AP Psych Multiple Choice

social-responsibility norm

that we should help those who need our help

minority influence

the power of one or two individuals to sway majorities

dehumanization/depersonalization

the process of depriving a person or group of positive human qualities.

race-influenced perceptions

automatic racial bias

implicit racial associations

even people who deny racial prejudice may carry negative associations

outgroup

"Them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

ingroup

"Us" - people with whom we share a common identity

Erich Fromm

5 basic personality orientations: receptive, exploitive, hoarding, marketing, productivity

asch line study

- many other people choose a wrong answer and you begin to doubt yourself - more than one-third of the time, people were willing to change their answers to fit the group

milgram obedience study

- people are teachers who shock the learner if the learner gets the answer wrong - the learner is in pain, but the experimenter tells the teacher to continue to shock the learner - with encouragement, 60 percent of people were fully compliant

mimicry

- the "chameleon effect" - helps us to empathize the act, practice, or art of mimicking

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

8 stages of grief: stability, immobilization/shock, denial, anger, bargaining, depression, testing, acceptance

stereotypes

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

Karen Horney

3 Neurotic Orientations: moving toward (go talk about problems), moving against (aggressive solving of a problem), moving away (withdraw to solve the problem)

Lazarus

Appraisal Theory - emotions are dependent on how we evaluate a situation (cognitive labeling)

Ainsworth

Attachment Theory - secure attachment (healthy), insecure avoidant (independent), insecure anxious (overly dependent)

Wynn

Baby Math - babies can do simple addition and subtraction, they can recognize when something numerically doesn't make sense Baby Morality - babies like nicer characters in films and books, mostly based on emotion

Cover Jones

Behavior/Desensitization Theory - slowly exposing someone to their fears along with things with positive connotations to eventually make the fear go away

ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

Broca

Broca's area - controls speech production and articulation

buffers

Buffers are anything that distances you to the consequences of your actions which result from obedience

Gordon Allport

Cardinal traits - 20 or so people in history have these Central traits - we all have a few that make up the basis of our character Secondary traits - only come out in specific situations

Harlow

Comfort vs. Food Theory - comfort from mother outweighed food she provided

Spence

Discrimination Learning - recognizing similar but different stimuli and responding accordingly

Hull

Drive Reduction Theory - Maintaining homeostasis, behaviors are motivated by biological needs

Linda Bartoshuk

Everyone experiences taste differently, your number of tastebuds is genetically determined, "supertasters"

Max Wertimer

Fei theory- when stationary objects in graphic images appear to be moving Gestalt theory - brain processes information that is similar to each other (grouping, proximity, similarity, ect.) to view objects as a whole

Carol Gilligan (motivation)

Feminine Achievement Motive - women use affiliation and relationships to gain power and work their way up, are less likely to fight hard for something at the expense of someone else (unlike men)

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

Flow - state of consciousness in which people are fully immersed in what they are doing; being "in the zone"

Melzack

Gate control theory of pain - how the brain perceives injury and how past experiences can influence this

O'hebb

Hebbian Theory - networks or neurons that work together; neurons that fire together wire together

Gazzaniga

Hemisphere specialization; left - speaking and analyzing, more intellectual; right - visuospatial and creative, more abstract

George VonBeksy

High frequency sounds are picked up in the base of the cochlea, low frequency in the top; more micro-hairs in the cochlea means you can pick up higher frequency sounds

Lorez

Imprinting - critical period right after birth, having a strong bond with the first moving thing you see when born

Alfred Adler

Inferiority complex - devaluing yourself based on the experiences of others Birth order - how certain traits come from when in terms of your family you are born

Weber

Just Noticeable Difference - threshold to notice difference in light, sound, or weight Absolute Threshold - smallest amount of stimulus to notice something different

Seligman

Learned Helplessness - when something is forced to endure an aversive stimulus it will be less likely in the future to take action to escape or avoid that stimulus

Garcia

Learned Taste Aversion - when you eat a food that makes you sick you tend to avoid that food because your brain associates that food with illness (an evolutionary advantage)

Rotter

Locus of control: external - fatalistic; internal - more driven, outcomes are up to you

Bliss and Lomo

Long Term Potentiation - Repetition of a stimulus makes the memory of that situation stronger and more likely to be recalled (in synapses and neurons)

Kandel

Long Term Potentiation - Strengthening of a synapse when it is repeatedly used over time Long Term Depression - Selectively weakens synapses over time when they're used less frequently

Walter Mischel

Marshmallow experiment - kids who waited for delayed gratification were more successful later in life

Lashley

Mass Action Principle - learning is spread over the whole brain; engrams don't exist, learning isn't localized to one specific place

Miller

Miller's magic number - given a list of things to memorize people can memorize 7 plus or minus 2 of these "things" (could be groups or individual things)

Loftus

Misinformation Effect - when people are given wrong information and convinced of its truth (misleading questions) they will incorporate this information into their version of the truth

McClelland

Motives - achievement, affiliation, power

Sharrington

Neurons send signals by chain reactions, they go from across the synapse into the dendrites, there isn't just one path they all must follow

Eckman

Nonverbal Communications - most cultures have facial expressions that are not specific to them and can be more widely recognized

