AP psych unit 6: developmental psychology

Erikson's 8 stages of psychosocial development

1. Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt 3. Initiative vs. Guilt 4. Industry vs. Inferiority 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation 8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Baumrind's 4 styles of parenting

1. authoritative: warm + control 2. authoritarian: cold + control 3. permissive: warm + no control 4. neglecting/rejecting: cold + no control

Harry Harlow

1905-1981; Field: development; Contributions: realized that touch is preferred in development; Studies: Rhesus monkeys, studied attachment of infant monkeys (wire mothers v. cloth mothers)

Mary Ainsworth

1913-1999; Field: development; Contributions: compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; Studies: The Strange Situation-observation of parent/child attachment

Trust v. Mistrust

1st stage in Erikson's model; infants must learn to view the world as a predictable, safe place or face a future of guarded skepicism

Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt

2nd stage in Erikson's model; toddlers must be able to exercise some independence or will be ashamed and uncertain of their abilities

longitudinal study

A research approach that follows a group of people over time to determine change or stability in behavior.

postconventional morality

Affirms people's agreed-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles.

Dementia

An abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive defects that include memory impairment.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

integrity vs despair

Erikson's final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's stage between 6 and 11 years, when the child learns to be productive

identity vs. role confusion

Erikson's stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities

Jean Piaget

Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation

zone of proximal development

In Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they recieve proper guidance and instruction

Authoritarian

Parents with an authoritarian style have very high expectations of their children, yet provide very little in the way of feedback and nurturance

Continuity vs. Discontinuity

The continuity theory says that development is a gradual, continuous process. On the other hand, the discontinuity theory says that development occurs in a series of distinct stages.

strange situation

a behavioral test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child's attachment style

schema

a conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world

Responsiveness

a process in which interaction partners attend to and respond supportively to each other's needs, wishes, and circumstances, thereby promoting each other's well-being.

Alzheimer's disease

a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning

Cross-Sectional study

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

accommodation

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

Teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

attachment

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

sexual orientation

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)

critical period

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

temperament

basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin

Maturation

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

Lev Vygotsky

child development; investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development; zone of proximal development; play research

hypothetical thought

cognitive awareness of experiences and ideas that are not part of the concrete, present situation

Habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

Demandingness

degree to which parents set down rules and expectations for behavior and require their children to comply with them

Androgyny

displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

perconventional morality

first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is goverened by the consequences of he behavior

fluid and crystallized intelligence

fluid intelligence: one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood. crystallized intelligence: one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Gender roles and stereotypes

generalizations concerning how men and women should express themselves and the characteristics each possesses

Diana Baumrind

her theory of parenting styles had three main types (permissive, authoratative, & authoritarian)

Egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

pre operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Gender

in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Carol Gilligan

moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and found that they did not score as high on his six stage scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles. Their reasoning was merely different, not better or worse

Lawrence Kohlberg

moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why?

Nature vs. Nurture

name for a controversy in which it is debated whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior

Erik Erikson

neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"

authoritiative

parents are both demanding and responsive, encourage discussion

permissive neglectful

parents make few demands, with little structure or monitoring, and show little interest or emotional support; may be actively rejecting

theory of mind

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

permissive indulgent

permissive parenting in which parents are so involved that children are allowed to behave without set limits

fetal alcohol syndrome

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking

Albert Bandura

pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play

Konrad Lorenz

researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting

conventional morality

second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior

reflexes (examples)

specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

sex

the biological distinction between females and males

social clock

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

Fetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

Embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

Zygote

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

menarche

the first menstrual period

puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Imprinting

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

developmental psychology

the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

menopause

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

adolescence

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

primary and secondary sex characteristics

• Primary sex characteristics include the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible • Secondary sex characteristics include nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair