AP Psychology- Chapter 1

why is the underrepresentation of racial and ethnic minorities of psychologists significant?

1) fields of psychology is diminished by a lack of the diverse perspectives and talents that minority group members provide 2) Minority group psychologists serve as role models for members of minority communities, and when they are not present, it might deter other minority group members from entering the field. 3) because members of minority groups often prefer to receive psychological therapy from treatment providers of their own race or ethnic groups, and it is not usual of minority psychologists to discourage some members of minority groups from seeking treatment

Key issues and controversies of psychology

1) nature Vs. Nurture 2) conscious Vs. unconscious 3) free will Vs. determinism 4) individual differences Vs. universal principals

PhD

Doctor of Philosophy that requires a dissertation based on an original investigation

conscious Vs. unconscious

How much of our behavior is produced by forces of which we are fully aware, and how much is due to unconscious activity -mental processes that are not accessible to the conscious mind?

what is the future of psychology likely to hold?

Psychology will become increasingly specialized, will pay greater attention to prevention instead of just treatment, will become more and more concerned with the public interest, and will take the growing diversity of the country's population into account more fully.

Charles Darwin

Scientist who wrote- "on the origin of species"

Determanism

The idea that people's behaviors are produced primarily by factors outside their willful control

Developmental Psychology

a branch of psychology that studies how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death

B. F. Skinner

a pioneer in the field of the behavioral perspective

Introspection

a procedure that Wundt and other structuralists used in which they presented people with a stimulus and asked them to describe, in their own words and with the most detain. what they were experiencing

psychodynamic perspective

a prospective which argues that behavior is matured by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness and control

Gestalt Psychology

a psychological approach that emphasizes how perception is organized instead of considering the individual parts, that make up thinking. Gestalt psychologists took the opposite tack, studying how people consider individual elements together as units or wholes.

William James

an American psychologist who led to the functionalist movement, and examined how people satisfy their needs through their behavior.

Sigmund Freud

an Austrian physician in the early 1900's whose ideas about unconscious determinants of behavior had a revolutionary effect on the 20th century, not just in psychology, but in related fields as well

carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow

central figures in the development of the humanistic perspective, people strive to reach their full potential if given the opportunity

evolutionary psychology

considers how behavior is influences by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors.

neuroscience perspective

considers how people and nonhuman function biologically: how individual nerve cells are joined together, how the inheritance of certain characteristics from parents and other ancestors influence behavior, how the functioning of the body affects hopes and fears, which behaviors and instinctual, and so forth.

clinical psychology

deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders

PsyD

doctors of psychology that is obtained by psychologists who want to focus on the treatment of psychological disorders

health psychology

explores the relationship between psychological factors and physical ailments or disease

Cogitive perspective

focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world

behavioral geneticists

focuses on the biological mechanisms, such as genes and chromosomes, that enable inherited behavior to unfold.

personality psychology

focuses on the consistency in people's behavior over time and the traits that differentiate one person from another.

clinical neuropsychology

focuses on the origin of psychological disorders in biological factors

counseling psychology

focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems. Almost every college has a center staffed with counseling psychologists

Margret Floy Washburn, Letta Setter Hollingworth, Mary Calkins, Karen Horney, June Etta Downey, Anna Freund

founding women in the field of psychology

Psychiatrists differ from psychologists in that they

have medical degrees and specialize in the diagnosis of psychological disorders, often using treatment that involve the prescription of drugs

Max Wertheimer

he was a gestalt psychologist that proposed that the whole is different from the sum of its parts

nature Vs. Nurture

how much is due to nature, the influences of the physical and social environment in which a child is raised? What is the interplay between heredity and environment?

individual differences Vs. Uneversal Principals

how much of our behavior is a consequence of our unique and special qualities the individual differences that differences that differentiate us from other people

free will Vs. Determanism

how much of our behavior is a matter of free will and how much is subjected to determinism

cross-cultural ppsychology

investigates the similarities and differences in psychological functionings in and across various cultures and ethnic groups.

structuralism

started by Wilhel Wundt, and is focused on uncovering the fundamental mental components of perception, consciousness, thinking, emotions, and other kinds of mental states and activities

humanistic perspective

suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior

behavioral perspective

suggests that the focus should be an observable behavior that can be measured objectively.

Experimental Psychology

the branch of psychology that studies the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning and thinking about the world

John B Watson

the first major American psychologist to advocate a behavioral approach

free will

the idea that behavior is caused primarily by choices that are made freely by the individual

functionalism

the perspective that replaced structuralism, rather than focusing in the mind's structure, it is concentrated on what the mind does and how behavior functions

Psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It encompasses not just what people do, but also their thoughts, emotions, perceptions, reasoning processes, memories, and even the biological activities that maintain bodily functioning.

social psychology

the study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others

behavioral neuroscience

the subfield of psychology that focuses on how the brain and the nervous system, as well as the other biological aspects of the body, determine behavior