AP PSYCH

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day care and attachment

-Quality day care that consists of responsive adults interacting with children does not harm children's thinking and language skills. -However, some studies suggest that extensive time in day care can increase aggressiveness and defiance in children.

humanistic theory of personality

-do not believe in determinism (your actions are dictated by your past) -they believe that humans have free will (ability to choose your own destiny) -we are innately good and as long as our self-esteem and self-concept are positive we will be happy

availability heuristic

-estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory -if it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common -people over-estimate the likelihood of getting killed by a tornado because of availability heuristic

id

-exists entirely in the unconscious (so we are never aware of it) -our hidden true animalistic wants and desires -works on the pleasure principle -avoid pain and receive instant gratification

reaction formation

-expressing the opposite of how one truly feels -cootie stage in Freud's latent development

Elizabeth Loftus

-eyewitness memory- person's episodic memory for crime or event witnessed -false memory- remember things that didn't happen -cognitive psychologist -experiments on false memory

psychoanalytic theory of personality

-fathered by Sigmund Freud -theory proposes that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personalities -treatment techniques: seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Karen Horney

-feminine psychology -theory of neurotic needs -neo-Freudian psychology

Sigmund Frued

-first psychotherapy -theory of unconscious mind--> iceberg theory -psychosexual stages -psychoanalytic personality theory -defense mechanisms -dream analysis

Mary Calkins

-first woman president of APA -self-psychology-focused self -analyzed dreams

John B. Watson

-founded behaviorism -Little Albert study -child development/learning

Anna Freud

-founder of psychoanalytic child psychology -intro to child analysis -parents important in child development

iceberg theory

-freud's idea of the minds structure

morphemes

-in a language the smallest unit that carries meaning -can be a word or part of a word (prefix or suffix)

phonemes

-in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit -chug as three phonemes, ch, u, g

free association

-in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious -person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarressing

sensorimotor stage

-in the SENSORIMOTOR STAGE, babies take in the world by looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping -children younger than 6 months of age do not grasp OBJECT PERMANENCE i.e, objects that are out of sight are also out of mind

infancy and childhood

-infancy and childhood span from birth to the teenage years. during these years, the individual grows physically, cognitively, and socially

top down processing

-information process guided by higher-level mental processes -as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations -start with the forest and work your attention down to the individual tree

monocular cues

-interposition -relative size -relative clarity -texture gradient -relative height -relative motion -linear perspective -light and shadow

Muller-Lyer illusion

-is an optical illusion consisting of a stylized arrow -when viewers are asked to place a mark on the figure at the midpoint, they invariably place it more towards the "tail" end -it was devised by Franz Carl Müller-Lyer (1857-1916), a German sociologist, in 1889

defense mechanism

-the ego has a pretty important job...and that is to protect you from threatening thoughts in our unconscious -one way it protects us is through defense mechanisms -you are usually unaware that they are even occurring 1. repression 2. denial 3. displacement 4. projection 5. reaction formation 6. regression 7. rationalization 8. intellectualization 9. sublimation

Whorf's Linguistic Relativity

-the idea that language determines the way we think -the Hopi tribe has no past tense in their language, so Whorf says they rarely think of the past

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

-the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests -originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use) -now used for many other screening purposes

assimilation and accommodation

-the process of assimilation involves incorporating new experiences into our current understanding (schema) -the process of adjusting a schema and modifying it (accommodation)

parallel processing

-the processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously -color -motion -form -depth

positive psychology

-the scientific study of optimal human functioning -aims to discover and promote conditions that enable individuals and communities to thrive

semantics

-the set of rules by which we derive meaning in a language -adding ed at the end of words means past tense

overconfidence

-the tendency to be more confident than correct -to overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments

adolescence

-the transition period from childhood to adulthood -Many psychologists once believed that our traits were set during childhood. -Today psychologists believe that development is a lifelong process. -Adolescence is defined as a life between childhood and adulthood.

self-actualization

-the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved -the motivation to fulfill one's potential

Gate-Control Theory

-theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain -"gate" opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers -"gate" closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain

critical period hypothesis

-there is a critical period for language learning -there is no agreement about how long this sensitive period lasts -Genie- the American wild child-provided evidence that language cannot be learned after puberty

divergent thinking

-thinking outside the box -you are creative in coming up with solutions nobody else came up with

how do we solve problems?

-trial and error -algorithms -heuristics -insight

telegraphic speech

-two word sentences -ex: "go car"

Chomsky's Theory (nativist theory)

-we learn language too quickly for it to be through reinforcement and punishment -inborn universal language acquisition device

deprivation of attachment

-what happens when circumstances prevent a child from forming attachments? -In such circumstances children become: 1.Withdrawn 2.Frightened 3.Unable to develop speech

stages we learn language

1. babbling stage 2. holophrastic stage (one word) 3. telegraphic speech then overgeneralization

process of seeing

1. light entering eye triggers photochemical reaction in rods and cones at back of retina 2. chemical reaction in turn activates bipolar cells 3. bipolar cells then activate the ganglion cells the axon of which converge to form the optic nerve. this nerve transmits information to the visual cortex in the brain's occipital lobe

Erik Erikson's psychoSOCIAL stages of development

1.trust vs mistrust 2.autonomy vs shame and doubt 3.initiative vs guilt 4.industry vs inferiority 5.idenity vs role confusion 6.intimacy vs isolation 7.generativity vs stagnation 8.intrgrity vs despair

Schizophrenic Disorders

About 1 in every 100 people are diagnosed with schizophrenia. Symptoms of Schizophrenia Disorganized thinking. Disturbed Perceptions Inappropriate Emotions and Actions

old age: sensory abilities

After age 70, hearing, distance perception, and the sense of smell diminish, as do muscle strength, reaction time, and stamina. After 80, neural processes slow down, especially for complex tasks.

formal operational stage

Around age 12, our reasoning ability expands from concrete thinking to abstract thinking. We can now use symbols and imagined realities to systematically reason. Piaget called this FORMAL OPERATIONAL THINKING

Stimulants

Arouse the central nervous system, speeding up mental and physical responses Cocaine, Amphetamines, Methamphetamine, MDMA, Caffeine

aging and memory

As we age, we remember some things well. These include recent past events and events that happened a decade or two back. However, recalling names becomes increasingly difficult.

Narcolepsy

Characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. Lapses directly into REM sleep (usually during times of stress or joy).

Psychoactive drugs

Chemicals that affect mental processes and behavior by their effects on the nervous system

Transference

Eventually the patient opens up and reveals his or her innermost private thoughts, developing positive or negative feelings towards the therapist

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - PTSD

Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence in one or more of the following ways: Experiencing or witnessing something severely threatening (Examples?) Learning that the traumatic event occurred to a close family member or friend (event must have been violent or accidental) Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the event (this does not apply to exposure through electronic media, tv, movies or pictures

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Fear of not being liked Fear of being liked will avoid social settings and work

Emotional Intelligence

First called social intelligence. Some studies show EQ to be a greater predictor for future success than IQ Daniel Goleman The ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions. (Interpersonal and Intrapersonal)

Retrieval

Getting stuff out of your brain

Carol Gilligan

Gilligan would go on to criticize Kohlberg's work. This was based on two things. First, he only studied privileged, white men and boys. She felt that this caused a biased opinion against women. Secondly, in his stage theory of moral development, the male view of individual rights and rules was considered a higher stage than women's point of view of development in terms of its caring effect on human relationships.

Recognition

Measure of memory in which the person has only to identify items previously learned as on a multiple-choice test

Episodic Memory

Memory of life's episodes like first kiss

The Dynamics of Intelligence

Mild, Moderate, Severe, Profound

middle adulthood

Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory abilities and cardiac output begin to decline after the mid-twenties. Around age 50, women go through menopause, and men experience decreased levels of hormones and fertility.

Cluster A

ODD or ECCENTRIC Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal

Logical-Mathematical

Often measured on IQ tests with analogies, math problems and logic problems

Linguistic

Often measured on IQ tests with reading comprehension and vocabulary tests

Flynn Effect

Performance on IQ scores has steadily increased over generations

Flynn Effect Environmental Factors

Reduction in malnutrition Access to schooling Technological advances

Negative Punishment

Removing something desired

Negative Reinforcement

Removing something unpleasant. (strengthens the behavior) (beeping sound before seatbelt is on)

Stage One of Sleep

This is experienced as falling to sleep and is a transition stage between wake and sleep. Not really sleep. It usually lasts between 1 and 5 minutes and occupies approximately 2-5 % of a normal night of sleep. eyes begin to roll slightly. consists mostly of theta waves (high amplitude, low frequency (slow)) (think theta = thin)

how to judge a Psychological disorder

Unjustifiable--sometimes there's a good reason Maladaptive—harmful Atypical--not enough in itself Disturbing--varies with time and culture

brain development

Until puberty, neurons increase their connections. However, at adolescence, selective pruning of the neurons begins. Unused neuronal connections are lost to make other pathways more efficient.

Reliability using different tests

Using different forms of the test to measure consistency between them.

Test-Retest Reliability

Using the same test on two occasions to measure consistency.

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

Visual/Spatial Verbal/Linguistic Logical/Mathematical Bodily/Kinesthetic Musical/Rhythmic Interpersonal Intrapersonal Natural

Helmholtz's Place Theory

We hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea's basilar membrane.

Mental Retardation

a condition of limited mental ability indicated by an intelligence score below 70 produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of life varies from mild to profound

fixation

a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved

Intelligence Test

a method of assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores

Major Depressive Disorder

a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities Two or more weeks of depressed moods. No apparent reason for depressed mood. Feelings of worthlessness. Diminished interest in activities, family, and friends. Seasonal affective disorder-recurring depression during the winter months. "Common cold" of mental illness Dysthymic disorder-low moods filling most of the day, nearly every day, for 2 years or more.

Bipolar Disorder

a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania formerly called manic-depressive disorder Messes with your thoughts Illness which affects mood, thoughts, and behavior Have extreme mood swings Manic and depression

Manic Episode

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

Psychological Dependence

a psychological need to use a drug for example, to relieve negative emotions

Hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Dissociation

a split in consciousness allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that one's preconceptions

frequency theory

basilar membrane vibrates at the same frequency as the sound waves; sound waves of higher frequency cause more frequent action potentials which the brain interprets as a higher pitch. problem- we can hear pitches of frequencies higher than the membrane can move

Primacy

beginning

projection

believing that the feelings one has toward someone else are actually held by the other person and directed at oneself

Bulimia

binging and purging Both deal with poor self image and possibly body dysmorphic disorder

with a cornea transplant after being blind what happens?

can't read or write

fovea

central point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster. 3 C's- center, color, cones. no photoreceptors. most focus and brightness

middle ear

chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window

Skinner Box

chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer contains devices to record responses

inattentional blindness

change of a stimulus unaware to a person

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)

characterized by a general psychological inflexibility, rigid conformity to rules and procedures, perfectionism, and excessive orderliness. tend to stress perfectionism above all else, and feel anxious when they perceive that things aren't "right".

Mood Disorders

characterized by emotional extremes

pheromones

chemical messengers that are picked up through our sense of smell

belief perseverance

clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

iris

color muscular portion dilates/constricts light

rationalization

coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable outcome

Practical Intelligence

common sense. Form of intelligence that helps people see new relationships among concepts; involves insight and creativity

Hierarchies

complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories

self-esteem

concerned with judgment of self-worth

Savant Syndrome

condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill computation drawing

False Memory Syndrome

condition in which a person's identity and relationships center around a false but strongly believed memory of traumatic experience sometimes induced by well-meaning therapists

Rehearsal

conscious repetition of information to maintain it in consciousness to encode it for storage

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

consists of 11 subtests and cues us in to strengths by using factor analysis. Most widely used intelligence test subtests. (verbal and performance) (Modern test of mental ability)

Histrionic Personality Disorder

constant attention seekers They need to be the center of attention all the time, often interrupting others in order to dominate the conversation. They may dress provocatively or exaggerate illnesses in order to gain attention. They also tend to exaggerate friendships and relationships, believing that everyone loves them

Orne & Evans (1965)

control group instructed to "pretend" unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones

sensorineural hearing loss

damage to the hair cell receptors or associated nerves; cause by aging or prolonged exposure to loud noises

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

defined originally the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 . gIQ = ma/ca x 100). On contemporary tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

maturation

development of the brain unfolds based on genetic instructions, causing various bodily and mental functions to occur in sequence-standing before walking, babbling before talking-this is called maturation. maturation sets the basic course of development, while experience adjusts it

sensory adaptation

diminished sensitivity as a result of constant stimulation

Tolerance

diminishing effect with regular use

light and shadow

dimmer objects appear farther away because they reflect less light

Withdrawal

discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use

Alfred Binet anf Theodore Simon

discovered that by discovering someone's mental age they can predict future performance

Retroactive (backwards acting) Interference

disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old information

Proactive (forward acting) Interference

disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information

Anxiety Disorders

distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that cause anxiety Anxiety Disorders include Phobia (Agoraphobia) Social Anxiety Disorder Panic Attack Separation Anxiety Disorder Selective Mutism

Spacing Effect- Distributed Learning

distributed practice yields better long- term retention than massed practice

trait theory criticism

do NOT take into account the importance of the situation

stability/change

do you early personality traits persist through life, or do we become different persons as we age?

Predictive Validity

does the test predict future behavior.

Content Validity

does the test sample a behavior of interest

Resistance

dont tell the therapist the truth

Activation-Synthesis Theory

dreams may be a way to make sense of random neural activity

small amplitude

dull colors, soft sounds

Semantic Encoding

encoding of meaning including meaning of words

Visual Encoding

encoding of picture images

Acoustic Encoding

encoding of sound especially sound of words

Down Syndrome

retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup

regression

returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior

schemas

schemas are mental molds into which we pour experiences

akinetopsia

selective loss of motion perception

Automatic Processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information space time frequency well-learned information word meanings we can learn automatic processing reading backwards

intellectualization

undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) do things to stop something bad from happening symptoms can go away or change over time

social-cognitive perspective

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons and their social context

relative clarity

we assume hazy objects are father away

selective attention

we can only focus awareness on a limited part of what we are sensing

Opponent-Process Theory

we cannot see certain colors together in combination (red-green, blue-yellow, and white-black). these are antagonist/opponent colors)

mental age

what a person of a particular age should know

State-dependent Memory

what is learned in one state (while one is high, drunk, or depressed) can more easily be remembered when in same state

subliminal

when stimuli are below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness

Stage Three of Sleep

"Delta" sleep or "slow wave" sleep and may last 15-30 minutes. It is called "slow wave" sleep because brain activity slows down dramatically from the "theta" rhythm of Stage 2 to a much slower rhythm called "delta" and the height or amplitude of the waves increases dramatically. Sleep walking during this stage Deepest Stage of sleep

Derealization

"Experiences of unreality or detachment with respect to surroundings (e.g., individuals or objects are experienced as unreal, dreamlike, foggy, lifeless, or visually distorted."

frequency

# of complete wavelengths that pass through point at a given time. determines the pitch of a sound

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.

