AP Psychology Chapter 8: Development Across the Life Span
Which of the following ages is considered the period of adolescence?
13-early 20s
Humans have a total of ____ chromosomes in normal developmental cases.
46
How many stages did Kubler-Ross identify among terminally ill patients who knew they were going to die?
5
Which of the following is a false statement?
Babies can tell the difference between the smell of their mother's milk and another's within a few days of birth.
Which of the following is a special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism?
DNA
____ develop when two eggs each get fertilized by two different sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time.
Dizygotic twins
In ____ Syndrome, the 21st pair of chromosomes contains an extra chromosome resulting in symptoms such as wide-set almond-shaped eyes and mental retardation.
Down
Which of the following theorists believe that people go through stages, each of which has a "crisis" associated with it?
Erikson
Which of the following is a weakness associated with longitudinal research?
It costs a lot in terms of time and money.
Darnell was born a male with an extra X chromosome on the 23rd pair. As result, he has reduced masculine characteristics, enlarged breasts, and is obese and excessively tall. Which disorder is likely to be diagnosed?
Klinefelter's
Who interviewed terminally ill patients and concluded they went through a series of stages in dealing with their impending deaths?
Kubler-Ross
Which of the following statements is true?
Newborns prefer sweet flavors first.
Preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations are all stages devised by ____.
Piaget
____ is most famous for his theory that all children go through a series of sequential stages of cognitive development.
Piaget
What event marks the end of the Piagetian stage of sensorimotor development?
The development of object permanence
Which of the following describes the way in which monozygotic twins occur?
The egg is fertilized by a single sperm and then splits completely into two separate zygotes.
An old man beat up 2 men who had raped his daughter. If you were asked, "Was the old man right to do this?" which answer would be HIGHEST according to Kohlberg's level of moral development?
The man was right, according to his belief that his daughter had been unjustly wronged, and he was correcting this wrong.
Diseases carried by recessive genes are inherited when _______.
a child inherits two recessive genes, once from each parent
A characteristic that first shows up in the formal operations stage is ____.
abstract thinking
The final stage of approaching one's impending death is, according to Kubler-Ross:
acceptance
Erik knows that the Saint Bernard is a large dog instead of a little pony. This is an example of what Piaget called ____.
accommodation
Adjusting behavior or thoughts to fit new environmental demands is called ____.
accomodation
According to Erikson, a conflict of identity vs. role confusion occurs during:
adolescence
John, a 43 year old father dying of cancer, makes frequent nasty remarks to his wife such as, "You can't wait until I die so you can get the insurance money and live it up, can you." This illustrates which of Kubler-Ross' stages?
anger
Piaget attributed cognitive development to the interaction of what two processes?
assimilation and accommodation
Audrey is a normal, healthy two-year old. Her main task, according to Erikson, will be to develop a sense of ____.
autonomy
Erikson's theory of social development viewed the ages of two to three, his second stage, as being characterized by the major challenge of ____.
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of ____.
cognitive development
The study of psychological and physical changes from conception to death is ____ psychology.
comparative psychology
According to Piaget, children learn to retrace their thoughts, correct themselves, see more than one dimension to a problem, but cannot yet handle abstract concepts during the ____ stage.
concrete operational
Most young adolescents are at the level of thinking which Piaget described as ____.
concrete operational
According to Piaget, in which stage of cognitive development does the conservation concept first appear?
concrete operations
Brittany and Abby Hensel are ____.
conjoined twins
Katherine is nice to Sally, even though she doesn't like Sally at all, because most of her friends like Sally. Katherine is in which stage of moral development, according to Kohlberg?
conventional
A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is, by definition, using the ____ method.
cross-sectional
Dr. Cross is studying whether the psychological trait of dependency vs. independence changes as one gets older. He collects data from first, fourth, and ninth graders. Dr. Cross is studying the relationship between age and dependency/independency using ____ research.
cross-sectional
Professor Rashad is interested in studying cognitive development. He collects and compares data from a group of 6-year-olds and a group of 10-year-olds. Five years later, he compares these two groups to each other again as well as to their own performance in the study five years ago. What type of research design is Professor Grant using?
cross-sequential design
The typical sequence of the five stages of dying postulated by Kubler-Ross is ____.
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people as they get older. This psychologist is most likely a(n) ____ psychologist.
developmental
The field of ____ focuses on the questions of how people of different ages differ from one another and what caused those differences.
developmental psychology
A gene that actively controls the expression of a trait is called a ____ gene.
dominant
According to Erik Erikson, the crucial task confronting a person approaching death is that of establishing or attaining ____.
ego integrity
According to Erikson, the last stage of development involves the crisis of:
ego-integrity vs. despair
The belief that one is the center of the world is called, by Piaget:
egocentrism
From the second week until the third month after conception, the developing organism is called a(n) ____.
embryo
George, at age 42, lost his job, was divorced by his wife, and couldn't seem to keep friends for very long. George came more and more to feel that he was accomplishing nothing with his life. According to Erikson, George is probably:
experiencing feelings of stagnation.
According to Piaget, children begin to develop concepts and the ability to think in terms of abstractions in the ____ stage.
formal operation
If a child can tell you what "Y" is equal to when you give her the equation X=Y+10, then she is in the ____ stage of cognitive development.
formal operations
Based on Piagetian theory, which of the following relationships is NOT correct?
formal operations-egocentrism
The subjective experience of being male or female is known as ____.
gender
A(n) ____ is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines.
gene
According to Erikson, a sense of producing and contributing to the world is called ____.
generativity
Vinita is at a point in her pregnancy when the zygote is moving down to her uterus, and the placenta and umbilical cord are beginning to form. Which period of prenatal development is Vinita currently experiencing?
germinal
How one develops is determined by continuous interactions between ____ and ____.
heredity;environment
The strange situation procedure, in which researchers unobtrusively watch an infant in the presence or absence of several combinations of the child, caretaker, and stranger, is used to study ____.
identification
In order to make the transition from dependence on parents upon one's self, the adolescent must develop a stable sense of ____ according to Erikson.
identity
Jeremy is sixteen years old. According to Erikson, his chief task will be acquiring a sense of ____.
identity
Agnes is 70 years old. According to Erikson, her main task will be to develop a sense of ____.
integrity
How did Erikson identify the conflict experienced in old age?
integrity vs. despair
Erikson saw the major challenge of young adulthood as that of _______.
intimacy vs. isolation
Ryan has cystic fibrosis. This means that his mother is a carrier for the cystic fibrosis gene, while his father _______.
is also a carrier
Suppose you show a small boy two bars of fresh fudge that are equal on all dimensions (exactly the same size, shape, and weight). You ask him if the two bars are the same, and he says "Yes." You then cut one of the bars into 10 chunks as he watches. You are surprised when he now asks if he can have the cut up fudge because it has more candy than the intact bar. This episode illustrates that the youngster:
is in the preoperational stage
In humans, the machinery for perceiving the world:
is pretty much ready at birth.
A characteristic that first shows up in the concrete operations stage is ____.
logical sequential thinking
Each of the following is a main theme of one of Kubler-Ross' five stages in accepting one's own death, except ____.
loneliness
A developmental psychologist believes that increased TV watching by young children is responsible for a decline in reading scores when these children enter school. To explore her hypothesis, she records the TV watching habits of toddlers in a suburban community. She examines these habits again when the children enter kindergarten and once more when they complete first grade. This method is called ____ testing.
longitudinal
A researcher who studies a fixed group of people over a long period of time is, by definition, using the ____ method.
longitudinal
Dr. Half is studying a group of 25 youngsters from the time they are born until they reach school age. This is known as ____ research.
longitudinal
The local health department of a small town has hired a research firm o study the development of cancer in residents in the town due to a suspected cancer-causing agent and environmental pollution. The researcher will compare data on participants every ten years to see if there are increasing rates of cancer in the town. This type of research study is called a ____.
longitudinal design
Erikson's intimacy vs. isolation crisis would most likely be associated with which event in the family cycle?
marrying
The cessation of menstruation is called ____.
menopause
Generativity or stagnation are two feelings that may dominate a person's life during:
middle adulthood.
A gradual and inevitable decline in the life processes begins in ____.
middle age
Lawrence Kohlberg is noted for his theories of ____ development.
moral
An infant will turn his head toward anything that touches his cheek. This is the ____ reflex.
moro
When adults are surprised by a loud noise, they often show the starle reflex. In infants, the same reflex is called the ____ reflex.
moro
Dr. Chou believes people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences. Dr. Goldberg believes people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement?
nature vs. nurture
According to Piaget, which of the following is crucial to cognitive development at the sensory-motor stage?
objective permanence
Erikson stresses the quality of ______ in personality development.
parent-child relationships
During prenatal development, the organism depends on the ____ to exchange food and waste products with the mother's blood stream.
placenta
Reasoning out what one should do in posed moral dilemmas based on abstract principles of right and wrong and justice illustrates the ____ level of moral development, according to Kohlberg.
postconventional
A typical statement o someone in the ____ level of Kohlberg's moral development would be "I'm not going to steal because I'll probably be punished if I do."
preconventional
According to Kohlberg, children interpret behavior in terms of concrete consequences at the ____ level.
preconventional
In the ____ level of moral development, right and wrong are decided by the probability of subsequent punishment.
preconventional
According to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development between two and seven years of age, in which the individual becomes able to use mental representations and language to describe, remember, and reason about the world, though only in an egocentric fashion, is the ____ stage.
preoperational
The mother of a young child who didn't like to drink milk was trying to coax him to drink some. Taking the glass of milk, she poured it all into a smaller cup and said, "There! Now you won't have to drink so much." She would never have fooled the child if he had not been in the ____ stage.
preoperational
Which of the following is directly concerned with reproduction?
primary sexual characteristics
A gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with another less active gene is called _______.
recessive
Human neonates come into the world equipped with a number of built-in responses called ____.
reflexes
Which of the following is the correct order for Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?
sensory-motor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations
Drugs that can distort the prenatal organism's physical development are called ____.
teratogens
Toxic substances such as alcohol and nicotine that cross the placenta and may result in birth defects are called ____.
teratogens
Facial hair in boys and breasts development in girls are both sings of:
the onset of menarche
15-year-old Harriet has begun to write an impassioned novel about growing up in America. In her novel, she describes her experiences in a way that portrays herself as unique and special, such that no one has ever thought such deep thoughts or experienced such ecstasy before. Harriet's writings most clearly reflect ____.
the personal fable
Kubler-Ross is associated with research on:
the process of adjustment involved in dying.
Ted is a newborn. According to Erikson, his main task will be to develop a sense of ____.
trust
Holly, at age 13, is suspicious of both friends and strangers and very cautious before trying anything new. According to Erikson, these traits were probably formed during Holly's passage through the stage of ____.
trust vs. mistrust
The first stage of Erikson's Personality Theory is known as:
trust vs. mistrust
Which of the following is NOT a stage of development?
uterine
Which of the following developmental sequences is in correct order?
zygote, embryo, fetus, infant