AP US History

Potsdam conference

"Big Three" conference, Stalin, Truman, and Churchill. Allied leaders established a military administration for Germany and agreed to place top Nazi leaders on trial for war crimes

Slave Spirituals

"Follow the Drinking Gourd" "Go Down, Moses"

Wagner Act

"Labor's Magna Carta", brought democracy into the American workplace by empowering the National Labor Relations Board to supervise elections in which employees voted on union representation

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

"equality of rights under the law" could not be abridged "on account of sex", sent to the states for ratification in 1972, aroused unexpected protest from those who claimed it would discredit the role of wife and homemaker, failed

Father Charles Coughlin

"radio priest", criticized Wall Street bankers and greedy capitalists, called for govt ownership of key industries to compact Depression, later shifted to anti-Semitism and fascism

Checks and balances

"separation of powers" and seeks to prevent any branch of the national government from dominating the other two. Congress enacts laws, but the president can veto them, and a two-thirds majority is required to pass legislation over his objection. Federal judges are nominated by the president and approved by Congress, but to ensure their independence, the judges then serve for life. The president can be impeached by the House and removed from office by the Senate for "high crimes and misdemeanors."

Universal white male suffrage

"white males of age constituted the political nation" The intellectual grounds for exclusion shifted from economic dependency to natural incapacity

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

(1884) revealed the greed, violence, and racism in American society, Mark Twain

Development of sonar

(Originally an acronym for Sound Navigation And Ranging) A technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels.

Henry Clay's American system

(Younger generation of Republicans believed "infant industries" deserved national protection after competition from low-cost imported goods. Plan for federal federal government to tie nation together with roads and canals.) New national bank, tariff on imported manufactured goods to protect American industry, and federal financing of improved roads and canals.

Fort Laramie Treaty

(also called the Sioux Treaty of 1851) was an agreement between the United Statesand the Oglala, Miniconjou, and Brulé bands of Lakota people, Yanktonai Dakota and Arapaho Nation signed on April 29, 1868 at Fort Laramiein the Wyoming Territory, guaranteeing the Lakota ownership of the Black Hills, and further land and hunting rights in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana. The Powder River Country was to be henceforth closed to all whites. The treaty ended Red Cloud's War.

Andrew Jackson

(bank, indians, tariff, common man, hires friends), 7th president, formed Democratic party, hated banks, supported state's rights, expanded presidential power

Jamestown

-1607 -Virginia -economic motives -problems: inexperience, poor Indian relations, lack of cooperation -Anglican

Plymouth

-1620 -Massachusetts -religious freedom motive -problems: hunger, disease, environment -Pilgrim

Pequot War

-1636-1638 -New England -conflict between New England colonists and Pequot tribe

Maryland Act of Religious Toleration

-1649 -gave religious toleration to trinity Christians -effect of Glorious Revolution in England

Navigation Acts

-1651, 1660, 1663 -allowed England to collect taxes on trade

Bacon's Rebellion

-1675 -under corrupt regime -scarce land for poor farmers -wanted to expand into Indian land -plantation class would seek to consolidate power

King Phillip's War

-1675-1678 -last major effort by Indians to drive out New Englanders

Land Ordinances

-1784, 1785 -The system promised to control and concentrate settlement and raise money for Congress. But settlers violated the rules by pressing westward before the surveys had been completed. -Drafted by Jefferson, established stages of self-government for the West -Regulated land sales in the Old Northwest

Anti-Federalists

-Constitution shifted the balance between liberty and power too far -Lacked coherent leadership of the Constitution's defenders -Predicted that the new government would fall under the sway of merchants, creditors -Only men of wealth would have the resources to win election to a national government -Criticized lack of Bill of Rights -Support from rural areas

Pontiac's Rebellion

-Detroit, 1763-1766 -Great Lakes tribes were dissatisfied with British colonies

Thomas Paine

-England-born political philosopher and writer who helped shape many of the ideas that marked the Age of Revolution. -Common Sense

John Locke

-English -"life, liberty, property"

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

-Eventual establishment of 3 to 5 states -Pledged that "the utmost good faith" would be observed toward local Indians and that their land would not be taken out consent, first official recognition that Indians continued to own their land because it would lower costs of frontier battles -Prohibited slavery in the Old Northwest

Southwest Native Americans

-Hopi, Zuni, Yuam -farming, villagers, nomads -animism -hot and arid climate -pueblos -grow corn

Chesapeake colonies

-House of Burgesses, head right -did not have stable family life -many immigrants were lower class single men -3/4 indentured servants died before freedom

Shay's Rebellion

-In late 1786 and early 1787, crowds of debt-ridden farmers led by Daniel Shays, a veteran of the War of Independence, closed the courts in western Massachusetts to prevent the seizure of their land for failure to pay debts and state taxes. The uprising was the culmination of a series of events of the 1780s that persuaded an influential group of Americans that the national government must be strengthened so that it could develop uniform economic policies and protect property owners from infringements on their rights by local majorities. -Massachusetts did not assist needy debtors -Participants believed they were acting in the spirit of the Revolution -Many were arrested by governor

New England colonies

-Mayflower Compact -very patriarchal -more families -individual liberty seen as dangerous -long life expectancy

Jefferson's architecture

-Monticello -University of Virginia -Neo-Classicism

The Siege of Yorktown

-October 19, 1781 -the British surrender ended the American Revolutionary War

Middle colonies

-Pennsylvania founded for religious freedom by Quakers -slavery abolished -less strict gender roles -acceptance of Indians

Pueblo Revolt

-Pope's Rebellion -New Mexico -1680 -natives drove out Spanish colonials, but they returned later

George Whitefield

-Protestant Evangelism/Great Awakening -most popular preacher

Early Republic's Disadvantages

-Size: large, population concentrated on Atlantic coast, control by Indians, Britain and France competition -Communication and transportation away from navigable waterways -Unity difficult with numerous ethnic and religious groups, local loyalties

Atlantic Slave Trade/Middle Passage

-Transportation between Africa and Americas -terrible conditions and high death rate

Federalist Papers

-Written by Hamilton, Madison, Jay in 1788 -Among most important American contributions to political thought -Rather than posing a danger to Americans' liberties the Constitution protected them -Constitution made political tyranny almost impossible

18th century republicanism

-active participation -independent citizens in economy and political workings

Encomienda system

-brutal subjugation of natives -Las Casas critiques -gave Spanish authority to own land and force labor -ended in 1542

Founding of Pennsylvania

-central location -port cities -centers for trade -religious tolerance -diversity

Spanish colonies

-conquests -governors -Catholic

Headright system

-cost of crossing Atlantic -if settlers could not pay their way, they became indentured servants, and their master paid

Great Basin Native Americans

-deserts, salt flats, lakes -survival focused -not complex system -beaded clothing -nomadic life style -small communities

Joint Stock Companies/Virginia Company

-eventually failed -wealth was motivation -change to more permanent settlements

Columbian Exchange

-explains why Indians died because of their isolation -Europe prospered -African slaves -Increased interactions -Exchange of plants, animals, disease -crops from US contributed to population growth in Europe

Puritans

-extremely religious -work ethic -deference to authority -intolerant conformists -persecuted those who were different -seeking to purify with Holy War -Pilgrims more extreme

Mayflower Compact

-first written government agreement in America -communal good

California Native Americans

-hospitable, mild climate -salt and acorns valuable -many resources -animism -grass mat houses, cedar bark lodges

18th century liberalism

-ideas celebrating freedom -natural rights -security of property -right to rebel against oppressive government

Christopher Columbus Letter

-ignorant view of islands and people -focus on glorifying Spain and getting more money -superiority

Gottlieb Mittelberger

-indentured servant -German -returned after service -bleak fortune

Eastern Woodlands Native Americans

-inland rivers/lakes -warlike raids -ceremonies -agriculture, fishing -long houses

English colonies

-lower and middle class -farmers and families -local governments -Protestant -diverse economy

Iroquois Confederation/Great League of Peace

-negotiated with French and British to protect against invasion -5 nations

Northwest Coast Native Americans

-pleasant climate, abundant resources -wealth=status -boats -fish, hunter/gatherers, built permanent villages, stratified -multi-family structures, gift-giving ceremonies, totem poles, elaborate clothing

Ben Franklin's Proverbs

-reflected Enlightenment ideals -"God helps those that help themselves"

Roger Williams

-religious dissenter -banished by Puritans -advocated for separation of church and state -Rhode Island -Fair dealings with Indians

Anne Hutchinson

-religious dissenter -put on trial for upsetting authority of clergy -advocated for personal relationship with God -antinomianism -Quakers -banished from Massachusetts

Quaker impact on Colonial America

-religious freedom -no taxation w/o representation -pacifism -abolitionists -rights for Native Americans

Salem Witch Trials

-shows obsession with sin and salvation -caused Puritan society to de-radicalize

Olaudah Equiano

-slave from Africa -freed -wrote about his experience

Lexington

-the first battle of the American Revolutionary War and the Battle of Concord -April 19, 1775

Articles of Confederation

-the first written constitution of the United States, drafted by Congress in 1777 and ratified by the states four years later. The Articles sought to balance the need for national coordination of the War of Independence with widespread fear that centralized political power posed a danger to liberty. -States retained individual "sovereignty, freedom, and independence" -National government- 1 house Congress, could declare war, conduct foreign affairs, make treaties with other governments -No power to levy taxes -Established national control over western land and devised rules for settlement

South Atlantic Colonies including West Indies

-tobacco and rice plantations and slaves -wealthy plantation owners dominating structure

Triangular Trade

-trade between Americas, Europe, Africa -Columbian Exchange -included African slaves

French colonies

-trading posts -no political rights -Catholic

Great Plains Native Americans

-vast grass region between mountains -smaller tribes joined for hunting -sweat lodges -diverse culture

William Bradford

-very religious views: trying to stop sin -early years in Plymouth difficult

John Winthrop

-wrote "City on a hill" -hope that their society would become a model -escape persecution in England

John Edwards

-wrote Sinners in the Hands... -wrathful God -Protestant Evangelism/Great Awakening -evokes emotion (fear, anxiety) -not predestination: God holds you over a pit of hell

Cold War Characteristics

1. Imperialism 2. Bipolar Super Power World 3. Ideologies/Mistrust 4. Domino Theory 5. Satellite States-Iron Curtain 6. Espionage 7. Aid/Guns and Butter 8. Dollar Imperialism 9. Backyards/Containment 10. Buffer Zones 11. Space Race 12. Brinkmanship

Japanese internment

110,00 people of Japanese descent were removed to camps far from their homes, quasi-military discipline, undermined basic freedoms

Wool Act

1699, attempted to heighten taxation and increase control over colonial trade and production. It opened Britain's wool industry by limiting wool production in Ireland and forbidding the export of wool from the American colonies.

Molasses Act

1733, imposed a tax on imports of molasses from non-English colonies. Parliament created the act largely at the insistence of large plantation owners in the British West Indies.

Stamp Act

1765, the first internal tax levied directly on American colonists by the British government. The act, which imposed a tax on all paper documents in the colonies, came at a time when the British Empire was deep in debt from the Seven Years' War (1756-63) and looking to its North American colonies as a revenue source. Arguing that only their own representative assemblies could tax them, the colonists insisted that the act was unconstitutional, and they resorted to mob violence to intimidate stamp collectors into resigning. Parliament repealed the act in 1766, but issued a Declaratory Act at the same time to reaffirm its authority to pass any colonial legislation it saw fit. The issues of taxation and representation raised by the act strained relations with the colonies to the point that, 10 years later, the colonists rose in armed rebellion against the British.

Declaratory Act

1766, declaration by the British Parliament that accompanied the repeal of the Stamp Act. It stated that the British Parliament's taxing authority was the same in America as in Great Britain. Parliament had directly taxed the colonies for revenue in the Sugar Act (1764) and the Stamp Act (1765). Parliament mollified the recalcitrant colonists by repealing the distasteful Stamp Act, but it actually hardened its principle in the Declaratory Act by asserting its complete authority to make laws binding on the American colonies "in all cases whatsoever."

Quebec Act

1774, passed by the British Parliament to institute a permanent administration in Canada replacing the temporary government created at the time of the Proclamation of 1763. It gave the French Canadians complete religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law.

Pennsylvania's Constitution

1776, known as most democratic state constitution

Ben Franklin, "Remarks concerning the Savages of North America"

1784 Native Americans are the "noble" savages Whites are less "civilized"

Hamilton's Plan of Assumption

1790/1791 Goals: establish the nation's financial stability, bring to the government's support the country's most powerful financial interests, encourage economic development, make US a major commercial and military power, modeled after Great Britain Program: Establish the new nation's credit-worthiness through paying off national debt, creation of new national debt, creation of a Bank of the United States, tax on producers of whiskey, imposition of a tariff/government subsidies.

Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality

1793, after "permanent alliance" between France and US, no one advocated the US join the war

Battle of Fallen Timbers

1794, 3,000 American troops under Anthony Wayne defeated Little Turtle's forces. Led to the Treaty of Greenville.

The Whiskey Rebellion

1794, backcountry Pennsylvania farmers sought to block collection of the new tax on distilled spirits. Rebels invoked symbols of liberty. Washington dispatched militiamen, motivated by concern of restoration of public order.

Jay's Treaty

1794, greatest public controversy of Washington's presidency, contained no British concessions on impressment or the rights of American shipping, Britain agree to abandon outposts on the western frontier, US guaranteed favored treatment to British imported goods, the treaty canceled the American-French alliance and recognized British economic and naval supremacy, sharpened political divisions, led to the formation of an organized opposition party

Fletcher v. Peck

1794, the Court extended judicial review to state laws. The Constitution forbade Georgia from taking any action that impaired a contract. The individual purchasers could keep their land and the legislature could not repeal the original grant.

Treaty of Greenville

1795, 12 Indian tribes ceded most of Ohio and Indiana to the federal government. Established the "annuity system"- yearly grants of federal money to Indian tribes that institutionalized continuing government influence in tribal affairs and gave outsiders considerable control over Indian life.

John Adam's Presidency

1796- Had support of New England, New York, and New Jersey. Assumed leadership of a divided nation. Brilliant but austere, stubborn, and self-important, he was disliked even by those who honored his long career of service to the cause independence. His presidency was beset by crises.

National Road

1806, authorized by Congress, extended to Illinois, turnpike roads

Macon's Bill No. 2

1810, enacted by Congress. Allowed trade to resume, but provided that if either France or Britain ceased interfering with American rights, the president could re impose an embargo on the other. With little to lose, since Britain controlled the seas, the French emperor Napoleon announced that he had repealed his decrees against neutral shipping. But the British continued to attack American vessels, and with their navy hard-pressed for manpower, stepped up the impressment of American sailors.

American Colonization Society

1816, promoted the gradual abolition of slavery and the settlement of black Americans in Africa, established Liberia

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

1819, John Marshall's Supreme Court defined corporate charters issued by state legislatures as contracts, which future lawmakers could not alter or rescind

McCulloch vs. Maryland

1819, Marshall declared the Bank a legitimate exercise of congressional authority under the Constitution's clause that allowed Congress to pass "necessary and proper" laws; contradicted the "strict construction" view

Denmark Vessey

1822, slave carpertener in Charleston, SC, purchased his freedom, leadership in African Methodist Church. Proved that according to Bible and DoI, blacks should have equal rights. Slave conspiracy stopped, executed.

The Monroe Doctrine

1823, JQA, section of president's annual message to Congress, US would oppose colonization by Euro powers in Americas, US would not be involved in Euro wars, Euro should not interfered with independent states in Latin America. Diplomatic declaration of independence. Cornerstone of US foreign policy.

Gibbons v. Ogden

1824, the Court struck down a monopoly the New York legislature had granted for steamboat navigation

"Tariff of Abominations"

1828, raised taxes on imported manufactured goods made of wool as well as on raw materials like iron, aroused considerable opposition in the South (esp. SC)

William Cullen Bryant, "To Cole, the Painter"

1829 Sonnet, Romantic view of American landscape, superior to Europe

David Walker's An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World

1829, a free black, called on black Americans to mobilize for abolition, warned whites that the nation faced divine punishment it it did not mend its sinful ways

The Asylum Movement

1830s and 1840s, program of institution building, curing undesirable elements of society by placing afflicted persons in an environment where their character could be transformed, eventually became overcrowded, inspired by perfectionism

Cherokee vs. Georgia

1831, Marshall described Indians as "wards" of the federal government, deserved paternal regard and protection, but lacked standing as citizens that would allow Supreme Court to enforce rights.

Cyrus McCormick's reaper

1831, a horse-drawn machine that greatly increased the amount of wheat a farmer could harvest, produced in large quantities

William Lloyd Garrison's The Liberator

1831, weekly Boston journal, abolitionism, southern notoriety

The Nullification crisis

1832, confrontation between the state of South Carolina and the federal government in 1832-33 over the former's attempt to declare null and void within the state the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. The resolution of the nullification crisis in favour of the federal government helped to undermine the nullification doctrine, the constitutional theory that upheld the right of states to nullify federal acts within their boundaries.

Worcester vs. Georgia

1832, holding that Indian nations were a distinct people with the right to maintain a separate political identity. Should deal with federal government not states, Georgia's actions were violation. Jackson refused to recognize validity.

American Anti-Slavery Society

1833, appointed Abby Kelley to business committee, northern abolitionists

Gag rule

1836, House of Representatives adopted this rule which prohibited the consideration of abolitionists' petitions for emancipation

Battle of San Jacinto

1836, Sam Houston's forces forced Santa Anna to recognize Texan independence

Trail of tears

1838-1839, during presidency of Van Buren army herded Cherokee people on removal route from Georgia to Oklahoma.

The Mexican-American War

1846-1848, first American conflict to be fought primarily on foreign soil and first in which American troops occupied a foreign capital. Majority support because of manifest destiny. James K Polk. Mexico lost ⅓ territory

Seneca Falls Convention

1848, gathering on behalf of women's rights held in upstate New York town, raised issue of women's suffrage for the first time

California Gold Rush

1848, newcomer population soared, diverse, fierce competition for underground mining that required a large investment of capital, limited freedoms for non-whites, overran Indian communities

Know-Nothing Party

1854, dedication to reserving political office for native-born Americans and to resisting the "aggressions" of the Catholic Church, opposed to Kansas-Nebraska Act, anti-Catholic and anti slavery, opposition to liquor, but white male immigrants could immediately vote and get jobs

Dred Scott vs. Sanford

1857, only white persons could be citizens of the US, declared unconstitutional the Republican platform of restricting slavery's expansion, undermined Douglas's doctrine of popular sovereignty

Lincoln's First Inaugural

1861, tried to be conciliatory, rejected right of secession, denied intention of interfering with slavery in the states. Promised to hold remaining federal property in the seceding states

Emancipation Proclamation

1863 document signed by Lincoln, did not liberate all the slaves, exempted areas firmly under Union control, declared that Southern slaves would be free, set off scenes of jubilation among free blacks and abolitionists in the North and "contrabands" and slaves in the South, death knell of slavery, represented a turning point in Lincoln's thinking. No reference to slaveholder compensation or to colonization of the freed people. Committed government to enlisting black soldiers in the Union army.

Atlanta

1864, Sherman entered, seizing Georgia's main railroad center

Sherman's March to the Sea

1864, destroyed railroads, buildings, food, supplies in Georgia. Modern war destructiveness

Wade-Davis Bill

1864, required that 50 percent of a state's white males take a loyalty oath to be readmitted to the Union. In addition, states were required to give blacks the right to vote.

13th amendment

1865, abolished slavery throughout the entire Union

Tenure of office act

1867, barred the president from removing certain officeholders, including cabinet members, without the consent of the Senate. Johnson considered this an unconstitutional restriction on his authority

Reconstruction Act

1867, temporarily divided the South into five military districts and called for the creation of new state governments, with black men given the right to vote

Elk vs. Wilkins

1884, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed with western courts that citizenship rights guaranteed by the 14th and 15th Amendments did not apply to Indians

American Federation of Labor

1890s, reflected a similar shift away from a broadly reformist past to more limited goals.f The labor movement should devote itself to negotiating with employers for higher wages and better working conditions for its members

Homestead Steel Strike

1892, incident at Andrew Carnegie's steelworks in Pennsylvania, most widely publicized confrontation between labor and capital, strike pitted corporation against powerful union, all union workers fired, armed confrontation, union eventually lost

Immigration Restriction League

1894, Boston professionals, called for reducing immigration by barring the illiterate from entering the United States

Plessy vs. Ferguson

1896, Court gave its approval to state laws requiring separate facilities for blacks and whites

Lochner vs. New York

1905 case, voided a state law establishing ten hours per day or sixty per week as the maximum hours of work for bakers

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

1906, described unsanitary slaughterhouses and the sale of rotten meat, stirred public outrage and led directly to the passage of the Pure Food and Durg Act and the Meat Inspection Act of 1906

Muller v. Oregon

1908, Brandeis- because women had less endurance and strength and they bear children, they should have maximum working hours, Supreme Court upheld

Triangle Shirtwaist Co. Fire

1911, NYC factory with 500 workers, mostly young Jewish and Italian immigrant women, caught fire, used as example of why the govt needed to regulate industry

Lusitania

1915, British liner sunk by German submarine, caused death of many Americans, outraged American public opinion

Selective Service Act

1917, 24 million men were required to register with the draft

The Espionage Act

1917, prohibited not only spying and interfering with the draft but also "false statements" that might impede military success

14 Points

1918, clearest statement of American war aims and of his vision of a new international order. Self-determinations for all nations, freedom of the seas, free trade, open diplomacy, creation of a "general association of nations" to preserve the peace

Sedition Act

1918, made it a crime to make spoken or printed statements that intended to cast "contempt, scorn, or disrepute" on the "form of govt", or that advocated interference with the war effort

The Scopes Trial

1925, John Scopes, a teacher in a Tennessee public school was arrested for violating a state law that prohibited teaching of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. Reflected the enduring tension between two American definitions of freedom: "moral" liberty, or the right to independent thought and individual self-expression

Red Line Agreement

1928, British, French, and American oil companies divided oil-producing regions in the Middle East and Latin America among themselves

Dust Bowl

1930, period of unusually dry weather in the nation's heartland worsened the Depression's impact of rural America

John Steinbeck's Grapes of Wrath

1939, captured the plight of displaced farmers, tracing a dispossessed family's trek from Oklahoma to California

Stalin

1939- proposed an international agreement to oppose further German demands for territory but it was refused. Then signed a nonaggression pact with Hitler, his former sworn enemy.

Pearl Harbor

1941, Japanese planes bombed the naval base in Hawaii, over 2,000 US killed, declaration of war against Japan

Henry Luce's The American Century

1941, effort to mobilize the American people both for the coming war and for an era of postwar world leadership, America was dominant power and needed to share great ideals and products with the world

Atlantic Charter

1941, promised that after Nazism was destroyed, open access to markets, the right of people to choose their form of government, global extension of New Deal would be enjoyed everywhere

Stalingrad

1942, German armies launched a siege on city located deep inside Russia, Russia with US military supplies surrounded German troops and forced them to surrender, devastated Hitler's forces

Executive Order 9066

1942, ordered the expulsion of all persons of Japanese descent from the West Coast

Zoot suit riots

1943, club-wielding sailors and policemen attacked Mexican-American youths wearing flamboyant clothing in LA illustrated the limits of wartime tolerance

Korematsu v. United States

1944, Supreme Court denied the appeal of Fred Korematsu, a Japanese-American citizen who had been arrested for refusing to present himself for internment

D-Day

1944, US, British, Canadian soldiers landed in Normandy, massive sea-land operation, Paris was liberated

Yalta conference

1945, FDR entered only a mild protest against Soviet plans to retain control of the Baltic states, Stalin agreed to enter the war against Japan later in 1945. Yalta saw the high water mark of wartime American-Soviet cooperation

The Fair Deal

1945, Truman's program, focused on improving the social safety net and raising the standard of living of ordinary Americans

Jackie Robinson

1947, Jackie Robinson was added to MLB team, dignity in face of constant verbal abuse

Taft-Hartley Act

1947, sought to reverse some of the gains made by organized labor in the past decade. Authorized president to suspend strikes, banned sympathy strikes, outlawed the closed shop, forced union officials to swear that they were not communists. Made it more difficult to bring unorganized workers into unions

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

1948, approved by the UN GA, identified a broad range of rights to be enjoyed by people everywhere, including freedom of speech, religious toleration, and protection against arbitrary govt, as well as social and economic entitlements like the right to an adequate standard of living and access to housing, education, and medical care. The doc had no enforcement.

NATO

1949, US, Canada, ten western European nations established, pledging mutual defense against any future Soviet attack

McCarran Internal Security Bill

1950, required "subversive" groups to register with the govt, allowed the denial of passports to their members, and authorized their deportation or detention on presidential order

Dennis v. United States

1951, the Supreme Court upheld the jailing of Communist Party leaders even though the charges concerned their beliefs, not any actions they had taken

John Kenneth Galbraith's The Affluent Society

1958, written by economist, criticism of American social values, fear that Russians had demonstrated a greater ability to sacrifice for common public goals than Americans

JFK's Inaugural Address

1961, urged Americans to move beyond the self-centered consumer culture of the 1950s, said nothing about segregation or race

Rachel Carson's Silent Spring

1962, brought to attention effects of DDT on animals and humans

Michael Harrington's The Other America

1962, revealed that 50 million Americans lived in poverty. Helped economic deprivation to be rediscovered by political leaders

Hart-Celler Act

1965, abandoned the national-origins quota system of immigration, established new, racially neutral criteria for immigration, notably family reunification and possession of skills in demand in the US, established the first limit on newcomers from the Western Hemisphere

Watts riots

1965, took place in the black ghetto of LA days after Voting Rights Act. Attacking police and firemen, looting white-owned businesses, burning buildings.

Miranda vs. Arizona

1966, held that an individual in police custody must be informed of the rights to remain silent and to confer with a lawyer before answering questions and must be told that any statements might be used in court

The "Me Decade"

1970s, dubbed by Tom Wolfe, "freedom to choose", Americans' obsession with self-improvement through fitness programs, health food diets, and new forms of psychological therapy

Pentagon Papers

1971, published by the NYT in 1971, classified report prepared by the Defense Department that traced American involvement in Vietnam back to WWII and revealed how successive presidents had misled the American people about it

Title IX

1972, banned gender discrimination in higher education

Watergate

1972, former employees of Nixon's reelection committee took part in a break-in at Democratic Party headquarters, persons close to president had ordered the break in, Nixon authorized payments to the burglars to remain silent or commit perjury, ordered the FBI to halt its investigation of the crime

The Oil (Energy) Crisis

1973, Middle Eastern Arab states retaliated for Western support of Israel by quadrupling the price of oil and suspending the export of oil to the US for several months, gas station limits, lowering of speed limit, public buildings reduced heat and lighting

Roe vs. Wade

1973, created a constitutional right to terminate a pregnancy, movement to reverse the decision included Roman Catholics, evangelical Protestants and social conservatives

Paris peace agreement

1973, negotiated settlement in Vietnam, left in place the govt of South Vietnam, but it also left North Vietnamese and Viet Cong soldiers in control of parts of the South

War Powers Act

1973, the most vigorous assertion of congressional control over foreign policy in the nation's history, it required the president to seek congressional approval for the commitment of American troops overseas

Richard Nixon vs. The United States

1974, the House Judiciary Committee voted to recommend that Nixon be impeached for conspiracy to obstruct justice. His political support having evaporated, Nixon became the only president in history to resign

Bakke vs. University of California

1978, the Court overturned an admissions program of the University of California at Davis, a public university, which set aside 16 of 100 places in the entering medical school class for minority students, legal status of affirmative action would remain ambiguous

Afghanistan

1979, the Soviet Union sent troops into Afghanistan to support a friendly govt threatened by an Islamic rebellion. The US funneled aid to fundamentalist Muslims in Afghanistan who fought a decade-long guerrilla war against the Soviets. The Taliban eventually came to power

Kent State

4 antiwar protesters were killed by the Ohio National Guard

The Amistad

53 slaves took hold of ship transporting them from one port in Cuba to another in 1839, and tried to force it to Africa. Seized off the coast of Long Island. Most captives went back to Africa.

Midnight judges

A few weeks before his term as president was over, John Adams signed into law the Judiciary Act of 1801, which reorganized the federal court system. The "___" were selected by President John Adams, who signed appointments up until midnight on his last day in office. President Jefferson refused to recognize their appointments, leading to the case Marbury v. Madison, which declared the Act unconstitutional.

Focus on the family

A religious organization promoting socially conservative views

Samuel Gompers

AFL founder, unions should negotiate with employers for members, not seek economic independence

Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith, 1776, An important theme that persists throughout the work is the idea that the economic system is automatic, and, when left with substantial freedom, able to regulate itself. This is often referred to as the "invisible hand." The ability to self-regulate and to ensure maximum efficiency, however, is limited by externalities, monopolies, tax preferences, lobbying groups, and other "privileges" extended to certain members of the economy at the expense of others.