Stereotype Threat

A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

Dreams

A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind

Night Terrors

A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified. Occur in Stage 4, not REM, and are not often remembered.

Sleep Apnea

A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings. Insomnia and Apnea are the most common sleep disorders. Can be cured with a breathing machine And/or losing weight.

Factor Analysis

A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test.

Achievement Test

A test designed to assess what a person has learned.

Aptitude Test

A test designed to predict a person's future performance. The ability for that person to learn.

REM Sleep

AKA "paradoxical sleep" This is a very active stage of sleep. Composes 20-25 % of a normal nights sleep. Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity quicken. Vivid Dreams can occur. From REM, you go back to Stage 2 Body is essentially paralyzed during REM (sleep paralysis). Genitals become aroused. Erections and clitoral engorgement. Rapid Eye Movement

Motivated forgetting

AKA "repression" We want to forget awful things.

Cluster C

ANXIOUS OR FEARFAL Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive

Bodily-Kinesthetic

Ability for controlled movement and coordination

Spatial

Ability to form mental images of objects and think about their relationships in space

Intrapersona

Ability to know oneself and to develop a sense of identity

Musical

Ability to perceive and create patterns of rhythms and pitches

Interpersonal

Ability to understand other people's emotions, motives and actions

developing reasoning power

According to Piaget, adolescents can handle abstract problems, i.e., they can perform formal operations. Adolescents can judge good from evil, truth and justice, and think about God in deeper terms.

Positive Reinforcement

Adding pleasant consequences

Positive Punishment

Adding something pleasant

secondary sexual characteristics

Also secondary sexual characteristics—the nonreproductive traits such as breasts and hips in girls and facial hair and deepening of voice in boys develop. Pubic hair and armpit hair grow in both sexes.

Hallucinogens

Alter perceptions of the external environment and inner awareness (also called psychedelics) Marijuana , LSD ,PCP, Cannabis

adulthood

Although adulthood begins sometime after a person's mid-twenties, defining adulthood into stages is more difficult than defining stages during childhood or adolescence.

parent and peer influence

Although teens become independent of their parents as they grow older, they nevertheless relate to their parents on a number of things, including religiosity and career choices. Peer approval and relationships are also very important.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

Panic Disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations. Leads to avoidance of situations where panic attack occurred, which leads to agoraphobia.

Sternberg's Three Aspects of Intelligence (triarchic Theory)

Analytical, Creative, Practical (Gardner simplified)

B.F Skinner

(1904-1990) elaborated Thorndike's Law of Effect developed behavioral technology

Working Memory

(STM)Preserves recently perceived events or experiences for less than a minute( 20 sec) without rehearsal.

Short Term Memory

(working) STM can hold unrehearsed information up to 20 seconds. STM can hold 7 items +/- 2, according to some theories.

one-word stage

-1-2 years old uses one word to communicate big meanings -beginning at or around his first birthday a child starts to speak one word at a time and is able t make family members understand him

fetus/fetus stage

-9 weeks-looks like a mistakably human -by 6th month, the stomach and other organs have formed enough to survive outside of mother -at this time the baby can hear (and recognize) sounds and respond to light

preoperational stage

-A major reason why a preoperational child does not understand conservation is that the child lacks an understanding of REVERSIBILITY, the knowledge that reversing a transformation brings about the conditions that existed before the transformation -Child's thinking also reflects CENTRATION, the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a problem at a time

criticisms of Freud

-He really only studied wealthy woman in Austria. -His results are not empirically verifiable (really hard to test). -No predictive power. -Karen Horney said he was sexist with the "penis envy" and there is an actual "womb envy".

getting into the unconscious

-Hypnosis -Dream Interpretation -Free Association (having them just randomly talk to themselves...and then interpreting the conversation). -Projective Tests (and test that delves into the unconscious). -Examples are TAT and Inkblot Tests.

AuthoritAriAn parents

-Impose rules and expect obedience. -"Why, because I said so!!!!" -What word that begins with A describes an authoritarian?

conventional morality

-Morality is based upon obeying laws to 1. Maintain social order 2. To gain social approval

Rorschach inkblot test

-The most widely used projective test -A set of ten inkblots designed to identify people's feelings when they are asked to interpret what they see in the inkblots. -not valid or reliable

syntax

-The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences. -In English, adjectives come before nouns, but not in Spanish!!

Behaviorist Theory of Personality

-The way most people think of personality is meaningless. -Personality changes according to the environment (reinforcers and punishments). -If you change environment then you change the personality.

trait theories of personality

-They believe that we can describe people's personalities by specifying their main characteristics (traits). -Traits like honestly, laziness, ambition, outgoing are thought to be stable over the course of your lives.

personality inventory

-a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors -used to assess selected personality traits

big five personality traits

1. extraversion 2. agreeableness 3. conscientiousness 4. openness to experience 5. emotional stability

Sleep Cycle

90 minutes

Flashbulb Memory

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event EX: 9/11 because of the emotion

Treating Schizophrenia

Antipsychotic drugs have been effective in the treatment Side effects - drowsiness, weight gain, jitters, movement problems and muscle contractions A possible long-term side effect of ANTIPSYCHOTICS is a condition called TARDIVE DYSKINESIA where patients will develop uncontrollable movements

old age: motor abilities

At age 70, our motor abilities also decline. A 70-year-old is no match for a 20-year-old individual. Fatal accidents also increase around this age

Forgetting

Can occur at any memory stage As we process information, we filter, alter, or lose much of it

Cluster B

DRAMATIC, EMOTIONAL OR ERRATIC Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic

Retrieval Cues

Deja Vu, Mood-congruent Memory, State-dependent Memory

Dissociative Disorders

Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts and feelings.

Recency

End

Seasonal Affective Disorder

Experience depression during the winter months. Based not on temperature, but on amount of sunlight. Treated with light therapy.

Depersonalization

Experiences of unreality, detachment, or being an outside observer with respect to one's thoughts, feelings, sensations, body, or actions (e.g.,perceptual alterations, distorted sense of time, unreal or absent self, emotional and/or physical numbing.)"

Assessing Intelligence Verbal

General Information Similarities Arithmetic Reasoning Vocabulary Comprehension Digit Span

Encoding

Getting information in

Retrieval

Getting information out

trait perspective

Hans and Sybil Eysenck use two primary personality factors as axes for describing personality variation

Howard Gardner

He came up with the idea by studying savants. Came up with the concept of multiple intelligences. Disagreed with Howard Gardner.

