AP psych unit 6: developmental psychology
Erikson's 8 stages of psychosocial development
1. Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt 3. Initiative vs. Guilt 4. Industry vs. Inferiority 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation 8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Baumrind's 4 styles of parenting
1. authoritative: warm + control 2. authoritarian: cold + control 3. permissive: warm + no control 4. neglecting/rejecting: cold + no control
Harry Harlow
1905-1981; Field: development; Contributions: realized that touch is preferred in development; Studies: Rhesus monkeys, studied attachment of infant monkeys (wire mothers v. cloth mothers)
Mary Ainsworth
1913-1999; Field: development; Contributions: compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; Studies: The Strange Situation-observation of parent/child attachment
Trust v. Mistrust
1st stage in Erikson's model; infants must learn to view the world as a predictable, safe place or face a future of guarded skepicism
Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt
2nd stage in Erikson's model; toddlers must be able to exercise some independence or will be ashamed and uncertain of their abilities
longitudinal study
A research approach that follows a group of people over time to determine change or stability in behavior.
postconventional morality
Affirms people's agreed-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles.
Dementia
An abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive defects that include memory impairment.
Sigmund Freud
Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.
integrity vs despair
Erikson's final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives
Industry vs. Inferiority
Erikson's stage between 6 and 11 years, when the child learns to be productive
identity vs. role confusion
Erikson's stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service
Initiative vs. Guilt
Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities
Jean Piaget
Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation
zone of proximal development
In Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they recieve proper guidance and instruction
Authoritarian
Parents with an authoritarian style have very high expectations of their children, yet provide very little in the way of feedback and nurturance
Continuity vs. Discontinuity
The continuity theory says that development is a gradual, continuous process. On the other hand, the discontinuity theory says that development occurs in a series of distinct stages.
strange situation
a behavioral test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child's attachment style
schema
a conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world
Responsiveness
a process in which interaction partners attend to and respond supportively to each other's needs, wishes, and circumstances, thereby promoting each other's well-being.
Alzheimer's disease
a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning
Cross-Sectional study
a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
accommodation
adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
Teratogens
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
attachment
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
sexual orientation
an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)
critical period
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
temperament
basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin
Maturation
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
Lev Vygotsky
child development; investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development; zone of proximal development; play research
hypothetical thought
cognitive awareness of experiences and ideas that are not part of the concrete, present situation
Habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.
Demandingness
degree to which parents set down rules and expectations for behavior and require their children to comply with them
Androgyny
displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics
perconventional morality
first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is goverened by the consequences of he behavior
fluid and crystallized intelligence
fluid intelligence: one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood. crystallized intelligence: one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
Gender roles and stereotypes
generalizations concerning how men and women should express themselves and the characteristics each possesses
Diana Baumrind
her theory of parenting styles had three main types (permissive, authoratative, & authoritarian)
Egocentrism
in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
pre operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
sensorimotor stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
concrete operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
formal operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
Gender
in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female
assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
Carol Gilligan
moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and found that they did not score as high on his six stage scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles. Their reasoning was merely different, not better or worse
Lawrence Kohlberg
moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why?
Nature vs. Nurture
name for a controversy in which it is debated whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior
Erik Erikson
neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"
authoritiative
parents are both demanding and responsive, encourage discussion
permissive neglectful
parents make few demands, with little structure or monitoring, and show little interest or emotional support; may be actively rejecting
theory of mind
people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.
permissive indulgent
permissive parenting in which parents are so involved that children are allowed to behave without set limits
fetal alcohol syndrome
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking
Albert Bandura
pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play
Konrad Lorenz
researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting
conventional morality
second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior
reflexes (examples)
specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation
object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
sex
the biological distinction between females and males
social clock
the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
Fetus
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
Embryo
the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
Zygote
the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
menarche
the first menstrual period
puberty
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
conservation
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
Imprinting
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
developmental psychology
the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
menopause
the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
adolescence
the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
primary and secondary sex characteristics
• Primary sex characteristics include the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible • Secondary sex characteristics include nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair