AP Psychology Unit 1 ?'s
What must a researcher do to fulfill the ethical principle of informed consent?
Allow participants to choose whether to take part.
Why is an operational definition necessary when reporting research findings?
Allows others to replicate the procedure.
Research or Applied Psychology? : ...consults with public policy makers and school districts to implement a community-based program that teaches children about peer pressure is a(n)...
Applied Psychology
Research or Applied Psychology? : ...devises an innovative flexible classroom furniture plan to help kids with their social emotional well-being is a(an)...
Applied Psychology
Research or Applied Psychology? : ...works with families and agencies like child protective services to develop a long-term plan for mitigating neglect and abuse by identifying interventions that reduce the risks of neglect or abuse in the future is a (an)...
Applied Psychology
Psychiatrists differ from psychologists in that they
Are medical doctors licensed to prescribe medication.
Which of the following questions is best investigated by means of a survey?
Are students more likely to be politically liberal or conservative?
Which of the following studies is from an evolutionary perspective? A A study to see if people who had a more congruent view of their real self and their ideal self were happier B A study to see if women were more attracted to men who liked children than men who did not like children C A study examining whether children wanted to marry their opposite-sex parent when they grew up D A study looking at how biological, psychological, and social factors affect development E A study looking at how quickly a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement leads to extinction resistant behaviors
B
According to one theory of psychology, many people have mental illnesses because their maladaptive behaviors have proven rewarding for them in the past and thus have been continued. This belief is consistent with what model?
Behavioral
Which perspective would be most useful when explaining how people from different countries express anger?
Behavioral
John B. Watson is best known as the founder of
Behaviorism
What approache to psychology emphasizes observable responses over inner experiences when accounting for behavior?
Behaviorist
A basic assumption underlying the evolutionary approach to sexual attraction is that men seek potential mates who A display financial resources B have high social status C appear fertile D are taller than average E are highly educated
C
Of the following topics, which would a cognitive psychologist be most likely to study? A Conformity behavior of college students B Genetic determinants of behavior C Problem-solving strategies in chess D Personnel selection problems E Maturational processes in adolescent development
C
An important difference between humanistic and psychoanalytic approaches is that humanistic psychologists believe in the importance of
Free will
Which school of psychology focused on the adaptive nature of thinking and how our consciousness evolves to meet our needs?
Functionalist
A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of 2 groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play, and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group. What is the dependent variable in this study?
Incidence of aggressive behavior
Researchers have discovered that individuals with lower income levels report having fewer hours of total sleep. Therefore,
Income and sleep levels are positively correlated
Martha is an undergraduate student who is interested in pursuing a career in psychology. She wants to use her knowledge of psychology to help employees become more productive in the workplace. Which field of psychology should Martha select in graduate school?
Industrial-organizational
Betsy works in a human resources department. She plans training sessions, recruits people to work for the company, and implements techniques to boost morale around the office. Of the following, Betsy is most likely a(n)
Industrial/organizational psychologist
Ivan Pavlov was most well known for what?
Conditioning dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell
All of the following are American Psychological Association ethical guidelines for researchers EXCEPT: A Research may not involve deception. B Participation must be voluntary. C Participants must be informed of potential risks. D Participants must be offered alternative activities if research participation is a course requirement. E Participants' right to privacy must be protected.
D
An evolutionary psychologist would explainthat humans desire social interaction, social acceptance, and social affiliation due to a need for A achievement B individualism C behavioral change D survival E self-actualization
D
Which of the following statements is true of behaviorism? A It was formulated to account for cognitive development. B It is rooted in Sigmund Freud's view of the importance of early experiences. C It focuses on the development of thought processes and knowledge. D It holds that development is largely a product of learning. E It emphasizes the dominance of heredity over environment.
D
Which of the following would an industrial-organizational psychologist be LEAST likely to study? A Managerial skills B Employee motivation C Job satisfaction D Corporate profitability E Pay incentive programs
D
Researchers are interested in finding out if winning Congressional candidates display more positive facial expressions than losing candidates. The researchers attend political debates and record how frequently each candidate displays positive facial expressions. Which research method are the researchers using?
Naturalistic observation
According to the behaviorist perspective, psychological science should be rooted in what?
Observation
Which of the following professionals is required to have a medical degree?
Psychiatrist
Although Paul seems bright and capable to his parents and friends, he has been failing in school. Paul agrees to speak with a psychologist, who suggests that his problems stem from internal processes such as unrealistic expectations and negative thinking. The psychologist's view is typical of which of the following models of behavior?
