adjacent colors when juxtaposing different forms in the composition of their paintings.

(a) When attempting to achieve a particular aesthetic effect, a graphic designer should consider how the color used for the border of an advertisement will appear next to the color of the text.

Recent advances in organ transplant methods have included a resurgence in interest in xenotransplantation--any procedure in which the transplant materials are taken from a non-human source--due to its potential to eliminate any issues related to scarcity in the availability of human organs for transplant. Scientific interest in using organic material from non-human sources to improve health, and even starve of death, is certainly not new. Anecdotal evidence of humans' attempts to transplant limbs from animals in order to achieve superhuman feats, both successful and unsuccessful, has existed since ancient times and is deeply woven into Greek mythology. The early 19th century included more forays into the potential for non-human primate organs to be used for human transplantation, through from a scientific perspective, the record of success left much to be desired. Work in this field has not been without its critics, as animal welfare groups have spoken about the concerns of genetically modifying animals for the sole purpose of organ harvesting and the long-term consequences of ignoring the ethical implications for much of the xenotransplantation timeline. Whether society ultimately decides the potential benefits to humans in need of organ transplants outweigh the possible exploitation of thousands of animals remains to be seen. (2)According to the passage, all of the following statements are true EXCEPT: (a) Xenotransplantation mitigates many of the risks associated with human organ transplant. (b) The specific interest in xenotransplantation is not new. (c) The record of success of private organs transplanted into humans is not extensive. (d) Greek mythology contains stories of combining human and animal physical characteristics. (e) The ethical questions surrounding xenotransplantation are, as of yet, unanswered.

(a) Xenotransplantation mitigates many of the risks associated with human organ transplant.

It has been commonly accepted for some time now that certain scenes in Shakespeare's Macbeth are interpolations from the writing of another author; act III, scene 5, and parts of act IV, scene 1, have been determined to be the writing of one of his contemporaries, Thomas Middleton. This can be regarded as both illuminating and problematic, depending upon how the play is being studied. It allows us to infer a great deal about the conventions and practices of writing for the stage at the time. For example, playwriting may have been more collaborative than previously thought, or perhaps Elizabethan notions complicate our interpretation of the characters in the play. It is more difficult to assess authorial intention with regard to a character's motives if the text has been redacted by multiple authors. Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. (8) Which of the following could aid in the further study of the interpolations discussed in the above passage? (a) an investigation into the existence and prevalence of collaborative writing partnerships during Shakespeare's time (b) an examination of the themes and techniques of other writers contemporary with Shakespeare (c) a search through legal documents of Shakespeare's time for references to plagiarism or intellectual property rights

(a) an investigation into the existence and prevalence of collaborative writing partnerships during Shakespeare's time (b) an examination of the themes and techniques of other writers contemporary with Shakespeare (c) a search through legal documents of Shakespeare's time for references to plagiarism or intellectual property rights

(6)The countless (i)_____________ days left everyone (ii)______________ for the sudden downpour; the deluge brought traffic to a halt as it (iii)______________ the roads. Blank(i): (a) arid (b) calm (c) humid Blank(ii): (d) waiting (e) unprepared (f) anxious Blank(iii): (g) inundated (h) soaked (i) sprayed

(a) arid (e) unprepared (g) inundated

(2)In spite of its popularity, The Merchant of Venice remains a (i)_________ play, with many critics (ii)__________ the extent of Shakespeare's anti-Semitism. Blank (i): (a) controversial (b) celebrated (c) historic Blank (ii): (d) assuaging (e) augmenting (f) debating

(a) controversial (f) debating

Thermodynamics is concerned with change in the properties of matter when we alter the external conditions. An example of this is a gas being compressed by the motion of a piston. The final outcome depends on how the change is made---if the piston is moved slowly, we say that the compression is "reversible." This means that if we pull the piston back out, we retrace the same sequence of properties but in the reverse order; hence, the temperature of the gas will be the same when the piston has been pulled out as it was before the piston was pushed in. However, if the piston is moved in and out quickly, then the initial state (and temperature) will not be recovered---the gas will always be hotter than it was at the beginning. This is a manifestation, although not a statement, of the second law of thermodynamics. It also makes a difference whether there is a transfer of heat between the cylinder of gas and the external surroundings. If the cylinder is insulated, then the gas will heat on compression and cool on expression (refrigeration uses this principle). On the other hand, if the cylinder can exchange heat with the surroundings, it will remain at the same temperature if the compression is slow enough. (20)This passage is primarily concerned with... (a) describing the motion of a piston to demonstrate the laws of thermodynamics (b) explaining the conservation of heat during the motion of a piston (c) demonstrating how the second law of thermodynamics applies to pistons (d) explaining how thermodynamics function (e)discussing reversible compression

(a) describing the motion of a piston to demonstrate the laws of thermodynamics

For the following questions, select the two answer choices that, when inserted into the sentence, fit the meaning of the sentence as a whole and yield complete sentences that are similar in meaning. (13)Though ____________ filled the streets, people seemed unconcerned with the appearance of their city. (a) detritus (b) refuge (c) gaudiness (d) bedlam (e) refuse (f) barrenness

(a) detritus (e) refuse

(1)Veteran technical support staff members feel that their services are ___________ by the use of computer programs to do the same work; they claim that technical support can't be provided procedurally but rather is a case-by case effort that requires a skill set built upon training and experience. (a) devalued (b) tarnished (c) ridiculed (d) vituperated (e) impaired

(a) devalued

For the following question select the two answer choices that, when inserted into the sentence, fit the meaning of the sentence as a whole and yield complete sentences that are similar in meaning. (13)The celebrated playwright's most recent work, intended to be a serious exploration of the meaning of existence, was roundly ___________ by theatergoers, who found the lofty themes and abstruse language to be overwrought and almost comical. (a) lampooned (b) extolled (c) lionized (d) disregarded (e) contemplated (f) ridiculed

(a) lampooned (f) ridiculed

For the following question select the two answer choices that, when inserted into the sentence, fit the meaning of the sentence as a whole and yield complete sentences that are similar in meaning. (11)Known to all as having a silver tongue, the orator easily distracts audience from the meaning of his words with his __________ speech. (a) melllifluous (b) concise (c) stumbling (d) laconic (e) euphonic (f) strident

(a) melllifluous (e) euphonic

(6)Though the poet's work was praised highly by critics, sales of his anthologies were (i)__________; it is possible the poor sales were due to his language being too (ii)___________ to be readily understood. Blank(i): (a) scanty (b) robust (c) singular Blank(ii): (d) lucid (e) prosaic (f) abstruse

(a) scanty (f) abstruse

The advent of online education in the first decade of the 21st century was the result of and a response to a number of factors that were both internal and external to the field of higher education. Traditional tertiary institutions, especially those that were privately endowed, raised tuition rates far in excess of the rate of inflation. This, in concert with larger demand for postsecondary education for working adults, helped facilitate the introduction of online learning. However, it should be acknowledged that the relative simplicity of using the Internet as a platform, as well as its cost-effectiveness, was seized upon by entrepreneurs in the private sector. Online education is largely in the hands of for-profit companies. The question now becomes whether the democratization of higher education is worth the price od removing it from nonprofit, research-based universities. (19)The highlighted section refers to... (a) the cost of online education (b) the popularity of online courses (c) making education available to a wider range of students (d) the role of voting in class selection (e) whether or not a democratic society should have online education

In the decades leading up to the 1970s, the primarily French-speaking Canadian province of Quebec saw its proportion of native French speakers diminish from year to year. The attrition of French was attributed to the preeminence of English in the workplace, particularly in affluent, "white-collar" jobs. The French-speaking majority was economically marginalized within its own province, as it was left with the choice of either working in lower-paying jobs or teaching its children English as a first language. The latter option would further erase Quebec's cultural autonomy and singularity within a country that primarily spoke English. Facing the risk of linguistic extinction, the province passed Loi 101 (Law 101): The Charter of the French Language. It established French as the only official language of the province, established the primacy of French in the workplace, and led to more economic equity. Since its passage in 1977, the percentage of people in Quebec who speak French as a first language has begun to rise. (15)Which of the following is suggested in the passage as a reason for the decline of French in Quebec? (a) the disparity of economic opportunities available to French and English speakers (b) an influx of English-speaking immigrants (c) efforts of French Canadians to further integrate themselves with Canadian culture (d) the emigration of French Canadians (e) the outlawing of French in the other provinces

(a) the disparity of economic opportunities available to French and English speakers

(2)The spice saffron is made from the stigma of the Crocus sativus plant; the (i)____________ number of blossoms required to produce saffron and the (ii)___________ of the flower makes the spice the most expensive in the world. Blank(i): (a) vast (b) meager (c) unique Blank(ii): (d) color (e) hardiness (f) delicacy

(a) vast (f) delicacy

Many baseball enthusiasts are aware of the story of how Abner Doubleday invented the game of baseball with some friends in 1839 and introduced it to a nation during the Civil War. However, most baseball historians now agree that this story is a convenient fiction, propagated by Albert Spalding, a player, manager, owner, and one of the first manufacturers of sporting equipment. Spalding's desire to distinguish baseball, which so keenly mirrored American interests and pursuits, from similar games played in England, such as cricket and rounders, led Spalding to seek out a purely North American origin of the sport. Spalding's entire basis for the foundation of baseball history lay in a handwritten letter from 1907 that he said came from a man who claimed to have gone to school with Doubleday and attributed the invention to him. Despite the speculative and dubious claims of the letter, Spalding and other members of his commission were quick to adopt the narrative as gospel and began to market their sport to the masses as a truly American persuit. (2)Which of the following statements is true based on the passage? (a) Abner Doubleday was not a real person. (b) Albert Spalding had a lot of influence over the business of baseball. (c) Baseball has a lot in common with the game of cricket.

(b) Albert Spalding had a lot of influence over the business of baseball. Explanation: Spalding was a baseball player, manager, and owner, and according to the last sentence, he is believed responsible for perpetuating a widely believed myth about the origins of baseball. Thus, he was certainly influential in the game.

For the following questions, select the two answer choices that, when inserted into the sentence, fit the meaning of the sentence as a whole and yield complete sentences that are similar in meaning. (12)____________ commercial arsenic usage has diminished, its ongoing presence in water and soil continues to be a major public health concern, given the extremely high toxicity of the substance. (a) After (b) Although (c) Inasmuch as (d) Considering (e) While (f) Because

(b) Although (e) While

One you have strategically read a passage to determine its Topic, Scope, and Purpose and have made a Passage Map, it is time to start answering the questions. Luckily, because the GRE is a standardized test, the questions that accompany a passage almost always fall into one of just a handful of categories: -Global. These ask about the passage as a whole. Look for language in the question stem that asks you to determine a passage's main idea, primary purpose, or overall structure. Here are some examples of Global question stems: Which of the following most accurately describes the primary purpose of the passage? The author's tone could best be described as -Detail. These ask you to research the text and identify a specific detail mentioned in the passage. Look for language in the question stem such as "according to the author" or "is mentioned in the passage." Here are some examples of Detail question stems: According to the passage, the primary cause of unemployment in micronations is a lack of Which of the following was mentioned in the passage as a result of high employment? -Inference. These questions ask for something that, through not stated explicitly in the text, must be true based on the information that is provided in the passage. Look for language in the question stem like "suggests," "implies," or "most likely agrees." Here are some examples of Inference question stems: The passage most strongly suggests that which of the following is true? With which of the following characterizations of medieval comedies would the author most likely agree? -Logic. This type of question asks you to describe why the author included a certain word, phrase, or statement. Look for language like "in order to" or "primarily serves to." Here are some examples of Logic question stems: The author mentions Tussey's theory of copyright systems primarily in order to Which of the following most accurately describes the reason the author included the results of the experiments in lines 9-12? -Vocab-in-Context. These relatively straightforward questions ask you to identify the specific way a word is used in the passage. Here are some examples of Vocab-in-Context questions: As it is used in line 16, "brilliant" most nearly means Which of the following most closely corresponds to the meaning of the word "effect" as it is used in line 26? -Reasoning. These questions ask you to analyze an author's reasoning in an argument. They may ask you to identify an argument's assumption, point out a flaw in the author's reasoning, or strengthen or weaken the reasoning. Here are some examples of reasoning questions: The ethicist's argument requires the assumption that Which of the following would cast the most doubt on the conclusion drawn by the scholar? Now be honest: Did you just skim through that list of question types without taking the time to catalog and understand how the tasks are different? If you did, you're not alone. But take another look. The fact is, knowing the type of question you're dealing with is incredibly helpful. For one thing, different question types require different research and prediction steps. For another, different question types require different types of flawed answer choices, which you can learn to avoid. Knowing how to research a question effectively and how to avoid wrong answer traps will allow you to choose correct answers confidently and improve your performance. (2) According to the passage, each of the following is true about [xxxxx] EXCEPT: (a) Global (b) Detail (c) Inference (d) Logic (e) Other

(b) Detail Explanation: Language that points you to find something directly stated in the passage (here, the phrase "according to the passage") indicates a Detail question.

