AP Psych FINAL (Practice Test)

Drugs such as morphine and heroine are

opiates

Which of the following statements best represents telegraphic speech?

"Sleep bed"

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using punishment to change behavior?

-Punishment generally is not effective in changing behavior -Punishment may indicate that physical aggression is acceptable -Punishment gives no information about what behavior is acceptable

What are some problems with survey research?

-Survey data are unhelpful if the sample does not represent the population -Loaded questions can lead to biased responses -People may lie about their socially undesirable behaviors and attitudes

In Pavlov's classic studies on classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus was

A bell

A psychology major completes a test that measures all her knowledge of psychology. Her score will be used to determine whether or not she is accepted into graduate school. She is probably taking a(n)

Achievement test

Eric's girlfriend describes him as sympathetic, kind, and appreciative. According to Big Five theorists, Eric would probably score high on measures of

Agreeableness

_______ is a progressive brain disorder that leads to gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities, including memory.

Alzheimer's disease

Marcelle often engages in destructive behavior. For example, he has repeatedly vandalized others' property, and he does so with no remorse or concern for laws. Marcelle's behavior is consistent with

Antisocial personality disorder

Joe is interested in the degree to which politicians have negative attitudes toward homosexual men and women. He collects transcripts of speeches that were previously made by politicians running for governor in his state, and then he counts the number of times the candidates made remarks that reflect either positive or negative attitudes about homosexuals. Joe has used the....

Archival Method

Once neurotransmitters have been released into the synapse, excess amounts

Are reabsorbed by the terminal buttons and neutralized by enzymes

After a week of sitting at home without anything to do, Jimmy decides to "cure" his boredom by bungee jumping at a local amusement park. Jimmy's behavior can be explained by

Arousal approaches

The psychologist who is more closely associated with research on operant conditioning is

B.F. Skinner

The _______ perspective scientifically challenged psychologists such as Sigmund Freud, who focused on inner, unobservable phenomena

Behavioral

The brief that abnormal behavior is a response to past stimuli and is guided in the present by stimuli in a person's environment is central to the

Behavioral perspective

The most common measures of obesity is based on the ratio of weight to height, and this measure is called the

Body mass index

Neurons are different from other cells in the body because neuros

Can transmit signals to other cells

Tomas wants to bake an apple pie that he saw a chef on television prepare. To recall the ingredients used in the recipe, Tomas must use _____ memory, and to remember how to combine the ingredients and bake the pie he must use ____ memory

Declarative; procedural

If a researcher finds a negative correlation between two variables, then as values on one variable decrease, values on the other variable ______

Decrease

You can see your friend who is standing about 100 yards from you, and you can also see your psychology professor who is standing 5 feet from you. Your ability to detect such distances is due to

Depth perception

The relationship between behaviorism and humanism is similar to the relationship between

Determinism and free will

Professor Sneller has spent many years documenting how senior citizens' attitudes towards death change from year to year. He is likely a(n)_______ psychologist

Developmental

The problem with correlational studies of violence in the media is that they

Do not prove that watching violent media causes aggression

A researcher is interested in how memory is a function of biochemical changes at the synapse. Which of the following neurotransmitters might he focus on specifically?

Glutamate

Imagine that you have been helping your parents paint their house, and they chose a very bright red. After several hours of painting, you take a break in the kitchen that is painted white. According to the opponent-process theory, what color will the kitchen appear to you?

Green

Which bones are components of the middle ear?

Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup

Watson and Rayner (1920) found evidence that Little Albert's fear of white rats was generalized because

He was afraid of other, similar white objects

The ear plays an important role in which of the following phenomena?

Hearing, motion, and balance

On the issue of whether behavior is genetic or something that we learn, most psychologists believe that....