A.M.E. Church

African Methodist Episcopal Church, created after discrimination in churches and other community institutions

"Seward's Icebox"

Alaska, purchased in 1867

The Whig Party

Alliance of Clay and Adams became basis. United behind American System: protective tariff, national bank, aid to internal improvements. Liberty and power reinforced each other. Government should promote welfare of people.

Spanish American War (1898)

America's emergence as a world power, caused by Cuban struggle for independence, destruction of battleship, lasted 4 months

Thomas Jefferson

American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third President of the United States from 1801 to 1809

Thomas Nast

American cartoonist, best known for his attack on the political machine of William M. Tweed in New York City in the 1870s.

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolutionary War

George Washington

American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

Vietnamization

American troops would gradually be withdrawn while South Vietnamese soldiers, backed by continued American bombing, did more and more of the fighting. It did not limit the war or end the antiwar movement

Chicago World's Fair of 1893

Americans saw this World's Fair as their opportunity to claim a place among the world's most "civilized" societies, by which they meant the countries of western Europe. The Fair honored art, architecture, and science, and its promoters built a mini-city in which to host the fair that reflected all the ideals of city planning popular at the time. For many, this was the high point of the "City Beautiful" movement., 1893; World's Fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World

Gloria Steinem

An American journalist, who became the spokesperson for the woman's liberation movement in the 1960s. She was the co founder of Ms. Magazine, which is an American feminist magazine. It was the first magazine to describe the issue of domestic violence.

March on Washington

August 28, 1963, high point of the non-violent civil rights movement, calls for the passage of a civil rights bill, and rights regarding employment, revealed how the black movement had forged an alliance with white liberal groups, "I have a dream" speech, every speaker was male, resurrected the vision of national authority as the custodian of American freedom

Hiroshima

August 6, 1945, target chosen because almost alone among major Japanese cities, it had not yet suffered damage. Nearly every building in the city was destroyed, and most people died.

Nagasaki

August 9, 1945, killed 70,000 people

Antietam

Battle in 1862, Union repelled Lee's advance. Deadliest day in US history, last Union success in the East for some time

Gettysburg

Battle, 1863, largest battle of North American continent, Lee's greatest blunder, army retreated

Poor Richard's Almanac

Ben Franklin, it was filled with witty, insightful, and funny bits of observation and common sense advice. It was the most popular almanac in the colonies.

Benevolent imperialism

Beveridge claimed because it was rooted in a national mission to uplift backward cultures and spread liberty across the globe

Phyllis Wheatley

Born around 1753, she was a slave girl who became a poet. At age eight, she was brought to Boston. Although she had no formal education, she was taken to England at age twenty and published a book of poetry. She died in 1784.

Ambrose Bierce

Born into a large, poor and religious family. Left home at 15 to work at a newspaper. Lived in San Francisco and London. Dissapeared in Mexico during the revolution. He wrote about the Civil War (he had PTSD) "Occurence at Owl Creek Bridge" "The Devil's Dictionary"

Allies

Britain, France, Russia, Japan

Boston Massacre

British Army soldiers shot and killed people while under attack by a mob. A key event in helping to galvanize the colonial public to the Patriot cause.

Lord Dunmore

British Royal governor of Virginia, ordered seizure of weapons in Williamsburg, offered freedom to those who took up arms in British military

John Maynard Keynes

British economist, insisted it was necessary to sustain purchasing power and stimulate economic activity during downturns, even at the cost of a deficit

Salutary Neglect

British policy of lax enforcement of Parliamentary laws in the British colonies

Quasi-War

By 1798, the US and France were engaged in a "quasi-war" at sea with French ships seizing American vessels in the Caribbean and a newly enlarged American navy harassing the French. In effect, the US had become a military ally of Great Britain. Despite pressure from Hamilton, who desired a declaration of war, however, Adams in 1800 negotiated peace with France

Bay of Pigs

CIA launched an invasion there in 1961, was total failure

"The Great Triumvirate"

Calhoun, Clay, Webster, died between 1850 and 1852

Bear Flag Republic

California's independent state for one month, Fremont ruler

John F. Kennedy

Catholic, Democrat, warned that Soviets had superiority, more youthful, vigorous vision of presidency

Causes and Effects of the War of 1812

Causes: reports of British encouraging Tecumseh, assaults on American shipping Effects: showed ability of republican government to conduct a war, made Jackson national hero, completed conquest of area east of the Mississippi, peace in Europe, nationalism in Canada

Anglicization

Colonial elites think of themselves as British, differences diminish, similar cultural patterns

Iran-Contra Affair

Congress banned military aid to the Contras fighting the Sandinista govt of Nicaragua. Reagan secretly authorized the sale of arms to Iran in order to secure the release of hostages. Govt officials set up a system that diverted some of the proceeds to buy military supplies for the Contras for 2 years.

Freedman's Bureau

Congress created the Freedmen's Bureau to economically and politically empower freed people after the Civil War. The Freedmen's Bureau was established in March of 1865 to help freed people achieve economic stability and secure political freedoms. Many white Southerners, as well as President Andrew Johnson, challenged the Bureau's legitimacy, sparking racial violence in the South and the ultimate failure of the Bureau.The Bureau presented questions about the role of the federal government in establishing and maintaining racial and economic equality in the United States.

CORE

Congress of Racial Equality, launched the Freedom Rides in 1961

Geraldine Ferraro

Congresswoman, was running mate of Walter Mondale in 1984, first woman candidate on a major-party presidential ticket

Rural Electric Administration (REA)

Created and enhanced electricity to rural areas

"Star Wars" Missile Defense

Defense Department's plan during the Reagan administration to build a system to destroy incoming missiles in space

Border states

Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, West Virginia

Freeport Doctrine

Douglas insisted that popular sovereignty was not incompatible with the Dred Scott decision. Although territorial legislatures could no longer exclude slavery directly, he argued, if the people wished to keep slaveholders out all they needed to do was refrain from giving the institution legal protection

Laissez-faire economics

During the Gilded Age, laissez faire advocates argued that government involvement hindered economic development and distorted the natural and equitable forces of economic progress. Government intervention was considered tantamount to "class legislation"—an unjust and artificial reallocation of economic resources and power from one group to another.

Mark Twain, on Imperialism

During the Spanish-American War, Twain became a fervent anti-imperialist, even joining the Anti-Imperialist League. His sentiments about the war and the war in the Phillippines were published nationwide. "Battle Hymn of the Republic Brought Down to Date" "Letter to the editor of the Washington Herald" "The War Prayer"

Berlin Airlift

Each of 4 powers assumed control of Berlin, Soviets cut off road and rail traffic from other zones. Western planes supplied fuel and food in airlift for 11 months until blockade lifted

The Warren Court

Earl Warren was new chief justice of Supreme Court, active agent of social change

Modern Republicanism

Eisenhower's domestic agenda, core New Deal programs expanded, used govt spending to promote productivity and boost employment, interstate highway system, National Defense Education Act

FDR

Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945, and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms of office. He was a central figure of the 20th century during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war.

The New Colossus

Emma Lazarus, poem inscribed on the Statue of Liberty in 1903, "huddled masses yearning to breathe free"

W.T. Stead

English editor, predicted that the US would soon emerge as the greatest of world-powers, the source of American power in its commitment to the pursuit of wealth and spread of culture

Thomas Cole

English-born American artist known for his landscape and history paintings. He is regarded as the founder of the Hudson River School, an American art movement that flourished in the mid-19th century.

Panic of 1819

European demand for American farm products returned to normal levels, economic bubble burst. Demand for land and speculator money decreased. Banks asked for loan payments, led to declaring bankruptcy and unemployment. Disrupted political harmony. Deepened Americans' distrust of banks.

Fireside chats

FDR's radio addresses

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

February 1848, confirmed the annexation of Texas and ceded California and present-day New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah to the US. The US paid Mexico $15 million

John Marshall

Federalist, headed the Supreme Court, served John Adams as secretary of state and was appointed by the president to the Court shortly before Jefferson took office, a strong believer in national supremacy Marshall established the Court's power to review laws of Congress and the states

Stamp Act Congress

First Congress of the American Colonies was a meeting held between October 7 and 25, 1765 in New York City, consisting of representatives from some of the British colonies in North America; it was the first gathering of elected representatives from several of the American colonies to devise a unified protest against new British taxation.

Black soldiers

First refused by Union army for fear of alienating whites and border slave states, but recruitment began in earnest after Emancipation Proclamation. Most were emancipated slaves who joined the army in the South

The French Alliance

Formalized in the 1778 Treaty of Alliance, it was a military pact in which the French provided many supplies for the Americans

Whiskey Tax

Fourth part of Hamilton's program was to tax producers of whiskey to raise revenue. Because transportation was so poor, moreover, many backcountry farmers were used to distilling their grain harvest into whiskey, which could then be carried more easily to market. Hamilton's tax seemed to single them out unfairly in order to enrich bondholders.

Democratic Party Coalition

Franklin D. Roosevelt forged a coalition that included the Democratic state party organizations, city machines, labor unions, blue collar workers, minorities (racial, ethnic, sexual and religious), farmers, white Southerners, people on relief, and intellectuals.

Robert E. Lee

General, leading southern commander, brilliant battlefield tactician, felt confident of his ability to fend off attacks by larger Union forces

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire

Axis Powers

Germany, Japan and Italy

"Business Unionism"

Gompers policies, a type of trade union that is opposed to class or revolutionary unionism and has the principle that unions should be run like businesses

1868 presidential election

Grant was Republican nominee, Democrat was Seymour, reconstruction was central issue, Republicans identified their opponents with secession and treason, Democrats denounced Reconstruction as unconstitutional and condemned black suffrage

Allied Powers

Great Britain, The United States, China, and the Soviet Union

"Normalcy"

Harding's campaign focused on return to it after an era of Progressive reform and world war

Teapot Dome Scandal

Harding's secretary of the Interior accepted money from private businessmen to whom he leased government oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming

Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia

He expressed his beliefs in the separation of church and state, constitutional government, checks and balances, and individual liberty. He wrote extensively about slavery, the problems of miscegenation, and his belief that whites and blacks could not live together in a free society.

John Singleton Copley

He is famous for his portrait paintings of wealthy and influential figures in colonial New England, depicting in particular middle-class subjects. His portraits were innovative in their tendency to depict artifacts relating to these individuals' lives.

Volunteerism

Hoover's idea that people should give back to help society, local and state governments should help

Republic of Texas

Houston elected its first president, unsuccessfully called for union with the US in 1837

Walt Whitman

Humanist and poet who helped to start the transition between transcendentalism and realism. Wrote "Leaves of Grass," which was highly controversial due to its overt sexual themes "Come up from the Fields" "O, Pioneers" "America" "O Captain, My Captain!" "A Sight at Daybreak"

Henry George's Progress and Poverty

Identified the monopolization of land as the cause of social inequality. Offered a critique of the expansion of poverty amid material abundance

Stephen Douglas

Illinois senator, introduced a bill to provide territorial governments for Kansas and Nebraska. Saw himself as new leader of Senate. Strong believer in the western development, hoped for a transcontinental railroad

National Origins Quota

Immigration Act of 1924, restricted immigration on the basis of existing proportions of the population. It aimed to reduce the overall number of unskilled immigrants, to allow families to reunite, and to prevent immigration from changing the ethnic distribution of the population.

Stimson Doctrine

In 1932, the policy declared in a note to Japan and China that the US would not recognize any international territorial changes brought about by force. It was enacted after Japan's military seizure of Manchuria in 1931.

RFK assassination

In 1968 the night of the California primary, Robert Kennedy was shot and killed by an Arab immigrant resentful of the candidate's pro-Israel view.

"Remember the Ladies"

In a letter dated March 31, 1776, Abigail Adams writes to her husband, John Adams, urging him and the other members of the Continental Congress not to forget about the nation's women when fighting for America's independence from Great Britain.

Third World Decolonization

India, Pakistan, Ghana, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania became independent

Suez crisis

Israel, France, and Britain invaded Egypt after the country's nationalist leader nationalized the Suez Canal, jointly owned by Britain and France. Eisenhower forced them to abandon the invasion. US moved to replace Britain as the dominant Western power in the Middle East

Kansas-Nebraska Act

It allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders. The Act served to repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30´.

Chinese Exclusion Act

It was the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States. In the spring of 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A. Arthur. This act provided an absolute 10-year moratorium on Chinese labor immigration

Mussolini

Italian leader, founder of fascism, invaded and conquered Ethiopia.

The Election of 1828

JQC vs. Jackson. Jackson: few campaign promises, accused JQC of mistresses, too much intellect, manliness. JQC: accused Jackson of murder, questioned wife's morality. Many voted, Jackson greatly won.

Kitchen Cabinet

Jackson's informal group of advisers who helped to write his speeches and supervise communication between the White House and local party officials mostly consisted of newspaper editors

"The Spoils System"

Jackson: introduced principle of rotation in office into national government, making loyalty to the party the main qualification

Tet offensive

January 1968, Viet Cong and North Vietnamese troops launched well-organized uprising in cities throughout South Vietnam, completely surprising American military leaders. The US drove back the offensive and inflicted heavy losses. But the intensity of the fighting, brought into America's homes on TV, shattered public confidence in the Johnson administration.

Selma, Alabama

January, 1965, MLK Jr launched a voting rights campaign, very few black residents were allowed to register to vote, attempted to lead a march to the state capital, when the marchers reached the bridge leading out of the city, state police assaulted them with cattle prods, whips, and tear gas

Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson had to abandon his conviction that the federal government was limited to powers specifically mentioned in the Constitution. Needing money for military campaigns in Europe and with his dreams of American empire in ruins because of his inability to reestablish control over Saint Domingue, Napoleon offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million. Doubled size of US and ended French presence in North America.

Embargo Act

Jefferson persuaded Congress to enact in 1807, hoping to stop European interference with American shipping and impressment. But it devastated the economies of American port cities.

"We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists"

Jefferson's inaugural address, conciliatory toward his opponents, expounded the policies his administration would follow with a limited government.

French Revolution

Jefferson: despite its excesses the Revolution marked a historic victory for the idea of popular self-government, which must be defended at all costs, rebirth of symbol of liberty Washington/Hamilton: the Revolution raised the specter of anarchy, America must draw closer to Britain

Johnson's impeachment

Johnson removed Secretary of War without authority, he was placed on trial before the Senate for "high crimes and misdemeanors".