One you have strategically read a passage to determine its Topic, Scope, and Purpose and have made a Passage Map, it is time to start answering the questions. Luckily, because the GRE is a standardized test, the questions that accompany a passage almost always fall into one of just a handful of categories: -Global. These ask about the passage as a whole. Look for language in the question stem that asks you to determine a passage's main idea, primary purpose, or overall structure. Here are some examples of Global question stems: Which of the following most accurately describes the primary purpose of the passage? The author's tone could best be described as -Detail. These ask you to research the text and identify a specific detail mentioned in the passage. Look for language in the question stem such as "according to the author" or "is mentioned in the passage." Here are some examples of Detail question stems: According to the passage, the primary cause of unemployment in micronations is a lack of Which of the following was mentioned in the passage as a result of high employment? -Inference. These questions ask for something that, through not stated explicitly in the text, must be true based on the information that is provided in the passage. Look for language in the question stem like "suggests," "implies," or "most likely agrees." Here are some examples of Inference question stems: The passage most strongly suggests that which of the following is true? With which of the following characterizations of medieval comedies would the author most likely agree? -Logic. This type of question asks you to describe why the author included a certain word, phrase, or statement. Look for language like "in order to" or "primarily serves to." Here are some examples of Logic question stems: The author mentions Tussey's theory of copyright systems primarily in order to Which of the following most accurately describes the reason the author included the results of the experiments in lines 9-12? -Vocab-in-Context. These relatively straightforward questions ask you to identify the specific way a word is used in the passage. Here are some examples of Vocab-in-Context questions: As it is used in line 16, "brilliant" most nearly means Which of the following most closely corresponds to the meaning of the word "effect" as it is used in line 26? -Reasoning. These questions ask you to analyze an author's reasoning in an argument. They may ask you to identify an argument's assumption, point out a flaw in the author's reasoning, or strengthen or weaken the reasoning. Here are some examples of reasoning questions: The ethicist's argument requires the assumption that Which of the following would cast the most doubt on the conclusion drawn by the scholar? Now be honest: Did you just skim through that list of question types without taking the time to catalog and understand how the tasks are different? If you did, you're not alone. But take another look. The fact is, knowing the type of question you're dealing with is incredibly helpful. For one thing, different question types require different research and prediction steps. For another, different question types require different types of flawed answer choices, which you can learn to avoid. Knowing how to research a question effectively and how to avoid wrong answer traps will allow you to choose correct answers confidently and improve your performance. (8) The author makes which of the following statements concerning [xxxxx]? (a) Global (b) Detail (c) Inference (d) Logic (e) Other

(b) Detail Explanation: Since the question asks for a specific statement made by the author, this is a Detail question.

One you have strategically read a passage to determine its Topic, Scope, and Purpose and have made a Passage Map, it is time to start answering the questions. Luckily, because the GRE is a standardized test, the questions that accompany a passage almost always fall into one of just a handful of categories: -Global. These ask about the passage as a whole. Look for language in the question stem that asks you to determine a passage's main idea, primary purpose, or overall structure. Here are some examples of Global question stems: Which of the following most accurately describes the primary purpose of the passage? The author's tone could best be described as -Detail. These ask you to research the text and identify a specific detail mentioned in the passage. Look for language in the question stem such as "according to the author" or "is mentioned in the passage." Here are some examples of Detail question stems: According to the passage, the primary cause of unemployment in micronations is a lack of Which of the following was mentioned in the passage as a result of high employment? -Inference. These questions ask for something that, through not stated explicitly in the text, must be true based on the information that is provided in the passage. Look for language in the question stem like "suggests," "implies," or "most likely agrees." Here are some examples of Inference question stems: The passage most strongly suggests that which of the following is true? With which of the following characterizations of medieval comedies would the author most likely agree? -Logic. This type of question asks you to describe why the author included a certain word, phrase, or statement. Look for language like "in order to" or "primarily serves to." Here are some examples of Logic question stems: The author mentions Tussey's theory of copyright systems primarily in order to Which of the following most accurately describes the reason the author included the results of the experiments in lines 9-12? -Vocab-in-Context. These relatively straightforward questions ask you to identify the specific way a word is used in the passage. Here are some examples of Vocab-in-Context questions: As it is used in line 16, "brilliant" most nearly means Which of the following most closely corresponds to the meaning of the word "effect" as it is used in line 26? -Reasoning. These questions ask you to analyze an author's reasoning in an argument. They may ask you to identify an argument's assumption, point out a flaw in the author's reasoning, or strengthen or weaken the reasoning. Here are some examples of reasoning questions: The ethicist's argument requires the assumption that Which of the following would cast the most doubt on the conclusion drawn by the scholar? Now be honest: Did you just skim through that list of question types without taking the time to catalog and understand how the tasks are different? If you did, you're not alone. But take another look. The fact is, knowing the type of question you're dealing with is incredibly helpful. For one thing, different question types require different research and prediction steps. For another, different question types require different types of flawed answer choices, which you can learn to avoid. Knowing how to research a question effectively and how to avoid wrong answer traps will allow you to choose correct answers confidently and improve your performance. (12) The author indicates explicitly that which of the following has been [xxxxx]? (a) Global (b) Detail (c) Inference (d) Logic (e) Other

(b) Detail The word "explicitly" means that the question deals with something that is contained in the passage, not something that needs to be inferred. How did you do? Were you able to correctly identify each of the different types of questions? It is easy to overlook the value of identifying question types in the Reading Comprehension section. However, knowing the type of question you're dealing with will help you research the passage more effectively. That, in turn, will help you more quickly formulate a prediction and more quickly find the correct answer.

John Finnis Developed his theory of natural law based on the structure that Thomas Aquinas provided, filling in area where he felt that Aquinas's theory was lacking; he also amended other aspects of the theory to respond to a world much more culturally diverse than the one in which Aquinas lived. Unlike Aquinas, who gives only a vague account of the first precepts of the natural law, Finnis locates a specific number of basic human goods. Finnis avoids the charge that his theory falls into the "naturalistic fallacy" by asserting that these goods are not moral in themselves but became moral through human participation in them. In addition, these goods are not hierarchical, which allows a much greater range of freedom in choosing actions. Finally, Finnis's theory does not require the presence of God. Though curiosity about the nature of the universe is one of his basic human goods, the actual existence of God is not required by his theory. Finnis's theory raises as many questions as it answers. While formulating an interesting answer to the "is/ought" problem and giving a much more robust definition of human volition than Aquinas, his solutions create their own problems. His account of the goods is stripped of any method for evaluation. The bounderies of each good are difficult to discern. Further, by asserting that each good is self-evident and equal to all the others, Finnis makes any action taken in furtherance of any of them equivalent morally. Finally, by removing the precepts of natural law from our natural habits and inclinations, placing them instead in self-evident goods, Finnis seems not to be describing our nature at all. (19)Based on the passage, the existence of which of the following would most likely undermine Finnis's definition of "goods"? (a) Proof of the existence of God (b) Goods that demand opposing actions (c) the demands of our natural desire (d) The definition of additional goods (e) A method for evaluating goods

(b) Goods that demand opposing actions

(5)The neglect of the old theater was (i)_____________ in the extreme (ii)_______________ of the building, which was no longer safe to enter. Blank(i): (a) hinted (b) suggested (c) manifest Blank(ii): (d) dilapidation (e) depilation (f) radiance

(4)Though she was typically able to (i)____________ the energy required to deal with such an unruly group of students, the exhausted vice principal found herself unable to (ii)___________ the (iii)___________ kindergartners. Blank(i): (a) incite (b) parry (c) marshal Blank(ii): (d) pacify (e) abrogate (f) rouse Blank(iii): (g) intransigent (h) noisome (i) restive

The problematic relationship between Heidegger's political views and his seminal status as a philosopher is a continuing point of continental philosophy in works such as Sein und Zeit have been read, in some circles, through the critical lens of his affiliation with National Socialism in Nazi Germany during the Second World War. His writing during that time covered a broad range of subjects, including philosophy, politics, and aesthetics. His work on ontology directly influenced his contemporary philosophical thinkers, such as Jean-Paul Sartre. Though he is widely regarded within philosophical circles as one of the preeminent luminaries, along with Husserl, in the modern development of ontology, certain scholars and thinkers militate against the value of his thought in its entirety. To regard Heidegger's work highly would be, in their eyes, to absolve him of his support of the politics of Nazism, even though he is being evaluated solely on the basis of his contributions to the study of philosophy and not in any political context. Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. (5)The author asserts which of the following about Heidegger? (a) Some academics view him positively for both his political and philosophical work. (b) His legacy has been affected by opinions he expressed during World War II. (c) Some academics view him positively, while others cannot countenance him at all.

(b) His legacy has been affected by opinions he expressed during World War II. (c) Some academics view him positively, while others cannot countenance him at all.

Many tea drinkers believe that different teas--black, green, oolong, and so forth--come from different plants. In fact, however, all tea leaves come from Camellia sinensis, a large evergreen shrub. Native to china, the plant is now cultivated throughout Asia and in Africa, Europe, and North and South America. The character of various teas depends in some measure on the climate and soil where the plant is grown but mostly on how the leaf is processed after it is harvested. An interesting case is black pu-erh tea, a specialty of China's Yunnan province. Unlike green or oolong tea, black pu-erh tea undergoes an oxidation process with the help of naturally occurring enzymes or, in the would of tea, is said to be "fermented." It then undergoes an additional step that differentiates it from other black teas: after oxidation, the leaves are aged in humid conditions, sometimes for several decades. Like all other teas, pu-erh contains antioxidants, which may help protect regular consumers from some cancers, It also contains caffeine, though not as much as most other black teas. What really sets it apart from all other teas is the fact that it naturally contains small quantities of lovastatin, a medication that physicians prescribe to lower cholesterol. It is possible that certain fungi that colonize the tea leaves produce lovastatin as a metabolic by-product. Most are more intrigued by its taste, which they describe with words such as woody, earthy, and leathery. Clearly, an adventurous palate is necessary to enjoy this unusual beverage. Fortunately, those seeking a more conventional tea flavor have many option. Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. (4)The passage suggests that which of the following would be a correct statement about tea subjected to an aging process? (a) The aging process removes caffeine and antioxidants from tea leaves. (b) The aging process may be responsible for the presence of medically significant agent. (c) Aged tea leaves produce brew with a flavor distinct from that of unaged leaves.

(b) The aging process may be responsible for the presence of medically significant agent. (c) Aged tea leaves produce brew with a flavor distinct from that of unaged leaves.

The origins of the English language can be traced back to the Saxon and other Germanic settlers in Britain beginning in the 5th century CE. The English language's unusual nature can be attributed to the diverse linguistic origins of the groups that contributed to its development and their role in English society. Although English belongs to the Germanic language family and its grammatical and syntactical rules reflect this, English vocabulary can be seen to be from multiple origins. In fact, a large part of the vocabulary was not derived from the Germanic languages at all but is rather of Latin origin. This can be from multiple origins. In fact, a large part of the vocabulary was not derived from the Germanic languages at all but is rather of Latin origin. This can be explained by the influence on Old English of Old French and Latin during the Norman Invasion in the 11th century. By the time of the Norman Invasion, Old English was already a language, with both its grammar and vocabulary based in Germanic language family. However, the establishment of a ruling class who spoke a Romance language caused significant changes in the indigenous tongue. It is also interesting to note that there is a distinct correlation between the length of a word and its origin--most of the shorter words in the English language are derived from the Germanic languages, whereas the longer words are from a Latin background. One theory to explain this is that these more elaborate and complex words were primarily used by the elite after the Norman Invasion--who would have favored a Latin-based (or Romance) vocabulary--whereas words with the same meaning in the Old English were used primarily by the lower classes and thus fell into disuse. Modern English words, then, concerning more complex and theoretical rather than utilitarian ideas (astronomy, poetry, and epistemology), can generally be found to be of romance origin, whereas more mundane words, such as pronouns and auxiliary verbs, can be traced back to a Germanic origin. (9)Based on the passage, what is a likely reason why English has not been reclassified as a Romance language? (a) It developed as a Germanic language in its first incarnation, Old English. (b) The core of the language, its grammar and syntax, is still Germanic. (c) A larger portion of the English vocabulary is Germanic rather than Romance. (d) The Normans left an affinity for the local tongue, which was Germanic. (e) Neither linguistic heritage has a claim to preeminence.

(b) The core of the language, its grammar and syntax, is still Germanic.

It has been commonly accepted for some time now that certain scenes in Shakespeare's Macbeth are interpolations from the writing of another author; act III, scene 5, and parts of act IV, scene 1, have been determined to be the writing of one of his contemporaries, Thomas Middleton. This can be regarded as both illuminating and problematic, depending upon how the play is being studied. It allows us to infer a great deal about the conventions and practices of writing for the stage at the time. For example, playwriting may have been more collaborative than previously thought, or perhaps Elizabethan notions complicate our interpretation of the characters in the play. It is more difficult to assess authorial intention with regard to a character's motives if the text has been redacted by multiple authors. Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. (10)In the passage, the two highlighted statements play which of the following roles? (a) The first explains a concept, and the second presents an example of that concept. (b) The first presents an example of the main subject of the passage, and the second is a conclusion based on that example. (c) The first states the conclusion of the argument as a whole, and the second provides support for that conclusion. (d) The first provides evidence for a conclusion that the passage as a whole opposes, and the second presents the objection to that the passage as a whole opposes, and the second presents the objection to that conclusion. (d) the first provides evidence for a conclusion that the passage as a whole opposes, and the second presents the objection to that conclusion. (e) The first states the primary conclusion of the passage, and the second states the secondary conclusion.

(b) The first presents an example of the main subject of the passage, and the second is a conclusion based on that example.

A common misconception is that color refers only to a wavelength of light in the visual spectrum, from about 400 nanometers (violet) to about 700 nanometers (red). When an object reflects light of a given wavelength, we see that object as the corresponding color. So, for example, we might see a Braeburn apple as red and Granny Smith apple a green because the reflect light of different wavelengths. However, color is not merely a property of an external physical object but rather the result of an interaction among that object, the light that shines on it, and, finally but most significantly, the manner in which the human eye and brain make sense of the reflected light stimulus. Thus, the study of color can properly fall as much within the realm of psychology as that of physics. Experience is one psychological factor that uniforms our perception of color. For example, a child eating by a campfire that emits a great deal of yellow light may believe that the the melted Cheddar cheese served on white bread on a white paper plate is actually a white cheese like Swiss or Monterey Jack. This occurs because the yellow light reflects off both the plate and the bread, which the child knows are white, and off the cheese, which the child isn't sure about. All the objects therefore appear to be the same color, and the child assumes that color is white. On the other hand, an adult with experience viewing things in firelight would intuitively adjust her perception to account for the yellow light and would not make the same mistake. Color is also perceived differently depending on its context. The noted abstract painter Josef Albers produced an influential body of work based on this phenomenon, including his series Homage to the Square featuring nested squares of different colors. In one psychological experiment testing perception, the letter X is presented against two colored backgrounds. Although the letter is identical each time it is presented, it appears olive green in one context and lavender in the other context. This effect is achieved when the X is given a low-saturation blue color, or gray-blue, and the backgrounds are also low-saturation colors with hues on either side of blue on the color wheel. Because blue falls between purple and green on the color wheel, a gray-blue X against a gray-purple background will look gray-green, or olive, and the same X against an olive background will look gray-purple, or lavender. In a similar manner, an intermediate color will look different against different primary color backdrops; teal, for instance, will look green against a blue background and blue against a green background. Other subjective factors also influence the experience of color. These include cultural norms (Westerners most often name blue as their favorite color, whereas in China red is preferred) and simply what we learn about color. Consider that if a child learns that stop signs are "red," the child will call them "red." However, whether the two people are experiencing the same color is unknown since that experience exists only in the mind. Therefore, if one were to tell an interior designer that color is an immutable physical property of objects, one would meet with skepticism. Before placing the electric blue sofa in a client's living room, the designer considers the color of light the various light fixtures will emanate, the colors of the carpet and walls, and her client's feelings about electric blue, which after all may not even be the same color in the client's mind as it is in the designer's. (7)Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? (a) Color is primarily a psychological construct, and therefore the study of physics is not relevant to an understanding of how color is perceived. (b) The phenomenon of color is a combined effect of the wavelength of light that shines on an object, the wavelength of light reflected by the object, and the human mind's perception of the light stimulus that comes to the eye. (c) Scientists have determined that although people may perceive color differently in different situations, color is an immutable characteristic of objects. (d) Creative professionals, such as artists and interior designers, view color significantly differently than do scientists. (e) To say that an object is a particular color is meaningless because color is a subjective perception influenced by experience, culture, and context and con not therefore be ascertained to be a specific physical characteristic.

(b) The phenomenon of color is a combined effect of the wavelength of light that shines on an object, the wavelength of light reflected by the object, and the human mind's perception of the light stimulus that comes to the eye.

(5)(i)___________ mushrooms are popular in many cuisines, it is (ii)___________ to eat those found in the wild, as many frequently found mushrooms resemble edible mushrooms but are, in fact, (iii)___________. Blank (i): (a) Considering (b) While (c) Because Blank(ii): (d) imprudent (e) cheaper (f) ingenuous Blank(iii): (g) poisonous (h) bland (i) toothsome

(b) While (d) imprudent (g) poisonous

In modern literary history, both budding and well-established authors have used secondary careers as book reviewers to hone their craft. George Orwell stands out as perhaps the most notable example with his prolific career as both a book reviewer and author. Analysis of his critiques of contemporaneous works offers insight into his belief that his personal would view should be reflected in the writings of his peers. Unrivaled in his keen insight into the core arguments of the seminal works of his time, Orwell was adept at pointing out fatal flaws in logic and never hesitated to enumerate what was wanting, even at the cost of infuriating other authors, both foes and friends. Indeed, Orwell's review of H. G. Wells' "Mind at the End of Its Tether" led to the end of their friendship, a fact in which there is a tinge of irony. While Orwell casts Well's work as a disjointed and pessimistic diatribe about a bleak future, the description rings eerily similar to some reviews of Orwell's own masterpiece, 1984. (3)According to the passage, Orwell's review of "Mind at the End of Its Tether... (a) ironically led to record sales of "Mind at the End of Its Tether. (b) cast in negative light themes that he addressed in his novel 1984. (c) was irrelevant because it lacked a clear understanding of Wells' core argument. (d) is a testament to his singular focus on pointing out flaws in the works of his contemporaries. (e) marked the pinnacle of his prolific career as a book reviewer.

(b) cast in negative light themes that he addressed in his novel 1984.

In the decades leading up to the 1970s, the primarily French-speaking Canadian province of Quebec saw its proportion of native French speakers diminish from year to year. The attrition of French was attributed to the preeminence of English in the workplace, particularly in affluent, "white-collar" jobs. The French-speaking majority was economically marginalized within its own province, as it was left with the choice of either working in lower-paying jobs or teaching its children English as a first language. The latter option would further erase Quebec's cultural autonomy and singularity within a country that primarily spoke English. Facing the risk of linguistic extinction, the province passed Loi 101 (Law 101): The Charter of the French Language. It established French as the only official language of the province, established the primacy of French in the workplace, and led to more economic equity. Since its passage in 1977, the percentage of people in Quebec who speak French as a first language has begun to rise. (16)According to the passage, Loi 101 was significant in that it... (a) was a final, unsuccessful attempt at enforcing the usage of French in Quebec (b) curtailed the economic supremacy of English (c) restricted the teaching of English in schools (d) highlighted the distinctiveness of the cultural identity of Quebec from that of the rest of Canada (e) provided for bilingual education

(b) curtailed the economic supremacy of English

(4)Companies that give employees the flexibility to (i)____________ their more (ii)____________ responsibilities in favor of more exciting projects see dramatically increased productivity compared to businesses that are more (iii)____________ in their minute-to-minute structuring of daily routine. Blank(i): (a) undertake (b) eschew (c) supplement Blank(ii): (d) quotidian (e) latent (f) arresting Blank(iii): (g) disingenuous (h) lax (i)authoritarian

(b) eschew (d) quotidian (i)authoritarian

(3)The field of cryptozoology is the search for animals unknown to science and those for which we have no scientific attestation; (i)____________ physical evidence, it relies upon (ii)_____________ sightings for proof of creatures such as the Loch Ness Monster. Blank(i): (a) ignoring (b) lacking (c) needing Blank(ii): (d) anecdotal (e) imagined (f) nominal

(b) lacking (d) anecdotal

For the following question select the two answer choices that, when inserted into the sentence, fit the meaning of the sentence as a whole and yield complete sentences that are similar in meaning. (14)Word painting is a musical technique in which the progression of the notes __________ the meaning of the lyrics; a famous example of this can be found in Handel's Messiah, in which the notes rise with the mention of "mountains" and fall with the mention of "low" (a) affects (b) mimics (c) contrasts (d) reflects (e) opposes (f) renounces

(b) mimics (d) reflects

(3)Who among us isn't guilty of mistaking a polite rhetorical question such as a (i)____________ "How are you?" for a genuine inquiry and responding with (ii)___________ description of the minutiae of our day? Blank(i): (a) supercilious (b) misapprehensions (c) gregarious Blank(ii): (d) a prolix (e) a pithy (f) an abstruse

(b) misapprehensions (d) a prolix

For the following questions, select the two answer choices that, when inserted into the sentence, fit the meaning of the sentence as a whole and yield complete sentences that are similar in meaning. (14)The protest march quickly turned into a riot, and in the response by police, several people on either side were killed and dozens more wounded; it would later be _____________ remembered by both sides as a tragic accident, and no blame would be assigned. (a) indignantly (b) mournfully (c) spitefully (d) bitterly (e) soberly (f) melancholically

(b) mournfully (f) melancholically

The advent of online education in the first decade of the 21st century was the result of and a response to a number of factors that were both internal and external to the field of higher education. Traditional tertiary institutions, especially those that were privately endowed, raised tuition rates far in excess of the rate of inflation. This, in concert with larger demand for postsecondary education for working adults, helped facilitate the introduction of online learning. However, it should be acknowledged that the relative simplicity of using the Internet as a platform, as well as its cost-effectiveness, was seized upon by entrepreneurs in the private sector. Online education is largely in the hands of for-profit companies. The question now becomes whether the democratization of higher education is worth the price of removing it from nonprofit, research-based universities. (18)The author's use of the term "seized upon" evokes an images of ____________ on the part of the entrepreneurs. (a) accidental realization (b) opportunistic tactics (c) violent appropriation (d) collusive behavior (e) market manipulation

(b) opportunistic tactics

For the following questions, select the two answer choices that, when inserted into the sentence, fit the meaning of the sentence as a whole and yield complete sentences that are similar in meaning. (13)Early sewing machines were poorly received by textile workers, who feared the technology would ____________ the demand for their skills; despite their protests, the sewing machines became popular both in the factory and in the home. (a) overwhelm (b) diminish (c) obviate (d) mitigate (e) eliminate (f) belittle

There is an anthropological theory that states that societies may be divided into one of two broad categories by their cultural motivators: shame or guilt. In a shame-based society, the ethical motivations are primarily external; one's behavior is governed based on potential effects on the social group (such as dishonoring one's family). By contrast, guilt-based societies rely more heavily on internal motivations; one's behavior is governed based on a set of internal guidelines. There is no society where one or the other is entirely absent, but the distinction lies in that, based on the accepted values of the society, one will come to be dominant over the other. It would seem that early Medieval Europe was primarily a shame-based society; indeed, the forms of shame-based motivators in courtly society were extremely highly developed, with express social laws governing various behaviors. This sort of shame may be seen to be divided into many forms such as positive and negative shame; that is, prospective and retrospective (knowledge of the honor one will accrue or the the shame one will avoid through future actions, and humiliation or other punishment after something harmful has been done, respectively), ethical and nonethical (dealing with higher, such as theological and abstract, concepts, and quotidian matters, respectively), and so on. These social structures may also be found in the contemporary tales of the chivalric world. An example of such may be seen in the frequent plot device of the knight committing adultery with the wife of his lord. Adultery with the wife of one's lord is a matter of treason and an explicit moral wrong, and yet the condemnation in these stories seems to focus on the perpetrator's violation of social norms (treason) rather than moral standards (adultery). (18)Based on the passage, a society that prizes the harmony of the social group would most likely be... (a) guilt-based (b) shame-based (c) extremely permissive (d) governed by a chivalric order (e) bereft of citizens with an internal code of moral right and wrong

(b) shame-based

(5)Because Rachel's success had convinced her own (i)__________ , she never (ii)__________ her errors. Blank (i): (a) ineptitude (b) since (c) although Blank (ii): (d) publicized (e) overlooked (f) discerned

(b) since (f) discerned

At the atomic scale, all matter exhibits properties commonly associated with both waves and particles. The classic experiment that demonstrates wavelike properties is the double-slit experiment, first performed by Thomas Young at the beginning of the 19th century. If a beam of light passes through two narrow slits and is projected onto a screen behind the slits, a pattern of light and dark fringes can be observed. The explanation for this is based on an analogy with ripples in water. If we drop two stones some distance apart, the ripples start to interfere with each other, sometimes amplifying when two crests or troughs meet, sometimes canceling when a crest meets a trough. A similar explanation holds for interference effects with visible light; the two slits act as independent sources in the same way as do the stones in water. This experiment provided convincing evidence in support of Christiaan Huygens's wave theory of light, which eventually supplanted the older particle theory of Isaac Newton. However, in the 20th century, Einstein showed that Newton was not entirely wrong. His analysis of the photoelectric effect showed that light could behave as a particle as well as a wave. Surprisingly, electrons, which we tend to think of as particles, also demonstrate interference effects, showing that they too are waves as well as particles. (20)Based on the passage, what would we expect the light fringes in Young's experiment to represent? (a) the light particles from both slits landing on the screen (b) the amplification created by the combination of both sets of waves of light (c) the projection onto the screen where the light is not blocked out by the object with the slits (d) the amplification created by light particles (e) the projection onto the screen onto the screen where the light is blocked by the objects with the slits.

(b) the amplification created by the combination of both sets of waves of light

As the business world becomes ever more globalized and dynamic, freelance knowledge workers have come into their own. Technology drives rapid change in products and markets, and to keep up, companies find value in an on-demand workforce, one that they can adjust at will as new skills are needed. At the same time, the Internet means that a worker across the country or on the other side of the company's headquarters. Reflecting this reality, the U.S. Census Bureau's count of "nonemployer business" rose 39 percent from 2002 to 2017, and according to one study, 57 million Americans-- more than one-third of the workforce--engage in freelance work. The growth of so-called contingent labor is forecast to continue unbated. Clearly, not all labor is equally powered in the new paradigm. The barista placing the artistically styled forth on a customer's latte must be in the coffee shop. However, the systems analyst upgrading the shop's financial system that tracks the scales of lattes can be anywhere. Thus, workers with intellectual capital are in prime position to choose where they work and for whom. The transition to labor market of independent professionals has social and cultural implications. In much of the world, work is a major source of identity, so when work changes, identity changes. Instead of identifying as Widgets Incorporated employees who, whether they are an executive or a janitor, will someday earn a gold watch with the Widgets logo engraved on the back, workers identify as designers or social media gurus or software engineers. Rather than forging a common bond with coworkers in a mix of jobs around the proverbial water cooler, freelancers build geographically dispersed networks with other self-employed professionals with similar skill sets. Furthermore, in the twenty-first century the workplace has become a primary site of social connections and thus an important thread in the fabric of social cohesion, but instead of going to an office for a large portion of the day where they assume their workday persona, the new entrepreneurs work at home-- even in bed, where they tap out messages to clients on their smartphone while wearing pajamas. And instead of relying on company benefits packages when working or government-administered unemployment payments when not working, these workers attempt to provide for themselves in defiance of the vicissitudes of life. Not partaking in any communal safety net, they argue that in an era when layoffs are commonplace, being self-employed is little more precarious than working fro an employer. The cumulative results of these changes may be, on the one hand, an integration of personal and work life not seen since the Industrial Revolution moved people from farms into factories and, on the other hand, the atomization of society as individual contributors of labor rent themselves out impermanently to companies around the globe without meeting their coworkers face-to-face. Contributing further to social distribution is the bifurcation of the labor market into the independent self-employed and those still dependent on traditional jobs. It remains to be seen whether this new generation of professionals will appreciate the degree of vulnerability that accompanies their freedom and reach out to find common cause with employees who still draw a steady paycheck, working together to address issues of security and dignity in the workplace. (6)The author is primarily concerned with... (a) how working conditions differ for freelancers and traditionally employed individuals. (b) the growth of freelance employment and its ramifications for workers and society. (c) the economic implications of a shift in the labor market toward freelance workers. (d) why some professional knowledge workers choose to freelance. (e) recent and forecast statistical trends in freelance employment.

(b) the growth of freelance employment and its ramifications for workers and society. Explanation: The first paragraph discusses the fact that freelance employment is becoming more common for knowledge workers, and the second paragraph argues that this trend will have " social and cultural implications," resulting in shifts in shifts in personal identity and "social disruption."

One you have strategically read a passage to determine its Topic, Scope, and Purpose and have made a Passage Map, it is time to start answering the questions. Luckily, because the GRE is a standardized test, the questions that accompany a passage almost always fall into one of just a handful of categories: -Global. These ask about the passage as a whole. Look for language in the question stem that asks you to determine a passage's main idea, primary purpose, or overall structure. Here are some examples of Global question stems: Which of the following most accurately describes the primary purpose of the passage? The author's tone could best be described as -Detail. These ask you to research the text and identify a specific detail mentioned in the passage. Look for language in the question stem such as "according to the author" or "is mentioned in the passage." Here are some examples of Detail question stems: According to the passage, the primary cause of unemployment in micronations is a lack of Which of the following was mentioned in the passage as a result of high employment? -Inference. These questions ask for something that, through not stated explicitly in the text, must be true based on the information that is provided in the passage. Look for language in the question stem like "suggests," "implies," or "most likely agrees." Here are some examples of Inference question stems: The passage most strongly suggests that which of the following is true? With which of the following characterizations of medieval comedies would the author most likely agree? -Logic. This type of question asks you to describe why the author included a certain word, phrase, or statement. Look for language like "in order to" or "primarily serves to." Here are some examples of Logic question stems: The author mentions Tussey's theory of copyright systems primarily in order to Which of the following most accurately describes the reason the author included the results of the experiments in lines 9-12? -Vocab-in-Context. These relatively straightforward questions ask you to identify the specific way a word is used in the passage. Here are some examples of Vocab-in-Context questions: As it is used in line 16, "brilliant" most nearly means Which of the following most closely corresponds to the meaning of the word "effect" as it is used in line 26? -Reasoning. These questions ask you to analyze an author's reasoning in an argument. They may ask you to identify an argument's assumption, point out a flaw in the author's reasoning, or strengthen or weaken the reasoning. Here are some examples of reasoning questions: The ethicist's argument requires the assumption that Which of the following would cast the most doubt on the conclusion drawn by the scholar? Now be honest: Did you just skim through that list of question types without taking the time to catalog and understand how the tasks are different? If you did, you're not alone. But take another look. The fact is, knowing the type of question you're dealing with is incredibly helpful. For one thing, different question types require different research and prediction steps. For another, different question types require different types of flawed answer choices, which you can learn to avoid. Knowing how to research a question effectively and how to avoid wrong answer traps will allow you to choose correct answers confidently and improve your performance. (9) The passage provides support for which of the following assertions about [xxxxx]? (a) Global (b) Detail (c) Inference (d) Logic (e) Other

(c) Inference Explanation: The correct answer will be something that can be directly inferred from information in the passage.

One you have strategically read a passage to determine its Topic, Scope, and Purpose and have made a Passage Map, it is time to start answering the questions. Luckily, because the GRE is a standardized test, the questions that accompany a passage almost always fall into one of just a handful of categories: -Global. These ask about the passage as a whole. Look for language in the question stem that asks you to determine a passage's main idea, primary purpose, or overall structure. Here are some examples of Global question stems: Which of the following most accurately describes the primary purpose of the passage? The author's tone could best be described as -Detail. These ask you to research the text and identify a specific detail mentioned in the passage. Look for language in the question stem such as "according to the author" or "is mentioned in the passage." Here are some examples of Detail question stems: According to the passage, the primary cause of unemployment in micronations is a lack of Which of the following was mentioned in the passage as a result of high employment? -Inference. These questions ask for something that, through not stated explicitly in the text, must be true based on the information that is provided in the passage. Look for language in the question stem like "suggests," "implies," or "most likely agrees." Here are some examples of Inference question stems: The passage most strongly suggests that which of the following is true? With which of the following characterizations of medieval comedies would the author most likely agree? -Logic. This type of question asks you to describe why the author included a certain word, phrase, or statement. Look for language like "in order to" or "primarily serves to." Here are some examples of Logic question stems: The author mentions Tussey's theory of copyright systems primarily in order to Which of the following most accurately describes the reason the author included the results of the experiments in lines 9-12? -Vocab-in-Context. These relatively straightforward questions ask you to identify the specific way a word is used in the passage. Here are some examples of Vocab-in-Context questions: As it is used in line 16, "brilliant" most nearly means Which of the following most closely corresponds to the meaning of the word "effect" as it is used in line 26? -Reasoning. These questions ask you to analyze an author's reasoning in an argument. They may ask you to identify an argument's assumption, point out a flaw in the author's reasoning, or strengthen or weaken the reasoning. Here are some examples of reasoning questions: The ethicist's argument requires the assumption that Which of the following would cast the most doubt on the conclusion drawn by the scholar? Now be honest: Did you just skim through that list of question types without taking the time to catalog and understand how the tasks are different? If you did, you're not alone. But take another look. The fact is, knowing the type of question you're dealing with is incredibly helpful. For one thing, different question types require different research and prediction steps. For another, different question types require different types of flawed answer choices, which you can learn to avoid. Knowing how to research a question effectively and how to avoid wrong answer traps will allow you to choose correct answers confidently and improve your performance. (1) The passage implies which of the following about [xxxxx]? (a) Global (b) Detail (c) Inference (d) Logic (e) Other

(c) Inference Explanation: When you see "implies" or "suggests" in a question stem, you're dealing with an Inference question.

In modern literary history, both budding and well-established authors have used secondary careers as book reviewers to hone their craft. George Orwell stands out as perhaps the most notable example with his prolific career as both a book reviewer and author. Analysis of his critiques of contemporaneous works offers insight into his belief that his personal would view should be reflected in the writings of his peers. Unrivaled in his keen insight into the core arguments of the seminal works of his time, Orwell was adept at pointing out fatal flaws in logic and never hesitated to enumerate what was wanting, even at the cost of infuriating other authors, both foes and friends. Indeed, Orwell's review of H. G. Wells' "Mind at the End of Its Tether" led to the end of their friendship, a fact in which there is a tinge of irony. While Orwell casts Well's work as a disjointed and pessimistic diatribe about a bleak future, the description rings eerily similar to some reviews of Orwell's own masterpiece, 1984. (2)Which of the following statements accurately describes Orwell's approach to reviewing books? (a) Objective criticism tempered by mutual admiration. (b) Invective-laden diatribe prompted by a competitive nature. (c) Insightful analysis unswayed by personal attachment.

The problematic relationship between Heidegger's political views and his seminal status as a philosopher is a continuing point of continental philosophy in works such as Sein und Zeit have been read, in some circles, through the critical lens of his affiliation with National Socialism in Nazi Germany during the Second World War. His writing during that time covered a broad range of subjects, including philosophy, politics, and aesthetics. His work on ontology directly influenced his contemporary philosophical thinkers, such as Jean-Paul Sartre. Though he is widely regarded within philosophical circles as one of the preeminent luminaries, along with Husserl, in the modern development of ontology, certain scholars and thinkers militate against the value of his thought in its entirety. To regard Heidegger's work highly would be, in their eyes, to absolve him of his support of the politics of Nazism, even though he is being evaluated solely on the basis of his contributions to the study of philosophy and not in any political context. (6)Which conclusion is implied by the author in his description of the status of Heidegger's legacy? (a) Heidegger's work should not be given serious recognition due to his political views. (b) The Second World War fostered a climate of intellectual innovation in Europe. (c) It is possible to critically evaluate Heidegger's contributions to philosophy while not absolving him of responsibility for his political views. (d) Scholars should consider the entire body of work of a thinker, in every field to which he or she contributed, when assessing that thinker's legacy in any one field. (e) It is impossible to divorce the study of politics from the study of philosophy.

(c) It is possible to critically evaluate Heidegger's contributions to philosophy while not absolving him of responsibility for his political views.

Toward the end of the 19th century, many scientists thought that all the great scientific discoveries had already been made and that there was not much left to do beyond some "tidying up." Max Planck, born in 1858, turned this notion upside down with his study of black-body radiation. Even in a vacuum, a hot body will tend to come to thermal equilibrium with a colder body by radiative heat transfer. This is the principle by which we derive energy from the sun. However, measurement of black-body radiation frequencies across a range of temperatures resulted in a parabolic curve. which devoted to this problem, Planck succeeded in quantitatively explaining the experimental data; his key insight was that energy comes in small, discrete packets, called quanta. His theory was the birth of what is called quantum mechanics, the revolutionary theory of matter that is fundamental to the modern understanding of Physics, chemistry, and molecular biology. (10)Which of the following best describes the relationship between the highlighted portions of the passage? (a) Topic and scope (b) Theory and debunking (c) Problem and solution (d) Hypothesis and analysis (e) Thesis and synthesis

Computer programs exist that attempt to generate random numbers, but no such program can fully replicate a truly random selection. Computer programs are, by definition, a set of instructions that use an input to generate an output. If both the input and the algorithm are known, the result is fully predictable. Even the best random number generation programs can only be called pseudo-random because the input itself is generated by the program. As a result, a pattern will emerge within the results, even if the program is sophisticated enough to make the pattern very complicated, and that pattern can be used to predict future results. True random number generation often depends on measurement of an unpredictable physical phenomenon, such as weather patterns or atmospheric radiation, and using that measurement as an input to generate a result. (7)The passage provides information sufficient to infer each of the following statements EXCEPT: (a) The outputs of random number generators that provide their own input could, with enough information about past results, eventually be predicted. (b) If a person knew both the algorithm that a corporation used to generate a truly random number and the atmospheric measurements that served as the input, the person would be able to generate those results. (c) With a sufficiently large table of results of a pseudo-random number generator over time, it would be possible to derive the input and algorithm used to generate those results. (d) The integrity of applications for which the unpredictability of the result is vital such as lotteries or data encryption, can be best preserved by using a method of random number generation that is truly random. (e) It is impossible to know the exact amount of atmospheric radiation emitted at a particular location and time until after a measurement is taken.

(c) With a sufficiently large table of results of a pseudo-random number generator over time, it would be possible to derive the input and algorithm used to generate those results.

(6)St. Elmo's fire is a weather phenomenon that, (i)___________ it has been documented since ancient times, was not (ii)___________ until recently. Blank (i): (a) because (b) since (c) although Blank(ii): (d) incinerated (e) reported (f) understood

For the following question select the two answer choices that, when inserted into the sentence, fit the meaning of the sentence as a whole and yield complete sentences that are similar in meaning. (12)While medical experts have long touted the importance of sleep to optimal health, many adults will forgo the __________ effects of taking a nap for fear of seeming idle. (a) soporific (b) detrimental (c) beneficial (d) perceptible (e) deleterious (f) salubrious

Although it is an imperfect model for describing a complex market, the theory of supply and demand is a reasonably accurate method of explaining, describing, and predicting how the quantity and price of goods fluctuate within a market. Economists define supply as the amount of particular good that producers are willing to sell at a certain price. For example, a manufacturer might be willing to sell 7,000 sprockets if each one sells for $0.45 but would be willing to sell substantially more sprockets, perhaps 12,000, for a higher price of $0.82. Conversely, demand represents the quantity of a given item that consumers will purchase at a set price; in the most efficient market, all buyers pay the lowest price available, and all sellers charge the highest price they are able. The intersection of these occurrences is graphically represented in supply and demand curves that show the prices at which a product becomes too expensive or too readily available. (4)If the producer of sprockets nearly doubles its prices as described int he passage, it follows that... (a) buyers in the market will be likely to purchase more of the sprockets being sold. (b) the price of sprockets will continue to increase. (c) buyers in the market will be likely to purchase fewer of the sprockets being sold.

(3)Considered one of his most (i)_________ works, Mozart's Requiem in D Minor has a certain (ii)_________ in Western culture because of its incomplete status at the time of his death, and many (iii)_________ stories have arisen surrounding it; unfortunately, the truth is lost to us. Blank (i): (a) ignominious (b) inconspicuous (c) famous Blank (ii): (d) obscurity (e) indifference (f) mystique Blank (iii): (g) fraudulent (h) apocryphal (I) verified

(4)Although Thomas Paine was most (i)__________ his political pamphlets, he was in fact (ii)__________ writer on many different subjects. Blank (i): (a) inimical to (b) condemned for (c) famous for Blank (ii): (d) an abstruse (e) a prolific (f) a terrible

For the following questions, select the two answer choices that, when inserted into the sentence, fit the meaning of the sentence as a whole and yield complete sentences that are similar in meaning. (12) The Magna Carta was one of the most ___________ political declarations of the Middle Ages because it declared the monarch's powers to be limited by the law; although its practical effects were not immediate, it is commonly seen as the genesis of constitutional law in England. (a) remarkable (b) immense (c) pivotal (d) recondite (e) ancient (f) momentous

(2)Hindsight often has the effect of changing the collective perception of certain historical events. Some incidents seem to be of exceptional importance when they first occur, but they ultimately prove to have few (i)__________ for future generations. Others appear to be rather (ii)____________ to contemporaries, and it is only later that their true significance is understood. Blank(i): (a) vagaries (b) misapprehensions (c) repercussions Blank(ii): (d) monumental (e) picayune (f) outlandish

Kleptoplasty (from the Greek kleptes, meaning "thief") is a phenomenon whereby host organisms ingest a chloroplasts contained within the consumed species to help meet their own metabolic needs. In the way, kleptoplasty is an example of symbiosis, a close relstionship between two different species. Further, it is an endosymbiosis, such that one of the species resides completely within another. Unlike the example of mitochondria, thought to have once been fully separate bacteria that came to live within animal cells and perform a mutualistic metabolic function, the algae are only partially utilized; most of the organism is digested and discarded, leaving only the chloroplasts to be retained by the host. Most kleptoplastic species are unicellular ciliates or dinoflagellates. The only known members of the animal kingdom that practice kleptoplasty are several species of sarcoglossan sea slugs. These "solar-powered" sea slugs incorporate whole chloroplasts into their body cells, where the stolen plastids can convert sunlight into useful energy for as long as ten months in some species. Chloroplasts produce energy by using sunlight to power a series of reactions that results in sugars that can be used as a food source for the host organism. Algae have genes that encode proteins that act as enzymes that support this process. PRK, for example, is an enzyme that is responsible for the regeneration of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate, an organic molecule used in the reductive pentose phosphate pathway (RPPP) of photosynthesis. Sea slugs lack the PKR gene, so for many kleptoplastic species, once the raw materials within the chloroplasts are exhausted, photosynthesis ceases and new chloroplasts must be obtained. As a result, until recently it remained a mystery how some sarcoglossan sea slug species were able to sustain chloroplast function for many months. Genome sequencing revealed the answer. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the genome of individual sarcoglossan sea slugs of species Elysia chlorotica that had been exposed to chlorophyll-utilizing algae revealed that these individuals did in fact have the PRK gene, whereas individuals that had not been exposed to algae lacked the gene. Radioactive labeling confirmed the surprising result: E. chlorotica incorporates genes from the algae into its own genome. This process, known as horizontal gene transfer, is common in bacteria and unicellular eukaryotes but is rare to find in more complex species. (15)According to the passage, the main difference between the sarcoglossan sea slug species discussed in paragraph 1 and other sea slug species is that... (a) they can incorporate the PRK gene into their genome, whereas other sea slugs cannot. (b) they obtain energy primarily by digesting only certain components of algae, whereas other sea slugs obtain their energy from digesting the entire organism. (c) they obtain at least some of their metabolic energy from chloroplasts, whereas other sea slugs do not. (d) they lack the enzyme to regenerate compounds necessary for photosynthesis, whereas other sea slugs produce this enzyme. (e) they lack mitochondria to perform metabolic functions, whereas other sea slugs utilize mitochondria as their primary source of energy.

For the following questions, select the two answer choices that, when inserted into the sentence, fit the meaning of the sentence as a whole and yield complete sentences that are similar in meaning. (14)G. K. Chesterton's sense of humor is exemplified in his often ___________ responses to his friend and rival George Bernard Shaw. (a) punctilious (b) vociferous (c) waggish (d) vicious (e) scathing (f) witty

Many tea drinkers believe that different teas--black, green, oolong, and so forth--come from different plants. In fact, however, all tea leaves come from Camellia sinensis, a large evergreen shrub. Native to china, the plant is now cultivated throughout Asia and in Africa, Europe, and North and South America. The character of various teas depends in some measure on the climate and soil where the plant is grown but mostly on how the leaf is processed after it is harvested. An interesting case is black pu-erh tea, a specialty of China's Yunnan province. Unlike green or oolong tea, black pu-erh tea undergoes an oxidation process with the help of naturally occurring enzymes or, in the would of tea, is said to be "fermented." It then undergoes an additional step that differentiates it from other black teas: after oxidation, the leaves are aged in humid conditions, sometimes for several decades. Like all other teas, pu-erh contains antioxidants, which may help protect regular consumers from some cancers, It also contains caffeine, though not as much as most other black teas. What really sets it apart from all other teas is the fact that it naturally contains small quantities of lovastatin, a medication that physicians prescribe to lower cholesterol. It is possible that certain fungi that colonize the tea leaves produce lovastatin as a metabolic by-product. Most are more intrigued by its taste, which they describe with words such as woody, earthy, and leathery. Clearly, an adventurous palate is necessary to enjoy this unusual beverage. Fortunately, those seeking a more conventional tea flavor have many option. (5)Based on the passage, which of the following can be inferred about black teas? (a) Black teas taste more like green or oolong tea than like pu-erh tea. (b) People seeking health benefits from tea can experience exactly the same effects from black teas as from all other teas except pu-erh tea. (c) People who enjoy new and unusual foods will prefer pu-erh tea to black tea. (d) Black teas are oxidized but not subsequently stored in humid conditions to be aged. (e) Although black teas contain caffeine, they do not contain any substances that may protect against cancer.

(d) Black teas are oxidized but not subsequently stored in humid conditions to be aged. Explanation: says black teas are oxidized but not aged.

The origins of the English language can be traced back to the Saxon and other Germanic settlers in Britain beginning in the 5th century CE. The English language's unusual nature can be attributed to the diverse linguistic origins of the groups that contributed to its development and their role in English society. Although English belongs to the Germanic language family and its grammatical and syntactical rules reflect this, English vocabulary can be seen to be from multiple origins. In fact, a large part of the vocabulary was not derived from the Germanic languages at all but is rather of Latin origin. This can be from multiple origins. In fact, a large part of the vocabulary was not derived from the Germanic languages at all but is rather of Latin origin. This can be explained by the influence on Old English of Old French and Latin during the Norman Invasion in the 11th century. By the time of the Norman Invasion, Old English was already a language, with both its grammar and vocabulary based in Germanic language family. However, the establishment of a ruling class who spoke a Romance language caused significant changes in the indigenous tongue. It is also interesting to note that there is a distinct correlation between the length of a word and its origin--most of the shorter words in the English language are derived from the Germanic languages, whereas the longer words are from a Latin background. One theory to explain this is that these more elaborate and complex words were primarily used by the elite after the Norman Invasion--who would have favored a Latin-based (or Romance) vocabulary--whereas words with the same meaning in the Old English were used primarily by the lower classes and thus fell into disuse. Modern English words, then, concerning more complex and theoretical rather than utilitarian ideas (astronomy, poetry, and epistemology), can generally be found to be of romance origin, whereas more mundane words, such as pronouns and auxiliary verbs, can be traced back to a Germanic origin. (7)Which of the following is implied by the passage? (a) English was more heavily influenced by Germanic languages than by Romance languages. (b) In the 11th century, English speakers of the lower classes did not discuss abstract, theoretical topics. (c) No auxiliary verbs in English can be traced back to a Latin-based origin. (d) English owes some of its abnormality to the Norman Invasion. (e) Fewer words in English are derived from Latin than from the Germanic languages.

(d) English owes some of its abnormality to the Norman Invasion.

One you have strategically read a passage to determine its Topic, Scope, and Purpose and have made a Passage Map, it is time to start answering the questions. Luckily, because the GRE is a standardized test, the questions that accompany a passage almost always fall into one of just a handful of categories: -Global. These ask about the passage as a whole. Look for language in the question stem that asks you to determine a passage's main idea, primary purpose, or overall structure. Here are some examples of Global question stems: Which of the following most accurately describes the primary purpose of the passage? The author's tone could best be described as -Detail. These ask you to research the text and identify a specific detail mentioned in the passage. Look for language in the question stem such as "according to the author" or "is mentioned in the passage." Here are some examples of Detail question stems: According to the passage, the primary cause of unemployment in micronations is a lack of Which of the following was mentioned in the passage as a result of high employment? -Inference. These questions ask for something that, through not stated explicitly in the text, must be true based on the information that is provided in the passage. Look for language in the question stem like "suggests," "implies," or "most likely agrees." Here are some examples of Inference question stems: The passage most strongly suggests that which of the following is true? With which of the following characterizations of medieval comedies would the author most likely agree? -Logic. This type of question asks you to describe why the author included a certain word, phrase, or statement. Look for language like "in order to" or "primarily serves to." Here are some examples of Logic question stems: The author mentions Tussey's theory of copyright systems primarily in order to Which of the following most accurately describes the reason the author included the results of the experiments in lines 9-12? -Vocab-in-Context. These relatively straightforward questions ask you to identify the specific way a word is used in the passage. Here are some examples of Vocab-in-Context questions: As it is used in line 16, "brilliant" most nearly means Which of the following most closely corresponds to the meaning of the word "effect" as it is used in line 26? -Reasoning. These questions ask you to analyze an author's reasoning in an argument. They may ask you to identify an argument's assumption, point out a flaw in the author's reasoning, or strengthen or weaken the reasoning. Here are some examples of reasoning questions: The ethicist's argument requires the assumption that Which of the following would cast the most doubt on the conclusion drawn by the scholar? Now be honest: Did you just skim through that list of question types without taking the time to catalog and understand how the tasks are different? If you did, you're not alone. But take another look. The fact is, knowing the type of question you're dealing with is incredibly helpful. For one thing, different question types require different research and prediction steps. For another, different question types require different types of flawed answer choices, which you can learn to avoid. Knowing how to research a question effectively and how to avoid wrong answer traps will allow you to choose correct answers confidently and improve your performance. (3) The author mentions [xxxxx] in order to (a) Global (b) Detail (c) Inference (d) Logic (e) Other

(d) Logic Explanation: The phrase "in order to" means that this is a Logic question. Your task is to determine why the author has included the specific phrase or statement.