Human behavior is influenced by both genetics and the environment

Jason often wonders why some people seem to be more sexually oriented than others, and why some people engage in sexual activity more than others. Understanding the ______ may help answer some of his questions

Hypothalamus

Malfunctions in the brain's ____ could have an effect on the body's endocrine system

Hypothamalus

Two areas of the brain that are strongly associated with emotional experiences are the

Hypothamalus, and limbic system

The idea of a language-acquisition device supports Chomsky's belief that

Language is a uniquely human phenomenon

The linguistic-relativity hypothesis asserts that

Language shapes how people in particular cultures perceive the world

Imagine a person who enjoys sewing, and activity that requires nimble fingers and precise finger movement. We would expect the area of the motor cortex that controls this behavior to be relatively

Large

______ research examines how the behavior of one ore more participants changes as the participant(s) age(s)

Longitudinal

Many reflexive behaviors are controlled by the

Spinal Cord

Once information is in memory, it must be maintained for use later on. This process of maintenance is known as

Storage

If a person perceives a message without being aware of it, then

Subliminal perception has occured

If information does not pass from echoic memory to short-term memory, then it will be lost after _____

2-3 seconds

People who are intellectually gifted (IQ scored greater than 130) make up about ______ of the population

2-4%

According to the Schachter-Singer Theory of emotions, comparing ourselves with others helps us to

Label our emotions

The process of recording information so that it is useable in memory is called

Encoding

Drugs such as morphine have structures that are similar to the neurotransmitter

Endorphins

Sylvia has suffered from severe arthritis for several years. We might expect her brain to show high levels of _____ to help her cope with the pain

Endorphins

The purpose of random assignment is to

Ensure that participants in the experimental groups are similar to each other

Dr. Guerrerro is testing a new drug that he thinks will make depressed people happier. When he administers the drug to his experimental group, he greets them with a smile, jokes with them, and compliments their appearance. He later finds that the experimental participants are indeed happier than those in the control group. Dr. Guerrerro introduced _____ into the study

Experimenter expectations

A student enrolls in a particular college because it is the school her parents attended and they want her to continue the tradition. The student's behavior is probably motivated by

Extrinsic forces

Research has shown that the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory is

Fairly limited- only about 5-9 pieces of information can be stored

You see a picture of 5 people standing together in front of a small pond. As a part of the ______, the people likely grab your immediate attention; the features surround them, like the pond, would be considered the _____

Figure; ground

Jim is given an intelligence test for which he must rearrange scrambled letters to create words. The test measures

Fluid intelligence

Mental sets refer to the tendency

For old patterns of problem solving to influence how we solve new problems

The greatest concentration of cones can be found in the eye's

Fovea

Before a psychological study begins, participants must be given general information about the study, the risks that are involved and their ability to withdraw from the study at any time. This is a process known as

Informed consent

According to Carol Gilligan, the moral reasoning of men is based on ____, and the moral reasoning for women is based on ______

Justice; compassionate concern

Dr. Garrison wants to compare his patients' intelligence test scores with scored from other patients who have similar diagnoses. To make such comparisons, he must first

Know the test's norms

When using the drug ______, people may experience vivid flashbacks long after they initially used the drug

LSD

Little Sam has just taken his first steps. Before, now, he was capable only of crawling on the floor. Sam's new behavior most likely reflects

Maturation

When a psychological test is found to be reliable, it means that the test

Measures a trait in a consistent way

The smallest unit of speech that affects the meaning of what people say is a

Morpheme

A psychologist who wants to understand why people who are hungry search for food instead of finding a good book to read would focus on

Motivation

People who are reared in cultures that do not emphasize or use right-angles are less susceptible to the

Müller-Lyer illusion

Janet is frustrated by her daughter's overly aggressive behavior. She often wonders if her daughter was born with strong aggressive tendencies, or if something in her environment, like violent television programming, caused the aggression. Janet's questions are reflected by the

Nature-nurture issue

Mr. Hill always yells at his employees because they make too many personal calls at work. Once the employees stop making personal calls, Mr. Hill no longer yells at them. This consequence can best be described as

Negative punishment

When a person's behavior increases because an unpleasant stimulus is removed from her environment, then she has experienced a _______

Negative reinforcer

Latent learning is counterintuitive to operant principles because learning

Occurs without reinforcement

As a person reaches old age, she/he is likely to show declines in fluid intelligence. This means, for example, that she would be less able to