Why we daydream

Help us prepare for future events Can nourish our social development Can substitute for impulsive behavior

Opiates

Highly addictive; produce a sense of well-being and have strong pain-relieving properties Morphine, Codeine, Heroin, Methadone

Hidden Observer

Hilgard's term describing a hypnotized subject's awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis

Sensory Memory

Iconic and Echoic Has large capacity, very short duration, allows quick commerce with environment memory traces fade quickly, unless we do something further with it.

Anterograde amnesia

Inability to form memories for new information

Retrograde amnesia

Inability to remember information previously stored in memory

Semantic Memory

Includes memory for: language, facts general knowledge

Procedural Memory

Includes memory for: motor skills, operant and classical conditioning

Factitious Disorder/ Munchausen Disorder

Is a condition in which a person acts as if they have an illness by deliberately producing, feigning, or exaggerating symptoms.

Storage

Keeping the info in the brain

developing morality

Kohlberg (1981, 1984) sought to describe the development of moral reasoning by posing moral dilemmas to children and adolescents, such as "Should a person steal medicine to save a loved one's life?" He found stages of moral development.

Konrad Lorenz

Konrad Lorenz studied how goslings (baby geese) will IMPRINT themselves to a human if they get human exposure during a critical period

Inappropriate Emotions and Actions

Laugh at inappropriate times. Flat Effect Senseless, compulsive acts. Catatonia- motionless Waxy Flexibility

Forgetting as Interference

Learning some items may disrupt retrieval of other information

old age: life expectancy

Life expectancy at birth increased from 49% in 1950 to 67% in 2004 and to 80% in developed countries. Women outlive men and outnumber them at most ages.

developmental issues/stability and change

Lifelong development requires both stability and change. Personality gradually stabilizes as people age. However, this does not mean that our traits do not change over a lifetime. Some temperaments are more stable than others.

Mary Ainsworth secure attachment

Mary Ainsworth would have a stranger enter the room. -Children with a secure attachment would go to the mother for comfort when a stranger entered the room. -The child would cry when the mother left but was happy when the mother returned. -Most common (66%)

Wechsler Tests

More common way to give IQ tests....does not use the formula but uses the same scoring system. WAIS WISC

Chunking

Organizing pieces of information into a smaller number of meaningful units

Site of Working Memory (STM)

Prefrontal Cortex

Elaborative rehearsal

Process in which information is actively reviewed and related to information already in LTM

Maintenance rehearsal

Process in which information is repeated or reviewed to keep it from fading while in working memory

Encoding

Putting info in the brain

aging and memory

Recognition memory does not decline with age, and material that is meaningful is recalled better than meaningless material. The same is true for prospective memory (remember to ...).

Insomnia

Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep. Not your once in a while (I have a big test tomorrow) having trouble getting to sleep episodes. Not defined by the number of hours you sleep every night.

self-concept

Self-concept, a sense of one's identity and personal worth, emerges gradually around 6 months. Around 15-18 months, children can recognize themselves in the mirror. By 8-10 years, their self-image is stable.

Psychoanalysis

Since psychological problems originate from childhood repressed impulses and conflicts, the aim is to bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness where the patient can deal with them. The patient lies on a couch and speaks about whatever comes to his or her mind.

Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)

Sleepwalking is a sleep disorder affecting an estimated 10 percent of all humans at least once in their lives. Sleep walking most often occurs during deep non-REM sleep (stage 3 or stage 4 sleep) early in the night.

Principles of Test Construction

Standardization Reliability Validity

Long-term Memory

Stores material organized according to meaning, also called LTM

Cognitive Therapy

Teaches people adaptive ways of thinking and acting based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. changing ones mindset

Stage Two of Sleep

The "baseline" of sleep. This stage is part of the 90 minute cycle and occupies approximately 45-60% of sleep. Has "sleep spindles" - random bursts of brain activity

Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores

The Bell curve is different for Whites v. Black. Math scores are different across genders and the highest scores are for Asian males

Intelligence

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. Is socially constructed thus... Can be culturally specific.

Genetic Influences

The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores

Law of Effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Charles Spearman

Used factor analysis to discover general intelligence

Memory Construction

We filter information and fill in missing pieces, eyewitness reconstruct memories when questioned

Decay Theory

We simply forget over time

old age: dementia

With increasing age, the risk of dementia also increases. Dementia is not a normal part of growing old.

oedipus complex

a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feeling of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Analytical Intelligence

academic problem solving. Ability to cope with the environment; "street smarts"

Priming

activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

pupil

allows light to come in

Source Amnesia

attributing to the wrong source an event that we experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (misattribution)

optic nerve

axons connect eye ball to cortex. ganglion cells

great amplitude

bright colors, loud sounds

cochlea

coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear

Antianxiety drugs (Xanax and Ativan)

depress the central nervous system and reduce anxiety and tension by elevating the levels of the Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter.

Effects of Sleep Loss

fatigue impaired concentration depressed immune system greater vulnerability to accidents

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)

fear/anxiety about one or more social situations in which person may be exposed to possible scrutiny by others

lens

focuses light on retina

change blindness

form of selective attention

teratogens

harmful agents to the prenatal environment

nature/nurture

how do genetic inheritance (our nature) and experience (the nurture we receive) influence our behavior?

perception

how we organize and interpret sensory information

Primary Reinforcer

innately reinforcing stimulus i.e., satisfies a biological need

ganglion cells

make up the optic nerve

Mnemonics

memory aids especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

telepathy

mind reading

optic nerve

nerve that carries neural impulses from eye to the brain

denial

not accepting the ego-threatening truth

Memory

persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information

sensory interaction

principle that one sense may influence another

conductive hearing loss

problems with the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

gravitation and movement sensation

produced by movement of 2 vestibular sacs in each ear are filled with millions of tiny crystals that bend hair cels when moved

cornea

protects eyes

repression

pushing thoughts into our unconscious

self-serving bias

readiness to perceive oneself favorably

Effortful Processing

requires attention and conscious effort

part of brain touch is interpreted

sensory cortex/parietal lobe

Hallucinations

sensory-driven incidents that involve hearing or seeing something that isn't reality based sensory experiences without sensory stimulation.

which sensation does not go through the thalamus

smell

Dissociative Fugue

suddenly and unexpectedly takes physical leave of his or her surroundings and sets off on a journey of some kind These journeys can last hours, or even several days or months.

Posthypnotic Suggestion

suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors

Posthypnotic Amnesia

supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis induced by the hypnotist's suggestion

Ecstasy (MDMA, Serotonin)

synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen both short-term and long-term health risks

grammar

system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate and understand others

visual capture

tendency for vision to dominate your senses

Serial Position Effect

tendency to recall best the last items in a list

free association

to unravel the unconscious mind and its conflicts.

Elaboration

trying to understand it Making it meaningful to you

Operant Conditioning

type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment

cocktail party effect

type pf selective attention in which you can attend to only one voice at a time

Ebbinghaus

used nonsense syllables TUV ZOF GEK WAV the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2

Biomedical therapy

uses drugs or other procedures that act on the patient's nervous system, curing him or her of psychological disorders.

eclectic approach

uses various forms of healing techniques depending upon the client's unique problems.

self esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

Mary Ainsworth insecure-ambivalent/resistant (12%)

-clingy to mother; traumatized by every stage of the experiment; distrustful of their mothers -Caused by over-bearing, controlling mothers

Brain Function and Intelligence

People who can perceive the stimulus very quickly tend to score somewhat higher on intelligence tests

prenatal development

-conception begins with the drop of an egg and the release of about 200 million sperm. -the sperm seeks out the egg and attempts to penetrate the eggs surface

self-efficacy

-concerned with judgments of personal capabilities -Plays a major role in how one approaches goals, tasks, and challenges -Center of Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory

what are some obstacles to problem solving?

-confirmation bias -match problem -fixation -mental set -functional fixedness

Shaping

operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal

Operant Behavior

operates (acts) on environment produces consequences

Consciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our environments

transduction

-conversion of one form of energy to another -why is this important? because stimulus energies to neural impulses -example- light energy to vision, chemical energy to smell and taste, sound waves to sound

personal control

our sense of controlling our environments rather than feeling helpless

language

our spoken written or gestured words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning

spotlight effect

overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders

linear perspective

parallel lines seem to converge with distance

clairvoyance

perceiving remote events

Erik Erikson

-developmental theory- humans develop throughout their lifespan -8 stages -stages from womb (birth)-tomb (death)-1st child psychoanalyst in Boston -created his own last name

ego

-develops after the id -works on the reality principle -negotiates between the Id and the environment -in our conscious and unconscious minds -it is what everyone sees as our personality

Psychoactive Drug

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood

superego

-develops last at about the age of 5 -it is our conscience (what we think the difference is between right and wrong) -the ego often mediates between the superego and id

Imagery

mental pictures a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding

Carol Gilligan

-taught alongside Erik Erikson -pioneer gender differences -contribution is her adaptation of Lawrence Kohlberg Theory of Moral Development

kinesthetic sense

-tells us where our body parts are -receptors located in our muscles and joints

belief bias

-tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning -sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa

Echoic Memory

momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

vestibular system

monitors awareness of body balance and movement

telekinesis (psychokinesis)

moving objects with one's mind (not technically ESP)

stages of psycho-sexual development

-the childhood stages of development during which the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenus zones 1. oral 2. anal 3. phallic 4. latent 5. genital

bipolar cells

neurons activates ganglion cells

How long Sensory memory lasts

no more than 2 seconds

Respondent Behavior

occurs as an automatic response to stimulus behavior learned through classical conditioning

size constancy

perception that an object's size remain the same even as the retinal image changes

shape constancy

perception that shape of an object doesn't change just because image on the retina does

Physical Dependence

physiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms

blind spot

point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye creating a "blind spot" because there are no receptor cells located there

Stanford-Binet

the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test. Revised by Terman at Stanford University

relative height

things higher in our field of vision they look father away

authoritative parents

-Parents are both demanding and responsive. -Exert control by setting rules, but explain reasoning behind the rules. -Encourage open discussion.

relative motion

things that are closer appear to move more quickly

conscious

things we are aware of

preconscious

things we can aware of if we think of them

theory of mind

-Preschoolers, although still egocentric, develop the ability to understand another's mental state when they begin forming a THEORY OF MIND -The problem on the right probes such ability in children.

physical development

-Adolescence begins with puberty (sexual maturation). -Puberty occurs earlier in females (11 years) than males (13 years). -Thus height in females increases before males.

cognitive development

-Adolescents' ability to reason gives them a new level of social awareness. In particular, they may think about the following: 1.Their own thinking. 2.What others are thinking. 3.What others are thinking about them. 4.How ideals can be reached. They criticize society, parents, and even themselves.

social learning theory

-B.F Skinner form the Behaviorist School -baby may imitate a parent -if they are reinforced they keep saying the word -if they are punished they stop saying the word

general parenting styles

-Based on Diana Baumrind's studies -They are: 1.Permissive 2.Authoritarian 3.Authoritative

psychoanalysis today

-Couch sitting -Transference is likely to happen. -The idea is to delve into your unconscious. -Pull out Manifest Content. -Then talk about the Latent Content.

frontal cortex

-During adolescence, neurons in the frontal cortex grow myelin, which speeds up nerve conduction. -The frontal cortex lags behind the limbic system's development. -Hormonal surges and the limbic system may explain occasional teen impulsiveness

visual cliff experiment

-Eleanor Gibson -finding- depth perception is innate (to some degree) -we see depth by using two cues that researchers have put in two categories (monocular cues, binocular cues)

Neo-Freudians Psychodynamic theories

-Eric Erikson -Carl Jung and his concept of the "personal" and "collective" unconscious. -Alfred Adler and his ideas of superiority and inferiority. -Adler also talked about birth order and how it played a part in personality

social-cognitive theories on personality

-Focus on how we interact with our culture and environment -Albert Bandura is back!!! -Reciprocal Determinism (traits, environment and behavior all interact and influence each other.)

TAT test (thematic apperception test)

-Giving the subject a picture that is ambiguous (can have several meanings) and ask them what is occurring. -Their answers reveal the manifest content. -They can then discover the Latent Content.

origins of attachment

-Harlow (1971) showed that infants bond with surrogate mothers because of BODILY CONTACT and not because of nourishment. -Like bodily contact, FAMILIARITY is another factor that causes attachment. In some animals (goslings), IMPRINTING is the cause of attachment

concrete operational stage

-In concrete operational stage, given concrete materials, 6- to 7-year-olds grasp conservation problems and mentally pour liquids back and forth into glasses of different shapes conserving their quantities. -Children in this stage are also able to transform mathematical functions. So, if 4 + 8 = 12, then a transformation, 12 - 4 = 8, is also easily doable.

social cognitive theories of personality

-Internal Locus of Control -External Locus of Control -External Locus of Control can lead to a state of learned helplessness

Kohler's Chimpanzees

-Kohler exhibited that Chimps can problem solve. -Insight Learning

post conventional morality

-Morality based on universal ethical principles. -I won't speed down Hampton b/c a society w/o laws is not good. If I feel the law is unjust then I'll try to change it.

pre conventional morality

-Morality of self- interest -Their actions are either to avoid punishment or to gain rewards.

evaluation of Piaget's theory

-Recent research has shown that rudiments of many of Piaget's key concepts (e.g., object permanence) may begin to appear at earlier stages than Piaget proposed -For example, research that involved tracking infants' eye movements has found that infants as young as 3 months continue to stare at the place where the object disappeared from sight, indicating some degree of object permanence 1. Not all people reach formal operational thought 2. The theory may be biased in favor of Western culture 3. There is no real theory of what occurs after the onset of adolescence 4. Despite refinements, recent research has indeed shown that cognitive development seems to proceed in the general sequence of stages that Piaget proposed

gestalt laws

-SPC^3 -similarity: figures similar to each other are grouped together -proximity: grouping nearby figures together -closure: fill in gaps to create whole objects and preferences for closed rather than open objects -continuity: preference for smooth contours/patterns rather than abrupt discontinuous ones -connectedness: perceived linked objects as a single item

social development

-STRANGER ANXIETY is the fear of strangers that develops at around 8 months -this is the age at which infants form schemas for familiar faces and cannot assimilate a new face

transduction in the ear

-Sound waves hit the eardrum then hammer then anvil then stirrup then oval window. -Everything is just vibrating. -Then the cochlea vibrates. -The cochlea is lined with mucus called basilar membrane. In basilar membrane there are hair cells. -When hair cells vibrate they turn vibrations into neural impulses which are called organ of Corti. -Sent then to thalamus up auditory nerve.