One you have strategically read a passage to determine its Topic, Scope, and Purpose and have made a Passage Map, it is time to start answering the questions. Luckily, because the GRE is a standardized test, the questions that accompany a passage almost always fall into one of just a handful of categories: -Global. These ask about the passage as a whole. Look for language in the question stem that asks you to determine a passage's main idea, primary purpose, or overall structure. Here are some examples of Global question stems: Which of the following most accurately describes the primary purpose of the passage? The author's tone could best be described as -Detail. These ask you to research the text and identify a specific detail mentioned in the passage. Look for language in the question stem such as "according to the author" or "is mentioned in the passage." Here are some examples of Detail question stems: According to the passage, the primary cause of unemployment in micronations is a lack of Which of the following was mentioned in the passage as a result of high employment? -Inference. These questions ask for something that, through not stated explicitly in the text, must be true based on the information that is provided in the passage. Look for language in the question stem like "suggests," "implies," or "most likely agrees." Here are some examples of Inference question stems: The passage most strongly suggests that which of the following is true? With which of the following characterizations of medieval comedies would the author most likely agree? -Logic. This type of question asks you to describe why the author included a certain word, phrase, or statement. Look for language like "in order to" or "primarily serves to." Here are some examples of Logic question stems: The author mentions Tussey's theory of copyright systems primarily in order to Which of the following most accurately describes the reason the author included the results of the experiments in lines 9-12? -Vocab-in-Context. These relatively straightforward questions ask you to identify the specific way a word is used in the passage. Here are some examples of Vocab-in-Context questions: As it is used in line 16, "brilliant" most nearly means Which of the following most closely corresponds to the meaning of the word "effect" as it is used in line 26? -Reasoning. These questions ask you to analyze an author's reasoning in an argument. They may ask you to identify an argument's assumption, point out a flaw in the author's reasoning, or strengthen or weaken the reasoning. Here are some examples of reasoning questions: The ethicist's argument requires the assumption that Which of the following would cast the most doubt on the conclusion drawn by the scholar? Now be honest: Did you just skim through that list of question types without taking the time to catalog and understand how the tasks are different? If you did, you're not alone. But take another look. The fact is, knowing the type of question you're dealing with is incredibly helpful. For one thing, different question types require different research and prediction steps. For another, different question types require different types of flawed answer choices, which you can learn to avoid. Knowing how to research a question effectively and how to avoid wrong answer traps will allow you to choose correct answers confidently and improve your performance. (11) The function of the example in line xx is to (a) Global (b) Detail (c) Inference (d) Logic (e) Other

(d) Logic Explanation: This is Logic question. It is asking what role the example plays in the passage, not for information or an inference about the example.

Many baseball enthusiasts are aware of the story of how Abner Doubleday invented the game of baseball with some friends in 1839 and introduced it to a nation during the Civil War. However, most baseball historians now agree that this story is a convenient fiction, propagated by Albert Spalding, a player, manager, owner, and one of the first manufacturers of sporting equipment. Spalding's desire to distinguish baseball, which so keenly mirrored American interests and pursuits, from similar games played in England, such as cricket and rounders, led Spalding to seek out a purely North American origin of the sport. Spalding's entire basis for the foundation of baseball history lay in a handwritten letter from 1907 that he said came from a man who claimed to have gone to school with Doubleday and attributed the invention to him. Despite the speculative and dubious claims of the letter, Spalding and other members of his commission were quick to adopt the narrative as gospel and began to market their sport to the masses as a truly American persuit. (1)Which of the following statements is suggested by the passage? (a) Abner Doublebay did invent the game of baseball. (b) Claiming baseball to be invented by an American would help Spalding sell more sporting equipment. (c) Baseball is not truly an American sport. (d) Many people in Spalding's day wanted to believe basball was invented by an American. (e) The other members of Spalding's commisson knew that the letter about Abner Doubleday was probably fraudulent.

(d) Many people in Spalding's day wanted to believe basball was invented by an American. Explanation: Spalding and his commission were eager to spread a story about an American inventor because they knew it would help market the sport to Americans.

In modern literary history, both budding and well-established authors have used secondary careers as book reviewers to hone their craft. George Orwell stands out as perhaps the most notable example with his prolific career as both a book reviewer and author. Analysis of his critiques of contemporaneous works offers insight into his belief that his personal would view should be reflected in the writings of his peers. Unrivaled in his keen insight into the core arguments of the seminal works of his time, Orwell was adept at pointing out fatal flaws in logic and never hesitated to enumerate what was wanting, even at the cost of infuriating other authors, both foes and friends. Indeed, Orwell's review of H. G. Wells' "Mind at the End of Its Tether" led to the end of their friendship, a fact in which there is a tinge of irony. While Orwell casts Well's work as a disjointed and pessimistic diatribe about a bleak future, the description rings eerily similar to some reviews of Orwell's own masterpiece, 1984. (1)The author of the passage would likely agree with each of the following statements about George Orwell EXCEPT: (a) Orwell critiqued the works of many of his contemporaries. (b) Orwell value journalistic integrity over personal relationships. (c) In 1984, Orwell devled into some of the same bleak themes that Wells did in "Mind at the End of Its Tether." (d) Orwell's reviews had greater literary value than his novels. (e) Orwell was skilled at dissecting the key ideas presented in other authors' works.

(d) Orwell's reviews had greater literary value than his novels.

Although it is an imperfect model for describing a complex market, the theory of supply and demand is a reasonably accurate method of explaining, describing, and predicting how the quantity and price of goods fluctuate within a market. Economists define supply as the amount of particular good that producers are willing to sell at a certain price. For example, a manufacturer might be willing to sell 7,000 sprockets if each one sells for $0.45 but would be willing to sell substantially more sprockets, perhaps 12,000, for a higher price of $0.82. Conversely, demand represents the quantity of a given item that consumers will purchase at a set price; in the most efficient market, all buyers pay the lowest price available, and all sellers charge the highest price they are able. The intersection of these occurrences is graphically represented in supply and demand curves that show the prices at which a product becomes too expensive or too readily available. (3)Which of the following best expresses the purpose of the passage? (a) Explaining why buyers in a given market tend to seek the lowest price on available goods. (b) Offering a dissenting perspective on an obsolete economic model. (c) Persuading readers that the model of supply and demand is the best method for understanding market forces. (d) Providing an explanation of the primary elements of an economic model and how they intersect. (e) Analyzing the fluctuation of supply and demand within a market.

(d) Providing an explanation of the primary elements of an economic model and how they intersect.

John Finnis Developed his theory of natural law based on the structure that Thomas Aquinas provided, filling in area where he felt that Aquinas's theory was lacking; he also amended other aspects of the theory to respond to a world much more culturally diverse than the one in which Aquinas lived. Unlike Aquinas, who gives only a vague account of the first precepts of the natural law, Finnis locates a specific number of basic human goods. Finnis avoids the charge that his theory falls into the "naturalistic fallacy" by asserting that these goods are not moral in themselves but became moral through human participation in them. In addition, these goods are not hierarchical, which allows a much greater range of freedom in choosing actions. Finally, Finnis's theory does not require the presence of God. Though curiosity about the nature of the universe is one of his basic human goods, the actual existence of God is not required by his theory. Finnis's theory raises as many questions as it answers. While formulating an interesting answer to the "is/ought" problem and giving a much more robust definition of human volition than Aquinas, his solutions create their own problems. His account of the goods is stripped of any method for evaluation. The bounderies of each good are difficult to discern. Further, by asserting that each good is self-evident and equal to all the others, Finnis makes any action taken in furtherance of any of them equivalent morally. Finally, by removing the precepts of natural law from our natural habits and inclinations, placing them instead in self-evident goods, Finnis seems not to be describing our nature at all. (18)Based on the passage, what is the most likely meaning of "good" according to Finnis? (a) A physical object, such as foodstuffs or textiles (b) A morally correct action as determined by God (c) An action that helps us achieve a desirable, material end (d) Something self-evident that we ought to strive to embrace (e) Something that is naturally ocuring

(d) Something self-evident that we ought to strive to embrace

The advent of online education in the first decade of the 21st century was the result of and a response to a number of factors that were both internal and external to the field of higher education. Traditional tertiary institutions, especially those that were privately endowed, raised tuition rates far in excess of the rate of inflation. This, in concert with larger demand for postsecondary education for working adults, helped facilitate the introduction of online learning. However, it should be acknowledged that the relative simplicity of using the Internet as a platform, as well as its cost-effectiveness, was seized upon by entrepreneurs in the private sector. Online education is largely in the hands of for-profit companies. The question now becomes whether the democratization of higher education is worth the price od removing it from nonprofit, research-based universities. (17)The passage is concerned primarily with... (a) the advent of online education (b) adult-oriented educational systems (c) the usefulness of the Internet in postsecondary education (d) economic and technological factors that influenced the development and current state of online education (e) the advantages and disadvantages of online education

(d) economic and technological factors that influenced the development and current state of online education

(1)Mary's former classmates were taken aback by her __________ behavior at the reunion for, during her school years, she was frequently reprimanded for creating disturbances with her exuberant outbursts and playful antics. (a) gregarious (b) discourteous (c) obsequious (d) reticent (e) scurrilous

(d) reticent

(1)The cockpit recording from the downed airliner was initially _________ , but after carful analysis, experts were able to determine much of what the pilots had been shouting. (a) disturbing (b) streaming (c) coherent (d) unintelligible (e) esoteric

(d) unintelligible

Kleptoplasty (from the Greek kleptes, meaning "thief") is a phenomenon whereby host organisms ingest a chloroplasts contained within the consumed species to help meet their own metabolic needs. In the way, kleptoplasty is an example of symbiosis, a close relstionship between two different species. Further, it is an endosymbiosis, such that one of the species resides completely within another. Unlike the example of mitochondria, thought to have once been fully separate bacteria that came to live within animal cells and perform a mutualistic metabolic function, the algae are only partially utilized; most of the organism is digested and discarded, leaving only the chloroplasts to be retained by the host. Most kleptoplastic species are unicellular ciliates or dinoflagellates. The only known members of the animal kingdom that practice kleptoplasty are several species of sarcoglossan sea slugs. These "solar-powered" sea slugs incorporate whole chloroplasts into their body cells, where the stolen plastids can convert sunlight into useful energy for as long as ten months in some species. Chloroplasts produce energy by using sunlight to power a series of reactions that results in sugars that can be used as a food source for the host organism. Algae have genes that encode proteins that act as enzymes that support this process. PRK, for example, is an enzyme that is responsible for the regeneration of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate, an organic molecule used in the reductive pentose phosphate pathway (RPPP) of photosynthesis. Sea slugs lack the PKR gene, so for many kleptoplastic species, once the raw materials within the chloroplasts are exhausted, photosynthesis ceases and new chloroplasts must be obtained. As a result, until recently it remained a mystery how some sarcoglossan sea slug species were able to sustain chloroplast function for many months. Genome sequencing revealed the answer. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the genome of individual sarcoglossan sea slugs of species Elysia chlorotica that had been exposed to chlorophyll-utilizing algae revealed that these individuals did in fact have the PRK gene, whereas individuals that had not been exposed to algae lacked the gene. Radioactive labeling confirmed the surprising result: E. chlorotica incorporates genes from the algae into its own genome. This process, known as horizontal gene transfer, is common in bacteria and unicellular eukaryotes but is rare to find in more complex species. (16)Which of the following best expresses the main point of the passage? (a) Until recently, scientists found it difficult to understand the exact mechanisms of kleptoplasty due to misconceptions about the relationship between sea slugs and algae. (b) Elysia chlorotica incorporates algal genes into its own genome, solving a problem that would leave it unable to survive in the wild. (c) Ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate is an organic compound used in photosynthesis that kleptoplastic species lack the ability to produce on their own. (d) Kleptoplasty is unusual compared to other forms of symbiotic relationships in that the species that practice it derive some benefit from horizontal gene transfer. (e) Kleptoplastic species not only use the biochemical machinery of another species to meet their own metabolic needs but can also incorporate genetic material to facilitate this process.

(e) Kleptoplastic species not only use the biochemical machinery of another species to meet their own metabolic needs but can also incorporate genetic material to facilitate this process.

One you have strategically read a passage to determine its Topic, Scope, and Purpose and have made a Passage Map, it is time to start answering the questions. Luckily, because the GRE is a standardized test, the questions that accompany a passage almost always fall into one of just a handful of categories: -Global. These ask about the passage as a whole. Look for language in the question stem that asks you to determine a passage's main idea, primary purpose, or overall structure. Here are some examples of Global question stems: Which of the following most accurately describes the primary purpose of the passage? The author's tone could best be described as -Detail. These ask you to research the text and identify a specific detail mentioned in the passage. Look for language in the question stem such as "according to the author" or "is mentioned in the passage." Here are some examples of Detail question stems: According to the passage, the primary cause of unemployment in micronations is a lack of Which of the following was mentioned in the passage as a result of high employment? -Inference. These questions ask for something that, through not stated explicitly in the text, must be true based on the information that is provided in the passage. Look for language in the question stem like "suggests," "implies," or "most likely agrees." Here are some examples of Inference question stems: The passage most strongly suggests that which of the following is true? With which of the following characterizations of medieval comedies would the author most likely agree? -Logic. This type of question asks you to describe why the author included a certain word, phrase, or statement. Look for language like "in order to" or "primarily serves to." Here are some examples of Logic question stems: The author mentions Tussey's theory of copyright systems primarily in order to Which of the following most accurately describes the reason the author included the results of the experiments in lines 9-12? -Vocab-in-Context. These relatively straightforward questions ask you to identify the specific way a word is used in the passage. Here are some examples of Vocab-in-Context questions: As it is used in line 16, "brilliant" most nearly means Which of the following most closely corresponds to the meaning of the word "effect" as it is used in line 26? -Reasoning. These questions ask you to analyze an author's reasoning in an argument. They may ask you to identify an argument's assumption, point out a flaw in the author's reasoning, or strengthen or weaken the reasoning. Here are some examples of reasoning questions: The ethicist's argument requires the assumption that Which of the following would cast the most doubt on the conclusion drawn by the scholar? Now be honest: Did you just skim through that list of question types without taking the time to catalog and understand how the tasks are different? If you did, you're not alone. But take another look. The fact is, knowing the type of question you're dealing with is incredibly helpful. For one thing, different question types require different research and prediction steps. For another, different question types require different types of flawed answer choices, which you can learn to avoid. Knowing how to research a question effectively and how to avoid wrong answer traps will allow you to choose correct answers confidently and improve your performance. (10) Which of the following best supports the author's conclusion that [xxxxx]? (a) Global (b) Detail (c) Inference (d) Logic (e) Other

(e) Other Explanation: This is a Reasoning question because the answer will support the conclusion. Notice that the word "support" is used differently than in the previous question. In this question, the answer strengthens (supports) the conclusion in the passage; in the prior question, the passage supported the answer.

One you have strategically read a passage to determine its Topic, Scope, and Purpose and have made a Passage Map, it is time to start answering the questions. Luckily, because the GRE is a standardized test, the questions that accompany a passage almost always fall into one of just a handful of categories: -Global. These ask about the passage as a whole. Look for language in the question stem that asks you to determine a passage's main idea, primary purpose, or overall structure. Here are some examples of Global question stems: Which of the following most accurately describes the primary purpose of the passage? The author's tone could best be described as -Detail. These ask you to research the text and identify a specific detail mentioned in the passage. Look for language in the question stem such as "according to the author" or "is mentioned in the passage." Here are some examples of Detail question stems: According to the passage, the primary cause of unemployment in micronations is a lack of Which of the following was mentioned in the passage as a result of high employment? -Inference. These questions ask for something that, through not stated explicitly in the text, must be true based on the information that is provided in the passage. Look for language in the question stem like "suggests," "implies," or "most likely agrees." Here are some examples of Inference question stems: The passage most strongly suggests that which of the following is true? With which of the following characterizations of medieval comedies would the author most likely agree? -Logic. This type of question asks you to describe why the author included a certain word, phrase, or statement. Look for language like "in order to" or "primarily serves to." Here are some examples of Logic question stems: The author mentions Tussey's theory of copyright systems primarily in order to Which of the following most accurately describes the reason the author included the results of the experiments in lines 9-12? -Vocab-in-Context. These relatively straightforward questions ask you to identify the specific way a word is used in the passage. Here are some examples of Vocab-in-Context questions: As it is used in line 16, "brilliant" most nearly means Which of the following most closely corresponds to the meaning of the word "effect" as it is used in line 26? -Reasoning. These questions ask you to analyze an author's reasoning in an argument. They may ask you to identify an argument's assumption, point out a flaw in the author's reasoning, or strengthen or weaken the reasoning. Here are some examples of reasoning questions: The ethicist's argument requires the assumption that Which of the following would cast the most doubt on the conclusion drawn by the scholar? Now be honest: Did you just skim through that list of question types without taking the time to catalog and understand how the tasks are different? If you did, you're not alone. But take another look. The fact is, knowing the type of question you're dealing with is incredibly helpful. For one thing, different question types require different research and prediction steps. For another, different question types require different types of flawed answer choices, which you can learn to avoid. Knowing how to research a question effectively and how to avoid wrong answer traps will allow you to choose correct answers confidently and improve your performance. (6) As it is used in context, the word "[xxxxx]" in line xx most nearly means (a) Global (b) Detail (c) Inference (d) Logic (e) Other

(e) Other Explanation: This is clearly a Voab-in-Context question.

One you have strategically read a passage to determine its Topic, Scope, and Purpose and have made a Passage Map, it is time to start answering the questions. Luckily, because the GRE is a standardized test, the questions that accompany a passage almost always fall into one of just a handful of categories: -Global. These ask about the passage as a whole. Look for language in the question stem that asks you to determine a passage's main idea, primary purpose, or overall structure. Here are some examples of Global question stems: Which of the following most accurately describes the primary purpose of the passage? The author's tone could best be described as -Detail. These ask you to research the text and identify a specific detail mentioned in the passage. Look for language in the question stem such as "according to the author" or "is mentioned in the passage." Here are some examples of Detail question stems: According to the passage, the primary cause of unemployment in micronations is a lack of Which of the following was mentioned in the passage as a result of high employment? -Inference. These questions ask for something that, through not stated explicitly in the text, must be true based on the information that is provided in the passage. Look for language in the question stem like "suggests," "implies," or "most likely agrees." Here are some examples of Inference question stems: The passage most strongly suggests that which of the following is true? With which of the following characterizations of medieval comedies would the author most likely agree? -Logic. This type of question asks you to describe why the author included a certain word, phrase, or statement. Look for language like "in order to" or "primarily serves to." Here are some examples of Logic question stems: The author mentions Tussey's theory of copyright systems primarily in order to Which of the following most accurately describes the reason the author included the results of the experiments in lines 9-12? -Vocab-in-Context. These relatively straightforward questions ask you to identify the specific way a word is used in the passage. Here are some examples of Vocab-in-Context questions: As it is used in line 16, "brilliant" most nearly means Which of the following most closely corresponds to the meaning of the word "effect" as it is used in line 26? -Reasoning. These questions ask you to analyze an author's reasoning in an argument. They may ask you to identify an argument's assumption, point out a flaw in the author's reasoning, or strengthen or weaken the reasoning. Here are some examples of reasoning questions: The ethicist's argument requires the assumption that Which of the following would cast the most doubt on the conclusion drawn by the scholar? Now be honest: Did you just skim through that list of question types without taking the time to catalog and understand how the tasks are different? If you did, you're not alone. But take another look. The fact is, knowing the type of question you're dealing with is incredibly helpful. For one thing, different question types require different research and prediction steps. For another, different question types require different types of flawed answer choices, which you can learn to avoid. Knowing how to research a question effectively and how to avoid wrong answer traps will allow you to choose correct answers confidently and improve your performance. (5) Which of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the argument above? (a) Global (b) Detail (c) Inference (d) Logic (e) Other

(e) Other Explanation: To answer this Reasoning question, separate the argument's conclusion from its evidence and then describe the way in which the evidence fails to fully support the conclusion.

Recent advances in organ transplant methods have included a resurgence in interest in xenotransplantation--any procedure in which the transplant materials are taken from a non-human source--due to its potential to eliminate any issues related to scarcity in the availability of human organs for transplant. Scientific interest in using organic material from non-human sources to improve health, and even starve of death, is certainly not new. Anecdotal evidence of humans' attempts to transplant limbs from animals in order to achieve superhuman feats, both successful and unsuccessful, has existed since ancient times and is deeply woven into Greek mythology. The early 19th century included more forays into the potential for non-human primate organs to be used for human transplantation, through from a scientific perspective, the record of success left much to be desired. Work in this field has not been without its critics, as animal welfare groups have spoken about the concerns of genetically modifying animals for the sole purpose of organ harvesting and the long-term consequences of ignoring the ethical implications for much of the xenotransplantation timeline. Whether society ultimately decides the potential benefits to humans in need of organ transplants outweigh the possible exploitation of thousands of animals remains to be seen. (1)In the passage above, what roles do the highlighted sentences serve? (a) The first sentence is the main idea, and the second sentence restates the main idea. (b) The first sentence makes the central argument of the passage, and the second sentence provides a supporting example. (c) The first sentence is an example, and the second sentence is the author's conclusion. (d) The first sentence is an explanation, and the second sentence is an analysis of that explanation. (e) The first sentence introduces the topic, and the second sentence presents a criticism.

(e) The first sentence introduces the topic, and the second sentence presents a criticism.

A common misconception is that color refers only to a wavelength of light in the visual spectrum, from about 400 nanometers (violet) to about 700 nanometers (red). When an object reflects light of a given wavelength, we see that object as the corresponding color. So, for example, we might see a Braeburn apple as red and Granny Smith apple a green because the reflect light of different wavelengths. However, color is not merely a property of an external physical object but rather the result of an interaction among that object, the light that shines on it, and, finally but most significantly, the manner in which the human eye and brain make sense of the reflected light stimulus. Thus, the study of color can properly fall as much within the realm of psychology as that of physics. Experience is one psychological factor that uniforms our perception of color. For example, a child eating by a campfire that emits a great deal of yellow light may believe that the the melted Cheddar cheese served on white bread on a white paper plate is actually a white cheese like Swiss or Monterey Jack. This occurs because the yellow light reflects off both the plate and the bread, which the child knows are white, and off the cheese, which the child isn't sure about. All the objects therefore appear to be the same color, and the child assumes that color is white. On the other hand, an adult with experience viewing things in firelight would intuitively adjust her perception to account for the yellow light and would not make the same mistake. Color is also perceived differently depending on its context. The noted abstract painter Josef Albers produced an influential body of work based on this phenomenon, including his series "Homage to the Square" featuring nested squares of different colors. In one psychological experiment testing perception, the letter X is presented against two colored backgrounds. Although the letter is identical each time it is presented, it appears olive green in one context and lavender in the other context. This effect is achieved when the X is given a low-saturation blue color, or gray-blue, and the backgrounds are also low-saturation colors with hues on either side of blue on the color wheel. Because blue falls between purple and green on the color wheel, a gray-blue X against a gray-purple background will look gray-green, or olive, and the same X against an olive background will look gray-purple, or lavender. In a similar manner, an intermediate color will look different against different primary color backdrops; teal, for instance, will look green against a blue background and blue against a green background. Other subjective factors also influence the experience of color. These include cultural norms (Westerners most often name blue as their favorite color, whereas in China red is preferred) and simply what we learn about color. Consider that if a child learns that stop signs are "red," the child will call them "red." However, whether the two people are experiencing the same color is unknown since that experience exists only in the mind. Therefore, if one were to tell an interior designer that color is an immutable physical property of objects, one would meet with skepticism. Before placing the electric blue sofa in a client's living room, the designer considers the color of light the various light fixtures will emanate, the colors of the carpet and walls, and her client's feelings about electric blue, which after all may not even be the same color in the client's mind as it is in the designer's. (10)The author mentions Josef Albers in paragraph 3 in order to... (a) argue that artists are aware of how humans perceive color and use this phenomenon to enhance the impact of their work. (b) illustrate the idea that color is fundamentally a subjective, aesthetic phenomenon rather than a scientific one. (c) demonstrate that a child would probably see a painting in the "Homage to the Square" series differently than would an adult. (d) explain that humans perceive the color of regular shapes, such as squares, differently than they perceive the color of less regular shapes, such as food on a plate or a letter of the alphabet. (e) provide an example that reinforces the importance of the concepts that color is a subjective experience manufactured in part within the human mind.