Remember a series of numbers

George has been stressed at work because he has had to lay-off hundreds of workers in the last few weeks. The hand that George uses to write suddenly loses feeling and all mobility, leaving him unable to sign forms that dismiss workers from their job. Assuming that there is no medical cause for George's problem, he may be showing symptoms of

Somatoform disorder

Research suggests that people who are intellectually gifted tend to be

Outgoing

A deficiency of dopamine has been associated with ______, whereas an overproduction of dopamine has been associated with

Parkinson's disease; schizophrenia

Narcolepsy is an interesting sleep disorder because

People move from wakefulness to REM sleep, skipping non-REM altogether

The "rebound effect" refers to the finding that

People who are deprived of REM sleep will later spend more time in REM than they normally would

The somatic and autonomic divisions are part of the

Peripheral nervous system

Anthony is upset that his older sister has two cookies while he only has one. His sister cuts Anthony's cookie in half, and he is satisfied that they now have the same amount. According to Piaget, Anthony is most likely in the ______ stage of cognitive development

Peroperational stage

Simon notices that his one friend, Peter, seems to be extremely extroverted, whereas his other friend, Nathan, seems to be shy and withdrawn. Simon has noted an individual difference, and such individual differences are systematically studied by _____ psychologists

Personality

A visceral experience is associated with

Physiological reactions

When a person's behavior increases because she receives a pleasant stimulus, then she has received a ______

Positive reinforcer

A person whose moral reasoning does not rely on the principles of any society would be in the _____ stage of moral development

Postconventional

The primary function of the sympathetic nervous system is to

Prepare people to fight or flee from stressful situations

A friend asks you for your new address, but you can only recall your old address. Forgetting your new address is likely due to

Proactive interference

The primary difference between psychologists and psychiatrists is that

Psychiatrists have a medical degree, whereas psychologists do not

According to Freud...

Psychotic anxiety is conscious, whereas neurotic anxiety is unconscious

When the probability that a behavior will occur again increases, ______ has occured

Reinforcement

If you are trying to see something "out of the corner of your eye", that is, use your peripheral vision, then you will rely on your

Rods

The belief that we look to other people in the environment to help us understand the emotions that we are feeling is consistent with the

Schachter-Singer Theory

In the children's story The Little Engine That Could, the struggling engine repeatedly tells itself, "I think I can. I think I can." Eventually, the Little Engine is able to cross a steep mountain and deliver toys to their destination. Albert Bandura would suggest that the Little Engine has high

Self-efficacy

An exact replica of a stimulus is stored only in _______ memory

Sensory

Writing term papers is a complex task. Your professor might first teach you to write a thesis statement. Later, you focus on the introduction, then the body of the paper, and finally the conclusion. You have learned to write term papers through

Shaping

Danny changes his dinner plans because his friends encourage him to join them at the movies. Danny's change in behavior would interest a ______ psychologist

Social

The space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of a second neuron is called the

Synapse

From a scientific point of view, one of the key features of a hypothesis is that it is

Testable with scientific methods

The idea of neuroplasticity suggest that

The brain constantly reorganizes itself

A person is shown an ambiguous picture and asked to tell a story about it. She is taking the

Thematic Apperception Test

Which of the following are considered the basic skin senses?

Touch, pressure, temperature

Andrew sets clear limits for his children, and he has tried to explain his reason behind those limits. But Andrew doesn't just set limits; he also sets goals for his children and encourages them to achieve these goals. Andrew's parenting style can be described as

Uninvolved

Rachel loves red gumballs. She continues to insert dimes into a gumball machine until she gets a red gumball. Sometimes, she gets the red gumball on the first try, and at other times she may have to spend two, three, or four dimes before getting a red gumball. What type of reinforcement schedule is described here?

Variable-ratio schedule

A physical stimulus that reliably produces an error in perception is a(n)

Visual illusion

The most widely used intelligence test in the United States today is the

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III

After suffering a stroke. Art has great difficulty understand what other people are saying to him. And when he speaks, his speech is fluid but nonsensical. Damage from the stroke has resulted in

Wernicke's aphasia

The encoding specificity principle states that

When encoding and recall occur in a similar environment, memory is improved