pre operational stage

-The child's thinking becomes more symbolic and language-based, but remains egocentric and lacks the mental operations that allow logical thinking -EGOCENTRISM is the inability to distinguish one's own perceptions, thoughts, and feelings from those of others -Cannot perceive the world from another person's perspective

biological theories of personality

-What % of personality is inherited -heritability? -We are not sure BUT temperaments do seem to be stable from infants to old age.

trait

-a characteristic pattern of behavior -a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

concepts

-a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people -concepts are similar to Piaget's idea of schemas

prototypes

-a mental image or best (typical) example of a category -if a new object is similar to our prototype, we are better able to recognize it

perceptual set

-a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another -based on top down processing -we perceive by filling the gaps in what we sense -based on our experiences and schemas -if you see many old men in glasses you are more apt to process a picture of an old man (even when you may be in error)

representativeness heuristic

-a rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype -can cause us to ignore important information -judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to the prototypes the person holds in their mind -ex: thinking everyone from Nantucket is preppy or someone with glasses is nerdy or a blonde is not smart

heuristics

-a rule of thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently -a short cut (that can be prone to errors)

insight

-a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem -no real strategy involved

mental set

-a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially if it has worked in the past -may or may not be a good thing

empirically derived test

-a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups -such as the MMPI

depth perception

-ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional -allows us to judge distance

unconscious

-according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories -contemporary viewpoint- information processing of which we are unaware -deep hidden reservoir that holds the true "us". all of our desires and fears

embryo

-after two weeks, the zygote develops into an embryo -lasts about 6 weeks -heart begins to beat and the organs begin to develop -the "baby" is more vulnerable to damage at this stage than any others. don't drink or do drugs

Frequency Theory

-all hairs vibrate but at different speeds -We sense pitch by the basilar membrane vibrating at the same rate as the sound. -But this theory has trouble explaining high pitch sounds because our hairs cannot vibrate at certain speeds. -This problem can be explained using the volley principle.

two word stage

-at age 12 uses two words to communicate meanings called telegraphic speech -before 2nd year a child starts to speak in two words sentences this form of speech is called telegraphic speech because the child speaks like a telegram: "go car"

language development

-babbling stage -one-word stage -two word stage -children learn their native languages much before learning to add 2+2 -we learn on average (after age 1) 3,500 words a year, amassing 60,000 words by the time we graduate from high school

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

-begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied -then higher-level safety needs become active -then psychological needs become active

motion perception

-brain interprets shrinking objects as receding and enlarging objects as approaching -objects that are farther away appear to be moving more slowly -think of a plane in the sky or a truck in the distance

taste

-bumps on our tongue called papillae -taste buds on papillae -sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

sublimation

-channeling one's frustration toward a different goal -sometimes a healthy defense mechanism

critical period

-limited time in which an event can occur, usually to result in some kind of transformation. -A "critical period" in developmental psychology is a time in the early stages of an organism's life during which it displays a heightened sensitivity to certain environmental stimuli, and develops in particular ways due to experiences at this time. If the organism does not receive the appropriate stimulus during this "critical period", it may be difficult, ultimately less successful, or even impossible, to develop some functions later in life the optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produce proper development

basilar membrance

-membrane in cochlea covered in tiny hair cells that amplify sound waves cause a membrane at the base of the cochlea to vibrate in a certain frequency -then causes waves in fluid of the cochlea, bending hair cells on the basilar membrane, opening ion channels and sending a neural message to the thalamus via the auditory nerve -message is passed to auditory cortex in temporal lobe

difference threshold

-minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time -just noticeable difference

absolute threshold

-minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time -the wing of a bee falling on your cheek from a height of 1 cm

monocular cues vs. binocular cues

-mono-1 eye -bi- 2 eyes -fusion- brain bring two images together

convergent thinking

-more conforming but just as good -sometimes the standard way is the best

cones

-near Center of retina -fine detail and color vision -daylight or well-lit conditions -6 million -not sensitive to light -color sensitive

feature dectectors

-nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features -shape -angle -movement

Mary Ainsworth insecure-avoidant (20%)

-not distressed at mother leaving or stranger arriving; cool response when mother returns -Probably caused by distant mothers

zygote/zygote stage

-once the sperm penetrates the egg- we have a fertilized egg -first stage of prenatal development. lasts about 2 weeks and consists of rapid cell division -zygote stage-less than 1/2 of all zygotes survive first two weeks -after 10 days of conception the zygote will attach itself to the uterine wall -the outer part of zygote becomes the placenta (which filters nutrients).

rods

-peripheral retina -detect black, white and gray -twilight or low light -120 million -sensitive to light -not color sensitive

opponent processes

-phenomenon of a negative afterimage is caused by opponent processes -after staring at one object for a long time the stimulated cells use up resources and begin to get tired -once the object is removed these cells will have to fire below baseline for a bit to recover lost resources -meanwhile their opponent cells will fire at baseline- at a relatively higher rate -this causes a negative afterimage

fetal alcohol syndrome

-physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by pregnant women's heavy drinking -severe causes symptoms include facial disproportions

signal detection theory

-predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise) -assumes that there is no single absolute threshold -detection depends partly on person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue

touch

-pressure -warmth -cold -pain

Margaret Washburn

-proved mind could be observed which went against psychology teachings -wrote The Animal Mind -first woman PhD from Cornell -all mental functions lead to physical reaction -theory of consciousness -studies found middle ground between structuralism and behaviorism

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (three-color) Theory

-realized that any color can be created by combining the light waves of three primary colors- red, green, blue -so they guessed that we have 3 different types of receptors cells in our eyes. together they can pick any combination of our 7 million color variations -most colorblind people simply lack cone receptor cells for one or more of these primary colors

displacement

-redirecting one's feelings toward another person or object -often displaced on less threatening things

types of heurisitics

-representativeness heuristic -availability heuristic

binocular cues

-retina disparity -convergence

algorithms

-rule that guarantees the right solution to a problem -usually by using a formula -the work but are sometimes impractical

vestibular sense

-sensations of body rotation and of gravitation and movement arise in the inner ear; the sense organs are the hair cells that send out signals over the auditory nerve -tells us where our body is oriented in space -our sense of balance -located in our semicircular canals in ears

babbling stage

-starting at 3-4 months the infant makes spontaneous sounds (momma dadda babba) not limited to the phonemes of the infant's household language -beginning at 4 months the infant spontaneously utter various sounds like ahh goo -babbling is not imitation of adult speech

Jean Piaget

-studied children's intelligence -stages of cognitive development

Mary Ainsworth

-studied children's' attachment styles. -She would place a mother and young child in a room. The independent variable was a "strange situation" like a stranger or have the mother leave the room. -The dependent variable was how the child would react.

Mary Ainsworth

-studied maternal attachment -other of attachment theory

B.F. Skinner

-studied reinforcement -B.F Skinner Box -operant conditioning

Abraham Maslow

-studied self-actualization processes of productive and healthy people -Maslow's hierarchy of needs

cognitive psychologists

-study these mental activities: concept formation, problem solving, decision making, judgment formation

melatonin

A hormone produced by pineal gland at night to help you sleep. Sunlight tells your body to stop producing it. Helps regulate circadian rhythms

Iconic Memory

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli EX: a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second

aging and other abilities

A number of cognitive abilities decline with age. However, vocabulary and general knowledge increase with age.

Aversive Conditioning

A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior. With this technique, temporary conditioned aversion to alcohol has been reported.

Systematic Desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli commonly used to treat phobias.

Phobias

Anxiety occurs because of a specific object, activity or situation. Irrational fear that disrupts behavior. Specific phobia: fear of situation (thunderstorm, heights) or things (insects).

Information-Processing Theory

Dreams act to sort out and understand the memories that you experience that day. Evidence: REM sleep does increase after stressful events.

Freud's wish-fulfillment Theory

Dreams are access to our unconscious mind (our wishes and anxieties)

Priming

Be presented with words, you would have an easier time later identifying the words later

DSM-V updates to Mood Disorders

Contains Several New Depressive Disorders DISRUPTIVE MOOD REGULATION DISORDER New Diagnosis for Children up to age 18 who exhibit persistent irritability and frequent episodes of extreme behavioral dyscontrol. (Reason: Over diagnosis of Bipolar in children) PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC DISORDER (PMDD) - Severe form of PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome)

primary sexual characteristics

During puberty primary sexual characteristics — the reproductive organs and external genitalia — develop rapidly.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

DEFININTION: "A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, occurring since age of 15." (DSM 5) WHO: Mainly men Cause: Abuse / Neglect, Erratic Parenting, Genes WARNING SIGNS AS CHILD: Setting fires, Abusing animals, Destruction of property, Theft Sexual abuse as a child LINKED WITH WHAT MAJOR DISORDER: Conduct Disorder ADHD People with this disorder are prone to criminal behavior, believing that their victims are weak and deserving of being taken advantage of. They tend to lie and steal They are often aggressive and are much more concerned with their own needs than the needs of others. they are careless with money and take action without thinking about consequences

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

DEFININTION: "A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior." (DSM 5) WHO: Mainly men CAUSE: Genetics LINKED WITH WHAT MAJOR DISORDER: Have relatives with schizophrenia

Schizoid Personality Disorder

DEFININTION: "A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationship and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal setting" (DSM, 5). WHO: Male CAUSE: Environment & Genes LINKED WITH WHAT MAJOR DISORDER: Schizophrenia avoid relationships and do not show much emotion

Borderline Personality Disorder

DEFININTION: "A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects and marked impulsivity." (DSM5) WHO: Mainly women CAUSE: Environment & Genes LINKED WITH WHAT MAJOR DISORDER: Depression Anxiety Disorder including PTSD Substance Abuse Disorders Eating Disorders characterized by mood instability and poor self-image they will take their anger out on themselves, causing themselves injury Suicidal thoughts are not uncommon

Split-half Reliability

Dividing the test into two equal halves and assessing how consistent the scores are.

Declarative memory

Division of LTM that stores explicit information (also known as fact memory)

Procedural memory

Division of LTM that stores memories for how things are done

Encoding

Effortful Processing Rehearsal

emerging adulthood

Emerging adulthood spans ages 18-25. During this time, young adults may live with their parents and attend college or work. On average, emerging adults marry in their mid-twenties.

3 Basic Tasks of Learning

Encoding Storage Retrieval

Gordan Allport and Raymond Cattel

Gordon described three personality traits Cardinal Traits - "Ruling passions" Common Traits - Honesty Secondary Traits - Nervous Raymond Cattel - 16 pairs of "Source Traits "

4 categories of PTSD

INTRUSION: Flashbacks, nightmares, distressing memories HYPERAROUSAL: Hypervigilance, irritable or angry outbursts, exaggerated startle response, difficulties concentrating and sleeping AVOIDANCE: memories, reminders NEGATIVE ALTERATIONS IN COGNITIONS AND MOOD (associated w/event): Inability to recall aspects of event, negative beliefs, distorted cognitions, persistent negative emotions, detachment, loss of interest

Intellectual Disability

IQ - 70 or below Disability in: memory, reasoning, math, language Social skills, empathy Can not take care of themselves

REM Re-Bound Effect

If you lack REM sleep one night you get more the next night in order to compensate

forming an identity

In Western cultures, many adolescents try out different selves before settling into a consistent and comfortable identity. Having such an identity leads to forming close relationships.

Forgetting as encoding failure

Information never enters the long-term memory, can result from failure to retrieve information from long-term memory

aging and intelliegnce

Longitudinal studies suggest that intelligence remains relative as we age. It is believed today that fluid intelligence (ability to reason speedily) declines with age, but crystalline intelligence (accumulated knowledge and skills) does not.

adulthood's commitments

Love and work are defining themes in adult life. Evolutionary psychologists believe that commitment has survival value. Parents that stay together are likely to leave a viable future generation. Happiness stems from working in a job that fits your interests and provides you with a sense of competence and accomplishment.

Circadian Rhythm

Our 24 hour biological clock. Our body temperature and awareness changes throughout the day. It is best to take a test or study during your circadian peaks.

permissive parents

Parents submit to their children's desires, make few demands and use little punishment.

cognitive development

Piaget believed that the driving force behind intellectual development is our biological development amidst experiences with the environment. our cognitive development is shaped by the errors we make.

Assessing Intelligence Performance

Picture Completion Picture Arrangement Block Design Object Assembly Digit-Symbol Substitution

Causes of Schizophrenia

Psychological: Family communication-cause or result Stressful situation-cause or result Age-late adolescent/early adulthood-reaction to independence Brain-based: Excess dopamine-hallucinations & paranoia Decreased frontal lobe activity Enlarged fluid-filled areas/less cerebral tissue (limbic system) Pre-natal Explanation-mid-pregnancy viral infections

adulthood's ages and stages

Psychologists doubt that adults pass through an orderly sequence of age-bound stages. Mid-life crises at 40 are less likely to occur than crises triggered by major events (divorce, new marriage).

developmental issues/ continuity and stages

Researchers who view development as a slow, continuous process are generally those who emphasize experience and learning. Biologists, on the other hand, view maturation and development as a series of genetically predisposed steps or stages. These include psychologists like Piaget, Kohlberg and Erikson.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Sense of entitlement HIGH LEVELS OF SELF ESSTEEM Think they are hot shit They exaggerate their achievements, expecting others to recognize them as being superior Self-centered It has been normalized in our society They tend to be choosy about picking friends, since they believe that not just anyone is worthy of being their friend. They are generally uninterested in the feelings of others and may take advantage of them.

3 stages of memory

Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory

Atkinson Shiffrin Model Memory

Sensory, Short Term, Long-Term memory

separation anxiety

Separation anxiety peaks at 13 months of age, regardless of whether the children are home or sent to day care.

Depressants

Slow down mental and physical activity by inhibiting transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system Barbiturates, Valium, Alcohol, GABA

Somatic Symptom

Soma = body Physical illnesses caused by the mind ex: conversion disorder - significant loss of bodily function with no physical cause Ex: hysterical blindness - blindness after traumatic event (no physical cause)

Storage

Strong emotions make for stronger memories some stress hormones boost learning and retention

Semantic memory

Subdivision of declarative memory that stores general knowledge, including meanings of words and concepts

Episodic memory

Subdivision of declarative memory that stores memories for personal events, or "episodes"

Autism Spectrum Disorder

The DSM-5 no longer differentiates between Asperger's, PDD, etc.! Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, as manifested by at least two of the following, currently or by history 1. Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech 2. Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns or verbal nonverbal behavior 3. Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity 4. Hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input or unusual interests in sensory aspects of the environment

Validity

The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.