Tortsen Weisel

Ocular Dominance - neuroconnections become inactive when you don't use them for a long time

Ewald Hering

Opponent Processing Theory - there are 3 main pairs, when you see one the other is inhibited from being seen

Baumrind/Maccoby

Parenting Styles: Permissive - lenient, lot of freedom Authoritative - open dialogue with kids about things Authoritarian - Strict rules, make decisions for kids Neglectful - absent

James Gibson

Perception of the visual world; patterns of how sensory inputs form a whole picture

Rescorla

Rescorla-Wagner Model - difference between predictability and surprise; conditioning to anticipate or grow used to something; the more you are exposed to the stimuli the less learning there is

Carl Rogers

Self concept - everyone has the ability to grow and change over time so self esteem changes over time, how much your idea or yourself and the reality of who you are overlaps

sherif-Robber's Cave study

Sherif argued that intergroup conflict (i.e. conflict between groups) occurs when two groups are in competition for limited resources. The field experiment involved two groups of twelve-year-old boys at Robber's Cave State Park, Oklahoma, America. The twenty-two boys in the study were unknown to each other and all from white middle-class backgrounds. They all shared a Protestant, two-parent background. None of the boys knew each other prior to the study. The boys were randomly assigned to one of two groups, although neither was aware of the other's existence. They were then, as individual groups, picked up by bus on successive days in the summer of 1954 and transported to a 200 acre Boy Scouts of America camp in the Robbers Cave State Park in Oklahoma. During the subsequent two-day cooling off period, the boys listed features of the two groups. The boys tended to characterize their own in-group in very favorable terms, and the other out-group in very unfavorable terms.

Sperry

Split brain theory; left - logical, rational; right - emotion, curiosity

Bower

State Dependent Memory - when something happens when you're in one mood you're more likely to remember it again when you're in that mood again Hierarchical Organization - you remember things better when they're organized in a logical way

Kohlberg

The Hanz Dilemma - obey rules so you can avoid punishment; before adolescence - order because of society; after adolescence - self defined ethics

halo/devil effect

The halo effect is a type of cognitive bias in which our overall impression of a person influences how we feel and think about his or her character. Essentially, your overall impression of a person ("He is nice!") impacts your evaluations of that person's specific traits ("He is also smart!"). the devil effect is the opposite

ingroup bias

a favoring of our own group

social inhibition

The tendency to perform complex or difficult tasks more poorly in the presence of others

Bowlby

Theory of Attachment - cling to main caregiver in times of need or fear; proximity maintenance, safe haven, secure base, separation distress

Herman VonHemholtz

Trichromatic Theory - R, G, B are identified from wavelengths Frequency Theory - the amount of neural impulses we receive is directly related to the sound waves we perceive

Wernicke

Wernicke's area - comprehension of speech

Carol Gilligan (morals)

Women make decisions more to save others, men make decisions for logic/justice; women are more interpersonal

Bluma Zeigarnik

Zeigarnik Effect - we remember better that which is unfinished/incomplete

Vygotsky

Zone of Proximal Development - the space in which learning occurs; the distance between a students individual ability before learning and with no assistance (low threshold) and the ability level when working with someone who already possesses that knowledge/skill/ability (high threshold)

authoritarian personalities

a state of mind or attitude characterized by belief in absolute obedience or submission to someone else's authority, as well as the administration of that belief through the oppression of one's subordinates.

conformity

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

reciprocity norm

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

prejudice

an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

Costa and McCrae

big 5 personality traits: OCEAN/CANOE - openness, conscientiousness, agreeability, extroversion, neuroticism

social facilitation

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

anonymity and arousal

deindividuation increases anonymity and arousal when we believe ourselves to be anonymous, we become more aroused

depersonalization

feelings of detachment from one's mental processes or body

normative social influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

informational social influence

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

unconscious patronization

lower expectations, inflated praise and insufficient criticism for minority student achievement

other-race effect/ cross-race effect/ own-race bias

our greater recognition for faces of our own race emerges during infancy between 3 to 9 months of age

blame the victim phenomenon

people often justify their prejudices by blaming victims

just world phenomenon

people with privilege often develop this tendency to believe that the world is fair and people get what they deserve

social v. personal control

social control = power of the situation personal control = power of the individual

culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

group polarization

the enhancement off a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

groupthink (janus)

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for group overrides a realistic appraisal of themselves

social identity

the social definition of self including race, religion, gender, occupation, and the like

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

hindsight bias

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

social exchange theory

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

scapegoat theory

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

blind obedience

the unquestioning adherence to inherently imprecise rules, even in the face of silly or adverse consequences. More simply, blind obedience is essentially doing something because you are told, you adhere to the rules because they are the rules.

Hans and Sybil Eysenck

theory of personality (two dimensions of personality): extraversion vs. introversion stability vs. instability

reflexive bodily responses

unconscious, selective responses when looking at faces

norms

understood rules for accepted and expected behavior. Norms practice "proper" behavior.

discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

altruism

unselfish concern for the welfare of others

diffusion of responsibility

when more people share responsibility for helping

role model defiance

with a role model defying, people are likely to follow