Psychoanalytic
The belief that human behavior is the result of unconscious drives and conflicts represents what theoretical perspective?
Psychoanalytic
What perspective suggests that depression is due to the unconscious conflicts and hostile feelings that originate in early childhood?
Psychoanalytic
The notion that human behavior is greatly influenced by unconscious thoughts and desires is most consistent with which of the following psychological approaches?
Psychodynamic
The science of behavior and mental processes is the definition of which field of study?
Psychology
With which of the following statements would John B. Watson most likely agree?
Psychology should study the growth potential in all people.
Psychodynamic therapy has its roots in the theories of
Sigmund Freud
What is a measure of variation?
Range, standard deviation
The purpose of random assignment is to
Reduce potential confounding variables
Which philosopher proposed that nerve pathways allowed for reflexes?
René Descartes
In developmental psychology, one advantage of cross-sectional over longitudinal studies is that cross-sectional research
Requires comparatively little time
Research or Applied Psychology? : ... is often funded by various organization like universities to investigate which treatments work best for specific problems is a (an)...
Research Psychology
Research or Applied Psychology? : ...formulates hypotheses, create testable objectives, develop experimental design and appropriately select subjects is a(an)...
Research Psychology
Research or Applied Psychology? : ..studies how peer pressure influences attitudes and behaviors by surveying or testing study participants is a(n)...
Research Psychology
The debate about the relative contributions of biology and experience to human development is most often referred to as what?
The nature-nurture issue
Which ethical principle requires that at the end of the study participants be told about the true purpose of the research?
Debriefing
What approach to psychology focuses on adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human experiences?
Positive
Experimental research differs from correlational research in that experimental research
May reveal a causal relation
Which statistical measure of central tendency is most affected by extreme scores?
Mean
In a normal distribution, what percentage of the scores in the distribution falls within one standard deviation on either side of the mean?
34%
Cognitive psychologists are most likely to study A the acquisition of knowledge, planning, and problem solving B how infants move from basic trust to autonomy C the conflicts of the conscious and the unconscious D the relationship of cephalocaudal and proximodistal development E how attribution processes vary across cultures
A
Gestalt psychologists studied how A people see a triangle with missing corners as a complete triangle because of the principle of closure B giving someone a reward after a behavior increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the future because of the principle of positive reinforcement C pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that reflexively produces a response eventually leads to the neutral stimulus producing the response because of the principles of classical conditioning D supporting someone no matter what they do leads to a strong self-concept for the person as a result of unconditional positive regard E dream analysis brings unconscious conflicts to the surface because of psychoanalytic principles
A
In studying the behavior of five year olds in freeplay situations, a cognitive psychologist would be most interested in the children's A problem-solving strategies B toy preferences C degree of cooperative behavior D prosocial play activities E choice of playmates
A
Introspection as practiced by early structuralists is best illustrated by which of the following behaviors? A Describing one's immediate sensations while looking at a rose B Determining the best way for children to learn in school C Conditioning an infant to fear rabbits D Recalling one's unconscious desires E Creating intelligence tests for use in the military
A
Which of the following best describes research typical of Wilhelm Wundt's first psychology laboratory?
Measuring the reaction time between hearing a sound and pressing a button
Which of the following characterizes a behavioral approach to psychology?
A study of how reinforcement affects learning
The sociocultural perspective is best reflected in which of the following research findings? A Shortly after young children were exposed to a bacterial streptococcal infection they began displaying symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. B Brain imaging studies show higher levels of activity in the limbic system of individuals with depression when responding to negative emotional information. C In the United States individuals diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder switch identities upon suggestion, while in India individuals diagnosed with the same disorder switch personalities only upon awakening. D Individuals diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder show weaker startle responses when shown unpleasant stimuli. E As genetic relatedness increases so does the likelihood that a relative of a person with schizophrenia will also develop schizophrenia.
C
A person displays a set of rare behaviors that psychologists had not known about previously, because nobody had ever shown them before. The best strategy to investigate the nature of those behaviors is
Case study
An individual with an exceptional memory is identified. She is capable of recalling major events, the weather, and what she did on any given date. What research method is being used if a psychologist conducts an in-depth investigation of this individual including questionnaires, brain scans, and memory tests?
Case study
Which of the following beliefs would most likely be held by an individual in a collectivist culture?
Children should be encouraged to develop harmonious relationships.
Which of the following is most important when conducting survey research?
Choosing a representative sample
Which of the following psychologists would most likely conduct psychotherapy?