(e) provide an example that reinforces the importance of the concepts that color is a subjective experience manufactured in part within the human mind.

As the business world becomes ever more globalized and dynamic, freelance knowledge workers have come into their own. Technology drives rapid change in products and markets, and to keep up, companies find value in an on-demand workforce, one that they can adjust at will as new skills are needed. At the same time, the Internet means that a worker across the country or on the other side of the company's headquarters. Reflecting this reality, the U.S. Census Bureau's count of "nonemployer business" rose 39 percent from 2002 to 2017, and according to one study, 57 million Americans-- more than one-third of the workforce--engage in freelance work. The growth of so-called contingent labor is forecast to continue unbated. Clearly, not all labor is equally powered in the new paradigm. The barista placing the artistically styled forth on a customer's latte must be in the coffee shop. However, the systems analyst upgrading the shop's financial system that tracks the scales of lattes can be anywhere. Thus, workers with intellectual capital are in prime position to choose where they work and for whom. The transition to labor market of independent professionals has social and cultural implications. In much of the world, work is a major source of identity, so when work changes, identity changes. Instead of identifying as Widgets Incorporated employees who, whether they are an executive or a janitor, will someday earn a gold watch with the Widgets logo engraved on the back, workers identify as designers or social media gurus or software engineers. Rather than forging a common bond with coworkers in a mix of jobs around the proverbial water cooler, freelancers build geographically dispersed networks with other self-employed professionals with similar skill sets. Furthermore, in the twenty-first century the workplace has become a primary site of social connections and thus an important thread in the fabric of social cohesion, but instead of going to an office for a large portion of the day where they assume their workday persona, the new entrepreneurs work at home-- even in bed, where they tap out messages to clients on their smartphone while wearing pajamas. And instead of relying on company benefits packages when working or government-administered unemployment payments when not working, these workers attempt to provide for themselves in defiance of the vicissitudes of life. Not partaking in any communal safety net, they argue that in an era when layoffs are commonplace, being self-employed is little more precarious than working fro an employer. The cumulative results of these changes may be, on the one hand, an integration of personal and work life not seen since the Industrial Revolution moved people from farms into factories and, on the other hand, the atomization of society as individual contributors of labor rent themselves out impermanently to companies around the globe without meeting their coworkers face-to-face. Contributing further to social distribution is the bifurcation of the labor market into the independent self-employed and those still dependent on traditional jobs. It remains to be seen whether this new generation of professionals will appreciate the degree of vulnerability that accompanies their freedom and reach out to find common cause with employees who still draw a steady paycheck, working together to address issues of security and dignity in the workplace. (9)The author mentions "government-administered unemployment payments" in paragraph 2 in order to... (a) support the conclusion that freelance knowledge workers are financially insecure. (b) argue that the increase in the percentage of freelancers in the workforce is of benefit to society. (c) illustrate a way in which self-employment individuals impose a burden on the social safety net. (d) reject the notion that freelance professionals should be required to pay unemployment taxes. (e) provide evidence for the idea that freelancers are less integrated with society at large than traditional employees.

(e) provide evidence for the idea that freelancers are less integrated with society at large than traditional employees.

For the following questions, select the two answer choices that, when inserted into the sentence, fit the meaning of the sentence as a whole and yield complete sentences that are similar in meaning. (11)As modern scholarship continues to dim the possibility that Homer was a single historic figure, the question of authorship of his works has been raised; although we might never know who wrote them, scholars still need some way to refer to the author or authors of the Ilaid and Odyssey, so the term "Homeric tradition" has been ___________ as a possible new terminology. (a) selected (b) established (c) appropriated (d) bestowed (e) suggested (f) proposed

(e) suggested (f) proposed

Although it is an imperfect model for describing a complex market, the theory of supply and demand is a reasonably accurate method of explaining, describing, and predicting how the quantity and price of goods fluctuate within a market. Economists define supply as the amount of particular good that producers are willing to sell at a certain price. For example, a manufacturer might be willing to sell 7,000 sprockets if each one sells for $0.45 but would be willing to sell substantially more sprockets, perhaps 12,000, for a higher price of $0.82. Conversely, demand represents the quantity of a given item that consumers will purchase at a set price; in the most efficient market, all buyers pay the lowest price available, and all sellers charge the highest price they are able. The intersection of these occurrences is graphically represented in supply and demand curves that show the prices at which a product becomes too expensive or too readily available. (5)Select the sentence in the passage that illustrates an abstract concept presented by the author.

For example, a manufacturer might be willing to sell 7,000 sprockets if each one sells for $0.45 but would be willing to sell substantially more sprockets, perhaps 12,000, for a higher price of 0.82.

GRE expert's mental paraphrase: So some scientists think taming wolves was our idea. But others think buddying up to us was actually their idea.

GRE expert's mental paraphrase: Sure enough, "One ... theory" indicates that there is more than one idea about this. Then "However" signals a contrasting theory. It will be interesting to see whether the author takes a side.

GRE expert's mental paraphrase: What is the author's topic? Domestication of dogs. What is the author's position? Apparently, that we don't know exactly how Spot got to sleep on the bed.

There is no doubt that dogs have been domesticated for thousands of years, since the last Ice Age. What is less certain is the process of domestication that brought wolves, a predator of livestock and a danger to humans themselves, into the family as helper and companion. One widely accepted theory is that Paleolithic humans captured wolf cubs and raised them to serve as alarms when other large predators, such as cats in the Smilodon genus, approached. However, some paleoanthropologists are skeptical that humans would have befriended members of a species they viewed as inimical and sought to decimate. These scientists posit that some wolves--- those best at reading human body language indicating hostile or tolerant intent and at adopting submissive, ingratiating behaviors such as tail wagging--- approached early human settlements, first to scavenge and then to solicit handouts. Natural selection then favored those wolves most pleasing to humans, specifically those most friendly and trainable, as these animals would elicit the most shelter; their descendants are today's dogs, from Chihuahuas to Great Danes. Thus, if we accept that wolves took the initiative to join their lives with ours, it is not a much greater leap to believe that our species have coevolved such that those humans with traits that best satisfied wolves benefited most from wolves' protection and passed on those canid-friendly characteristics to their offspring. It is no wonder that so many people love dogs.

GRE expert's passage map: Topic: Domestication of wolves/dogs Scope: Theories of how it happened Purpose: To argue for idea that wolves approached humans Theory #1: Humans caught wolf cubs, used them for protection Theory #2: Wolves chose to hang out near human settlements, get fed. If true, then we "coevolved"--- people selected for wolf-pleasing traits. People love dogs --->theory #2

His theory was the birth of what is called quantum mechanics, the revolutionary theory of matter that is fundamental to the modern understanding of Physics, chemistry, and molecular biology.

There is an anthropological theory that states that societies may be divided into one of two broad categories by their cultural motivators: shame or guilt. In a shame-based society, the ethical motivations are primarily external; one's behavior is governed based on potential effects on the social group (such as dishonoring one's family). By contrast, guilt-based societies rely more heavily on internal motivations; one's behavior is governed based on a set of internal guidelines. There is no society where one or the other is entirely absent, but the distinction lies in that, based on the accepted values of the society, one will come to be dominant over the other. It would seem that early Medieval Europe was primarily a shame-based society; indeed, the forms of shame-based motivators in courtly society were extremely highly developed, with express social laws governing various behaviors. This sort of shame may be seen to be divided into many forms such as positive and negative shame; that is, prospective and retrospective (knowledge of the honor one will accrue or the the shame one will avoid through future actions, and humiliation or other punishment after something harmful has been done, respectively), ethical and nonethical (dealing with higher, such as theological and abstract, concepts, and quotidian matters, respectively), and so on. These social structures may also be found in the contemporary tales of the chivalric world. An example of such may be seen in the frequent plot device of the knight committing adultery with the wife of his lord. Adultery with the wife of one's lord is a matter of treason and an explicit moral wrong, and yet the condemnation in these stories seems to focus on the perpetrator's violation of social norms (treason) rather than moral standards (adultery). (16)Select the sentence that describes the scope of the passage.

It would seem that early Medieval Europe was primarily a shame-based society; indeed, the forms of shame-based motivators in courtly society were extremely highly developed, with express social laws governing various behaviors.

Many baseball enthusiasts are aware of the story of how Abner Doubleday invented the game of baseball with some friends in 1839 and introduced it to a nation during the Civil War. However, most baseball historians now agree that this story is a convenient fiction, propagated by Albert Spalding, a player, manager, owner, and one of the first manufacturers of sporting equipment. Spalding's desire to distinguish baseball, which so keenly mirrored American interests and pursuits, from similar games played in England, such as cricket and rounders, led Spalding to seek out a purely North American origin of the sport. Spalding's entire basis for the foundation of baseball history lay in a handwritten letter from 1907 that he said came from a man who claimed to have gone to school with Doubleday and attributed the invention to him. Despite the speculative and dubious claims of the letter, Spalding and other members of his commission were quick to adopt the narrative as gospel and began to market their sport to the masses as a truly American persuit. (3)Select the sentence in the passage in which the author states that there was inly one piece of evidence supporting the view that baseball originated with Abner Doubleday.

Spalding's entire basis for the foundation of baseball history lay in a handwritten letter from 1907 that he said came from a man who claimed to have gone to school with Doubleday and attributed the invention to him.

As the business world becomes ever more globalized and dynamic, freelance knowledge workers have come into their own. Technology drives rapid change in products and markets, and to keep up, companies find value in an on-demand workforce, one that they can adjust at will as new skills are needed. At the same time, the Internet means that a worker across the country or on the other side of the company's headquarters. Reflecting this reality, the U.S. Census Bureau's count of "nonemployer business" rose 39 percent from 2002 to 2017, and according to one study, 57 million Americans-- more than one-third of the workforce--engage in freelance work. The growth of so-called contingent labor is forecast to continue unbated. Clearly, not all labor is equally powered in the new paradigm. The barista placing the artistically styled forth on a customer's latte must be in the coffee shop. However, the systems analyst upgrading the shop's financial system that tracks the scales of lattes can be anywhere. Thus, workers with intellectual capital are in prime position to choose where they work and for whom. The transition to labor market of independent professionals has social and cultural implications. In much of the world, work is a major source of identity, so when work changes, identity changes. Instead of identifying as Widgets Incorporated employees who, whether they are an executive or a janitor, will someday earn a gold watch with the Widgets logo engraved on the back, workers identify as designers or social media gurus or software engineers. Rather than forging a common bond with coworkers in a mix of jobs around the proverbial water cooler, freelancers build geographically dispersed networks with other self-employed professionals with similar skill sets. Furthermore, in the twenty-first century the workplace has become a primary site of social connections and thus an important thread in the fabric of social cohesion, but instead of going to an office for a large portion of the day where they assume their workday persona, the new entrepreneurs work at home-- even in bed, where they tap out messages to clients on their smartphone while wearing pajamas. And instead of relying on company benefits packages when working or government-administered unemployment payments when not working, these workers attempt to provide for themselves in defiance of the vicissitudes of life. Not partaking in any communal safety net, they argue that in an era when layoffs are commonplace, being self-employed is little more precarious than working fro an employer. The cumulative results of these changes may be, on the one hand, an integration of personal and work life not seen since the Industrial Revolution moved people from farms into factories and, on the other hand, the atomization of society as individual contributors of labor rent themselves out impermanently to companies around the globe without meeting their coworkers face-to-face. Contributing further to social distribution is the bifurcation of the labor market into the independent self-employed and those still dependent on traditional jobs. It remains to be seen whether this new generation of professionals will appreciate the degree of vulnerability that accompanies their freedom and reach out to find common cause with employees who still draw a steady paycheck, working together to address issues of security and dignity in the workplace. (7)Select the sentence that best summarize the author's conclusion about the historic impact of the growth of the independent workforce.

The cumulative result of these changes may be, on the one hand, an integration of personal and work life not seen since the Industrial Revolution moved people from farms into factories and, on the other hand, the atomization of society as individual contributors of labor rent themselves out impermanently to companies around the globe without meeting their coworkers face to face. Explanation: The author discusses the effects of the increase in freelancing in paragraph 2, and she sets it in historical context in this sentence, where she compares it to the Industrial Revolution.

Though he is widely regarded within philosophical circles as one of the preeminent luminaries, along with Husserl, in the modern development of ontology, certain scholars and thinkers militate against the value of his thought in its entirety.

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