Consolidation

The process by which short-term memories are changed to long-term memories

old age: alzheimer's disease

The risk for developing Alzheimer's disease also increases with age. Individuals who are in the early stages of this disease show more MRI activity in the brain than do normal individuals of the same age.

Normal Curve

The symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

Standardization

The test must be pre-tested to a representative sample of people Form a normal distribution or bell curve. Defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested "standardization group"

Disorganized Thinking

The thinking of a person with Schizophrenia is fragmented and bizarre and distorted with false beliefs. comes from a breakdown in selective attention.- they cannot filter out information.

Behavior Therapy

Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. To treat phobias or sexual disorders, behavior therapists do not delve deeply below the surface looking for inner causes. Don't give a shit about where the problems come from Concious awareness Try to deal with the symptoms

Sleep Stages

There are 5 identified stages of sleep. It takes about 90-100 minutes to pass through the stages. The brain's waves will change according to the sleep stage you are in. The first four stages and known as NREM sleep. The fifth stage is called REM sleep.

Dissociative Amnesia

This disorder is characterized by a blocking out of critical personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature.

well-being across the life span

Well-being and people's feelings of satisfaction are stable across the life span.

EQ

What is a better indicator of success?

Reliability

When it yields consistent results

HM

a case study Bicycle accident at age 9 After accident: intractable epilepsy Surgery in 1953: surgery at age 27 During surgery: bilateral damage to hippocampus and mediotemporal lobes Result: not able to form new memories/does not know that he has disorder/thinks it is 1953: 27 yrs. Old

Humanistic therapy

aim to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance. active listening

Cognitive-behavior therapy

aims to alter the way people act (behavior therapy) and alter the way they think (cognitive therapy).

self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to the question, "Who am I?"

Deja Vu

already seen cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience "I've experienced this before."

unconditional positive regard

an attitude of total acceptance toward another

phi phenonmeon

an illusion created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession, creating the perception of movement (lighted signs, illusions)

personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

gestalt

an organized whole that is perceived as more than the sum of its parts

bottom up processing

analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information -a progression from individual elements to the whole (start small then work your way up)(start focusing on trees, then you pay attention to the forest)

Reinforcer

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Method of Loci

applying memory to your own life

competent newborn

offspring cries are important signals for parents to provide nourishment. in animals and humans such cries are quickly attended to and relieved

another name for smell

olfaction

Delusions

false beliefs thinking you are a famous actor

motor development

first, infants begin to roll over. next, they sit unsupported, crawl, and finally walk. experience has little effect on this sequence

Carl Rogers

focused on growth and fulfillment of individuals -genuineness -acceptance -empathy unconditional positive regard self-concept

Ebbinghaus

forgetting curve over 30 days-- initially rapid, then levels off with time

Creative Intelligence

generating novel ideas. Ability to analyze problems and find correct answers; ability measured by most IQ tests (logical reasoning)

animism

giving animal qualities to inanimate objects

individualism

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

collectivism

giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly

retina

has photoreceptors (rods and cones) where transduction occurs

short wavelengths

high frequencies (bluish colors, high pitched sounds)

place theory

high frequency sounds vibrate most near the opening of the cochlea whereas lower frequency sounds vibrate more at the other end. the brain interprets the pitch based on which nerves are firing

amplitude

how loud the sound is. the higher the crest of the wave is the louder the sound is. is it measured in decibels

interposition

if something is blocking our view we perceive it as closer

relative size

if we know that two objects are similar in size that one that looks smaller is father away

ames room

illusion where one side looks huge and the other side looks small

Antidepressant drugs

improve the mood by elevating levels of serotonin by inhibiting reuptake

Misinformation Effect

incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

Long-term Potentiation

increase in synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation

inner ear

innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

cognitive development in the newborn

investigators study infants becoming habituated to objects over period of time. infants pay more attention to new objects than habituated ones, which shows they are learning

Psychotherapy

involves an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and a mental patient

Counterconditioning

is a procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

is characterized by a distrust of others and a constant suspicion that people around you have sinister motives. Everyone is out to get you.

continuity/stages

is developmental a gradual, continuous process or a sequence of separate stages?

precognition

knowing things before they happen

where do neural signals from optic nerve travel to?

lateral geniculate nucleus

language and age

learning new languages gets harder with age

long wavelengths

low frequencies (reddish colors, low pitched sounds)

LSD (Serotonin)

lysergic acid diethylamide a powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid

Recall

measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier as on a fill-in-the blank test

Relearning

memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material a second time

cognition

mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD

show a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development: Inattention: Six or more symptoms of inattention for children up to age 16, or five or more for adolescents 17 and older and adults; symptoms of inattention have been present for at least 6 months, and they are inappropriate for developmental level: Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, at work, or with other activities. Often has trouble holding attention on tasks or play activities. Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly. Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (e.g., loses focus, side-tracked). Often has trouble organizing tasks and activities. Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to do tasks that require mental effort over a long period of time (such as schoolwork or homework). Often loses things necessary for tasks and activities (e.g. school materials, pencils, books, tools, wallets, keys, paperwork, eyeglasses, mobile telephones). Is often easily distracted Is often forgetful in daily activities.

Memory as Information Processing

similar to a computer write to file save to disk read from disk

candle-mounting problem

solving this problem requires recognizing that a box need not always serve as a container

Anorexia

starving yourself

Conditioned Reinforcer

stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with primary reinforcer secondary reinforcer

psychophysics

study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them -light-brightness -sound-volume -pressure-weight -taste-sweetness

Infantile amnesia

stuff we don't remember as babies

Mood-congruent Memory

tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood memory, emotions, or moods serve as retrieval cues

perceptual constancy

the ability to perceive an object is the same even as the illumination and retinal image changes

texture gradient

the coarser it looks the closer it is

wavelength

the distance from peak of one light wave to the peak of the next. the distance determines the hue (color) of the light we perceive

maturation and infant memory

the earliest age of conscious memory is around 3 1/2. a 5 year old has a sense of self and an increased long term memory, thus organization of memory different form 3-4 years

perceiving images

the first step in perceiving an image is determining the figure and ground

learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Weber's Law

the idea that, to perceive a difference between two stimuli, they must differ by a constant percentage; not a constant amount

fixation

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective

reciprocal determinism

the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors

retina

the light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing recepetor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

THC (Dopamine)

the major active ingredient in marijuana triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

stroboscopic effect

the perception of motion produced by a rapid succession of slightly varying images (animation, movies)

external locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate

color constancy

the perception that familiar objects have a consistent color even is changing illuminations alter the wavelength reflected

internal locus of control

the perception that one controls one's own fate

identification

the process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

sensation

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive stimulus from the environment

accommodation

the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina

perception

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

Heritability

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes variability depends on range of populations and environments studied

Manifest Content

the remembered storyline of a dream

body rotation sensation

the sensation of body rotation arises in the 3 semicircular canals in the inner ear. movement of fluid in the canals stimulates hair cells

functional fixedness

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions

Latent Content

the underlying meaning of a dream

framing

the way a problem is presented can drastically affect the way we view it


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