AP Psychology Review- People
Ivan Pavlov
Classical conditioning
**Hans Seyle
GAS theory
John B. Watson
Little Albert experiment; first American behavioralist
B.F. Skinner
Operant conditioning and reinforcement; dominant in psychology for many years
Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson
SFP; children and teachers experiment
***Carl Lange
along with William James, created the James-Lange theory stating that emotion are felt because of biological changes caused by stress
***G. Stanley Hall
began the studies of child development; first APA president
***Howard Gardner
believed in multiple intelligences; each field is separate
**Charles Spearman
believed intelligence could be expressed by a single factor
**Aaron Beck
believed that depression results from negative ideas regarding self, the world, and the future (cognitive triad); created cognitive therapy
***Hans Eyesenck
classified all people on a introversion-extroversion scale and a stable-unstable scale
Carl Jung
collective unconscious
***Richard LaPierre
conducted early studies regarding the relationship between attitudes and behaviors; Asians at restaurants
***Carol Gilligan
contradicted Kohlberg's theory, saying that the stages only applied to boys and that boys and girls don't have the same morality
**Albert Ellis
created REBT; exposing and confronting the dysfunctional thoughts of clients
Ernst Weber
created Weber's laws; the JND for each of the different senses
***David Wechsler
created a different set of IQ tests with different tests for different age groups
**Lawrence Kohlberg
created a stage theory for development based on morality
Carl Rogers
created client-centered therapy, where the therapist gives the client unconditional positive regard
**Mary Cover Jones
created counterconditioning
**Joseph Wolpe
created systematic desensitization
***Paul Costa and Robert McCrae
created the Big Five personality traits (CANOE)
***Walter Cannon and Philip Bard
created the Cannon-Bard theory, stating that biological change and cognitive awareness occur simultaneously
**Edward Thorndike
created the Law of Effect, which stated that if the consequences of a behavior are pleasant, the S-R response will strengthen and the likelihood of the behavior will increase
**Louis Terman
created the Stanford-Binet IQ test also did longitudinal studies of a group of people (termites)
**Robert Rescorla
created the contingency model
Alfred Binet
created the first intelligence test
**Benjamin Whorf
created the linguistic relativity hypothesis
**Erik Erikson
created the psychosocial stage theory
**Robert Sternberg
created the triarchic theory that states that three types of intelligence exist: the ability to compare and contrast, creativity, and practical intelligence
**Stanley Schachter
created the two factor theory
**Albert Bandura
creating his social-learning theory based on observational learning; Bobo dolls also studied triadic reciprocality
***Fritz Perls
developed Gestalt therapy which emphasized the person as a whole
***Raymond Cattell
developed a 16 personality factor test
***Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith
did a study on cognitive dissonance; paying people to lie
**David Rosenhan
did an experiment where perfectly healthy people pretended to be mentally ill
**David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel
discovered that groups of neurons in the visual cortex respond to different types of visual images (different types of feature detectors)
**John Garcia and Robert Koelling
discovered the Garcia Effect, which states that animals learn certain behaviors, such as taste aversion, much easier than others
Noam Chomsky
discovered the LAD and studied how people learn languages
***William Masters and Virginia Johnson
documented the sexual response cycle in men and women
***Ernest Hilgard
explained hypnosis with his dissociation theory which says that hypnosis causes us to divide our consciousness voluntarily
**John Darley and Bibb Latane
explored diffusion of responsibility
**Karen Horney and Nancy Chodorow
feminists who believed that Freud believed in ale superiority; created womb envy
William James
first American psychologist; functionalism
Wilhelm Wundt
first psychologist; first lab in Leipzig, Germany; structuralism
**Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe
first quantitative measures of stress
***Margaret Floy Washburn
first woman to earn a PhD in psychology
**Alfred Adler
focused on the role of the ego; studied inferiority and superiority
**Paul Broca
found Broca's area in the frontal lobe which is responsible for producing speech
**Carl Wernicke
found Wiernicke's area in the temporal lobe which is responsible for interpreting written and spoken speech
**Gustav Fechner
founder of psychophysics and father of sensation; studied how much light is necessary to notice there is light
Abraham Maslow
hierarchy of needs; self-actualization at the top
Martin Seligman
learned helplessness
***Julian Rotter
locus of control
***Daniel Goleman
main proponent of EQ (emotional intelligence); people need both EQ and IQ to succeed
Harry Harlow
monkey experiment; importance of touch
Charles Darwin
natural selection; influenced the evolutionary perspective
Hippocrates
personality was related to the four humors
Hermann Ebbinghaus
pioneer in the field of memory; order is related to how much we remember
Jean Piaget
pioneer in the study of child development
**Francis Galton
pioneer in the study of human intelligence and testing
Alfred Kinsey
pioneer in the study of sexual behaviors in humans
***Michael Gazzaniga
pioneered the split-brain operation
**Roger Sperry
pioneered the split-brain operation
Phillip Zimbardo
prison experiment
***George Kelly
proposed the personal-construct theory; people's behavior is influenced by their cognitions and we can predict future behavior with past behavior
Sigmund Freud
psychoanalytic school of thought; people are controlled by their unconscious mind
**Mary Ainsworth
researched children in strange situations
***Diana Baumtind
researched parent-child interactions; came up with three types of parenting styles
George Miller
seven chunks of information can be stored in short-term memory
***Alexandria Luria
studied a patient with photographic memory
**Konrad Lorenz
studied attachment theory; some infant animals become attached to certain individuals or even objects during critical periods after birth
Solomon Asch
studied conformity
***Irving Janis
studied groupthink: the tendency for some groups to make bad decisions
**Muzafer Sherif
studied how easily out-group bias can be created and how superordinate goals can be used to unite formerly antagonistic groups
**Wolfgang Kohler
studied insight learning; the Aha! moment
**Edward Tolman
studied latent learning; rats in the maze (group 3)
Stanley Milgram
studied obedience
**Thomas Bouchard
studied pairs of identical twins that had been raised in different environments; studied environments relation to IQ
**George Sperling
studied sensory memory and iconic memory; grid with letters
***Harold Kelley
studied the kinds of attributions people make based on three kinds of info: consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus
***Lev Vygotsky
studied the zone of proximal development; the range of tasks a child can do independently and the tasks that children need help with
***William Sheldon
studied three body types and said certain personality traits were related to certain body types
***Gordon Allport
studied three types of personality traits (cardinal dispositions, central dispositions and secondary dispositions)
***Max Wertheimer
tried to examine a person's total experience, not separating thought and behavior
**Eleanor Gibson
visual cliff experiment
***Rosalie Rayner
worked with John Watson on the Little Albert experiment
**Mary Whiton Calkins
worked with William James; eventually became the president of the APA