Clinical
What theoretical perspective in psychology attempts to characterize the way in which humans store and process sensory information?
Cognitive
Which of the following kinds of psychologists would most likely explore how we process and remember information?
Cognitive
Which psychological perspective is most likely to focus on how our interpretation of a situation affects how we react to it?
Cognitive
Which field of psychology is most interested in studying the link between mental activity and brain activity?
Cognitive neuroscience
Which of the following perspectives is most likely to address how the encoding, storing, and retrieval of information might alter our thoughts?
Cognitive perspective
One major objection to the early Skinnerian approach to psychology is that it
Did not take into account internal thoughts and feelings
Which psychological principle best explains why studying an hour a day for a week is more effective than one 7-hour study session?
Distributed practice
Of the following, a behavioral psychologist is most likely to study the A perceived locus of control of adults who experience panic attacks B formation of emotional attachments to significant others C defense mechanisms used by depressed adults and children in stressful situations D genetic basis for schizophrenic disorders E effects of token economies on establishing social skills among children with emotional disturbances
E
Research on human mating preferences suggests that men place greater value on physical attractiveness and youthfulness, whereas women place greater value on social status and financial resources. What psychological points of view best explains this behavior?
Evolutionary
What psychological approach suggests that jealousy might serve an adaptive function in protecting a sexual relationship from threats?
Evolutionary
What research approach would be best for testing the hypothesis that the presence of certain odors causes people to gamble more?
Experimental
The claim that a whole is different from the sum of its parts is central to which of the following schools of thought?
Gestalt psychology
After the student council election, a friend tells you he has known for weeks who would be elected president. What does this seem to illustrate?
Hindsight bias
A humanistic psychologist working with some poets might ask which of the following questions?
How can we get them to reach their highest potential?
Who among the following would most likely study the interaction of people, machines, and physical environments?
Human factors psychologist
Rocio is continually learning new skills and gaining insights into herself. Although she is not experiencing any distress, she chooses to see a therapist. This primary emphasis on growth is most reflective of what perspective?
Humanistic
The study of the importance of satisfying love and acceptance needs best describes which school of psychology?
Humanistic
What perspectives argues that every person has the potential to become self-actualized?
Humanistic
A testable prediction that drives research is known as a(n)
Hypothesis
In the early years of psychology, a research participant might have been asked to observe carefully and systematically his conscious experiences. What method would the participant be using?
Introspection
While taking a standardized test with randomly scrambled answers, you notice that your last four answers have been "c." Which of the following is true concerning the probability of the next answer being "c"?
It is unaffected by previous answers. It is as likely to be "c" as any other answer.
Who coined the term "tabula rasa" (blank slate) to help explain the impact experience has on shaping an individual?
John Locke
Which of the following is an example of hindsight bias?
Mary cannot recognize a definition on a flashcard. After turning the card over and viewing the term, she tells herself she knew what the answer was all along.
In their discussions of the process of development, the advocates of nature in the nature-nurture controversy emphasize what?
Maturation
What do we call the tendency to exaggerate the correctness or accuracy of our beliefs and predictions prior to testing?
Overconfidence
A disadvantage of longitudinal studies is that
Participants who drop out during the course of the study may be different in important ways from ones who do not drop out
Which of the following is an example of negative correlation?
People who spend more time exercising tend to weigh less.
Gestalt psychology is concerned primarily with understanding what?
Perception
In psychology, Gestalt principles are used to explain
Perceptual organization
What is likely to be emphasized in individualist cultures than in collectivist cultures?
Personal achievement
Which of the following is used only in correlation studies?
Scatterplot
Introspection, a research tool used by early psychologists, is a technique which involves
Self-examination of mental processes
What is the correct chronological order of the following perspectives of psychology, from past to present?
Structuralism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanism
Self-reflective introspection about the elements of experience best describes a technique used by which school of psychology?
Structuralists
Descriptive statistics ____ , while inferential statistics ____ .
Summarize data; determine if data can be generalized to other populations
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables?
Whatever is closet to - or + 1
A researcher calculates statistical significance for her study and finds a 5 percent chance that results are due to chance. Which of the following is an accurate interpretation of this finding?
This is the minimum result typically considered statistically significant
Which of the following statements is the best example of applied research?
Using psychological concepts to boost worker productivity
By seeking to measure "atoms of the mind," who established the first psychology laboratory?
Wilhelm Wundt
What was the main difference between the psychological thinking of Wilhelm Wundt and earlier philosophers who were also interested in thinking and behavior?
Wundt and his students gathered data about human thinking and behavior in a laboratory setting