Vietnam War effects

Johnson's Great Society suffers, communism is not contained, 26th amendment, War Powers Act

Barry Goldwater

Johnson's opponent in 1964 election, Republican, published The Conscience of a Conservative, demanded a more aggressive conduct of the Cold War, critiqued "internal" dangers to freedom

Battle of the Little Big Horn

June 1876, most famous Indian victory, defended tribal land in Dakota Territory, reserved for them, but invaded by whites for gold

"White Man's Burden"

Kipling, imperialism, domination of non-white peoples by whites formed part of the progress of civilization

Korean War Causes

Korea had been divided in 1945 into Soviet and American zones, which evolved into two governments: communist North Korea, and anti communist South Korea. 1950, North Korean army invaded the south, hoping to reunify the country under communist control

Great Society

LBJ's initiatives of 1965-1967, sweeping proposal for governmental action to promote the general welfare, provided health services to the poor and elderly, poured federal funds into education and urban development. New cabinet offices and new agencies greatly expanded the powers of the fed. Govt and they completed and extended the social agenda

Stephen Austin

Led American settlers who demanded greater autonomy within Mexico

New England primer

Less than 100 pages in length, this early textbook proved significant in both reflecting the norms of Puritan culture and propagating those norms into early American thought. It provided a tool of reform that promoted literacy, proliferated compulsory education, and solidified a Calvinist ethic in colonial America.

The Gettysburg Address

Lincoln's finest speech, identified the nation's mission with the principle that "all men are created equal", spoke of the war as bringing about a "new birth of freedom," and defined the essence of democratic government

Election of 1860

Lincoln's victory, created fear in eyes of white southerners, saw Lincoln as hostile to their values.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Lincoln: popular sovereignty reflected a moral indifference that could only result in the institution's spread throughout the entire country, freedom=opposition to slavery Douglas: essence of freedom lay in local self-government and individual self-determination. US could only survive by respecting the right of each locality to determine its own institutions, popular sovereignty was compatible with the Dred Scott decision. Politicians had no right to impose their own moral standards on society as a whole.

FDR's "Brain Trust"

Many of the advisers who helped Roosevelt during his presidential candidacy continued to aid him after he entered the White House. A newspaperman once described the group as "Roosevelt's Brain Trust." They were more influential than the Cabinet.

Dorothea Dix

Massachusetts school teacher, leading advocate of more humane treatment of the insane

Electoral College

Members of the ___ or the House of Representatives could choose the president. The number of electors for each state was determined by adding together its allocation of senators and representatives. A state's electors would be chosen either by legislator or by popular vote. In either case, the delegates assumed, electors would be prominent, well-educated individuals better qualified than ordinary voters.

Causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, and Assassination

impact of militias

Minutemen were teams of mostly younger militia men that formed a highly mobile, rapidly deployable force, allowing the colonies to respond immediately to war threats. The Continental Army regulars received European-style military training later in the American Revolutionary War, whereas most militias lacked training and discipline. Nevertheless, their numbers were effective in overwhelming smaller British forces.

Missouri Compromise

Missouri would be authorized to draft a constitution w/o Tallmadge's restriction. Maine, which prohibited slavery, would be admitted to the Union to maintain the sectional balance between free and slave states. And slavery would be prohibited in all remaining territory within the Louisiana Purchase.

Moderate vs Radical Republicans

Moderates: Johnson's plan was flawed, but they desired to work with the president to modify it. Feared that neither northern nor southern whites would accept black suffrage Radicals: called for dissolution of Johnson's southern governments and the establishment of new ones with "rebels" excluded from power and black men guaranteed the right to vote, shared the conviction that Union victory created a golden opportunity to institutionalize the principle of equal rights for all, regardless of race

Joseph Brant

Mohawk military and political leader, based in present-day New York, who was closely associated with Great Britain during and after the American Revolution.

Era of Good Feelings

Monroe's two terms in office, years of one-party government

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

NOW

National Organization for Women, 1966, Friedan president, demanded equal opportunity in jobs, education, and political participation

Hartford Convention

New England Federalists called for elimination of ⅗ clause, a ⅔ vote in Congress for new states, war, trade restrictions

"Lords of the loom"

New England's early factory owners who relied on cotton supplied by southern slave owners

New Nationalism vs. New Freedom

New Nationalism- Roosevelt's program, heavy tax, federal regulation of industries, New Freedom- Wilson's program, fed govt strengthening antitrust laws, protecting unions, encouraging small businesses, w/o govt regulation

John O'Sullivan

New York journalist, first employed the phrase "manifest destiny"

Reasons for the end of Reconstruction

Northerners became less interested in rebuilding the South as jobs became more scarce. At the same time, the Democratic Party started to gain more ground in Congress and wanted to gain control of the White House. To try to hold onto control of the White House, the Republicans chose Rutherford B. Hayes as its candidate. He won, but there was a dispute, which led to the Compromise of 1877. The compromise led to the withdrawal of troops from the South.

writing of constitutions

On May 15, 1776 Congress advised all the colonies to form governments for themselves. Legislative assemblies in the formerly British colonies began writing and adopting new constitutions to become sovereign and independent states.

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, set high oil prices

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Passed in 1890, the Sherman Antitrust Act was the first major legislation passed to address oppressive business practices associated with cartels and oppressive monopolies. The Sherman Antitrust Act is a federal law prohibiting any contract, trust, or conspiracy in restraint of interstate or foreign trade.

Peggy Eaton Affair

Peggy Eaton, the wife of Jackson's secretary of war, was ostracized because she was the daughter of a Washington tavern keeper and a woman of "easy virtue". Van Buren and Jackson stood with her.

Emily Dickinson

Poet who explored universal themes of nature, love, death, and immortality. "There's Been a Death in the Opposite House" "Because I Could Not Stop for Death"

New Negro

Politics-pan-Africanism, militancy of the Garvey movement. Art-rejection of established stereotypes and a search for black values to put in their place

Mary Elizabeth Lease

Populist, gave speeches to farmers

Presidential vs Congressional (i.e. Radical) Reconstruction

Presidential: offered a pardon to nearly all white southerners who took an oath of allegiance, most exempted received individual pardons, granted new governments a free hand in managing local affairs, prominent Confederates returned to power, which was alarming. Congressional: extended life of Freedmen's Bureau, defined black citizenship, protection

Medicare and Medicaid expansion

Reagan kept, which disappointed ardent conservatives

Carpetbaggers

Reconstruction officials were northerners who had made their homes in the South after the war. Some were undoubtedly corrupt adventures, most were former Union soldiers who decided to remain in the South when the war ended, or investors in land and railroads

Ten Percent Plan

Reconstruction, Lincoln, offered an amnesty and full restoration of rights, including property except for slaves, to nearly all white southerners who took an oath affirming loyalty to the Union and support for emancipation. When 10 percent of the voters of 1860 had taken the oath, they could elect a new state government, which would be required to abolish slavery. Lincoln's plan offered no role to blacks in shaping the post-slavery order. His leniency toward southern whites seems to have been based on the assumption that many former slaveholders would come forward to accept his terms, thus weakening the Confederacy, shortening the war, and gaining white support for the ending of slavery -specified that a southern state could be readmitted into the Union once 10 percent of its voters (from the voter rolls for the election of 1860) swore an oath of allegiance to the Union.

Remington and Russell and the Western Myth

Remington: visited the west, racist, "Dash for Timber", one dimensional Indians, uncivilized, always war like, nature as hostile source, civilization positive Russell: fond of West, good relationships w Indians, more detailed Indians

21st Amendment

Repeal of Eighteenth Amendment; state and local prohibition no longer required by law.

William McKinley

Republican nominee 1896, had passed a protectionist tariff

"Waving the bloody shirt"

Republican tactic, identifying Democrats with secession and treason

"Free Labor"

Republicans idea that the North's system offered progress, opportunity, and freedom. Slavery, though, degraded slaves and poor whites, consisting of idle aristocrats. Republicans insisted that if slavery spread to the West, northern free laborers would be barred with opportunities for advancement diminished

John Lewis

SNCC leader and later congressman, ordered by organizers of March on Washington to tone down his speech which called on blacks to free themselves from "political and economic slavery" and "burn Jim Crow to the ground", more militant

Alexander Graham Bell

Scottish-born scientist, inventor, engineer, and innovator who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone and founding the American Telephone and Telegraph Company in 1885

Declaration of Sentiments

Seneca Falls Convention, modeled on Declaration of Independance, condemned man's actions, women need to have vote in true democratic society

"Forty acres and a mule"

Sherman offered slaves broken-down mules that the army could no longer use and plots of land

The environmental movement

Sierra Club memberships, banning use of DDT, major oil spills, attracted bipartisan support, auto manufacturers, called for limiting some kinds of freedom

Non-Intercourse Act

Signed in 1809, just before Jefferson's term ended, banned trade only with Britain and France but providing that if either side rescinded its edicts against American shipping, commerce, with that country would resume.

Grimke sisters

South Carolinian, Angelina and Sarah, 1830s, delivered popular lectures that offered a scathing condemnation of slavery from the perspective of those who had witnessed its evils firsthand

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, a coalition of black ministers and civil rights activists, pressed for desegregation

Nikita Khrushchev

Soviet premier, agreed to withdraw missiles from Cuba

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet premier, came to power bent on reforming the USSR's repressive political system and reinvigorating its economy. In order to reduce military budget, he negotiated with Reagan to eliminate nuclear missiles and pull out troops from Afghanistan

Warsaw Pact

Soviets' eastern European alliance, 1955

Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819

Spain sold territory to the US. aware that it could not defend the territory

Salt Treaty

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, froze each country's arsenal of intercontinental missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads

The Ratification Controversy

Strong dissent in Massachusetts, New York, and Virginia and Rhode Island and North Carolina voted against ratification, but all ratified in 1788.

SNCC

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, dedicated to replacing the culture of segregation with a "beloved community" of racial justice and to empowering ordinary blacks to take control of the decisions that affected their lives, young activists

SDS's Port Huron Statement

Students for a Democratic Society, a document that captured the mood and summarized the beliefs of this generation of student protesters, criticized institutions, offered a new vision of social change, "participatory democracy"

"Dollar Diplomacy"

Taft's foreign policy. Economic investment and loans from American banks, rather than direct military intervention, as the best way to spread American influence

Lincoln's legacy in the west

The Homestead Act, US Department of Agriculture, Pacific Railway Act, Morrill Act

The Election of 1912

The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or Bull Moose Party because he was "fit as a bull moose..."). His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before.

Chesapeake-Leopold Affair

The Royal Navy was seizing many American sailors. The British frigate Leopard boarded in American waters and bombarded men from the US warship Chesapeake

Start I

The United States and the Soviet Union signed this treaty in July 1991 which called for a reduction in the number of long-range nuclear warheads and bombs held by each country by about one-third over a period of seven years.

Panama Canal

The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.

separation of church and state

The constitution states, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." Both the free exercise clause and the establishment clause place restrictions on the government concerning laws they pass or interfering with religion.

The Cotton Kingdom

The early industrial revolution, which began in England and soon spread to parts of the North, centered on factories producing cotton textiles with water-powered spinning and weaving machinery. These factories generated an immense demand for cotton, a crop the Deep South was particularly suited to growing because of its climate and soil fertility.

Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

The law criminalized the act of engaging in a "pattern or practice" of knowingly hiring an "unauthorized alien" and established financial and other penalties for those employing illegal immigrants under the theory that low prospects for employment would reduce undocumented immigration.

Black Hawk

The leader of the Illinois tribes of Indians in the 1830's. When the Indians were uprooted, and forced out of their homes, he led the Indians in resisting the move. However, he wasn't powerful enough, because in 1832 they were brutally defeated, and forced to move into Oklahoma.

Revolution's Impact on slavery

The northern states either abolished the institution outright or adopted gradual emancipation schemes. The Revolution also inspired African-American resistance against slavery. During the Revolution, thousands of slaves obtained their freedom by running away.

Sun belt

The sunbelt states were from Florida to California, warmer climates, lower taxes, and economic opportunities prompted families uprooted by the war to move to these areas.

Bull Moose (Progressive) Party

Theodore Roosevelt, called for the direct election of U.S. senators, woman suffrage, reduction of the tariff, and many social reforms, lost Election of 1912, but received large percentage of third party votes

The National Bank

Third part of Hamilton's program, modeled on Bank of England, to serve as the nation's main financial agent. A private corporation rather than a branch of the government, it would hold public funds, issue bank notes that would serve as currency, and make loans to the government when necessary, all the while returning a tidy profit to its stockholders.

Boston Tea Party

This famed act of American colonial defiance served as a protest against taxation. Seeking to boost the troubled East India Company, British Parliament adjusted import duties with the passage of the Tea Act in 1773. While consignees in Charleston, New York, and Philadelphia rejected tea shipments, merchants in Boston refused to concede to Patriot pressure. On the night of December 16, 1773, Samuel Adams and the Sons of Liberty boarded three ships in the Boston harbor and threw 342 chests of tea overboard. This resulted in the passage of the punitive Coercive Acts in 1774 and pushed the two sides closer to war.

Common Sense

Thomas Paine, pamphlet setting forth arguments in favor of American independence

"Empire of Liberty"

Throughout the era of the Revolution, Americans spoke of their nation as a "rising empire", destined to populate and control the entire North American continent. While Europe's empires were governed by force, America's would be different. In Jefferson's phrase, it would be "an ______," bound together by a common devotion to the principles of the Declaration of Independence.

Containment

Truman, commitment of US to prevent worldwide expansion of Soviet power

Midway

US navy inflicted devastating losses on Japanese navy, allowed American forces to launch the bloody campaigns that one by one drove the Japanese from fortified islands

U2 Spy Plane Crisis

USSR shot down US spy plane, raised tensions

George Fitzhugh

Virginia lawyer and author, thought women were helpless, thought slavery was natural, and slaves were actually the "freest people in the world"

Walt Whitman, on Imperialism

Walt Whitman was a firm believer in American whites as a superior civilization, which had the right to crush Mexicans because they were a second-rate civilization

"Moral Imperialism"

Wilson's foreign policy that would respect Latin America's independence and free it from foreign economic domination, but the US still had a responsibility to teach the lessons of democracy

"Liberal Internationalism"

Wilson's foreign policy, rested on the conviction that economic and political progress went hand in hand, greater worldwide freedom would follow from increased American investment and trade abroad

Underwood Tariff

Wilson, substantially reduced duties on imports and imposed a graduated income tax on the richest 5 percent

Robert Lafollette

Wisconsin Republic member of Congress, instituted a series of measures, including nominations of candidates or office through primary elections rather than by political bosses, the taxation of corporate wealth, and state regulation of railroads and public utilities

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

Women and Economics, reinfored the claim that the road to woman's freedom lay through the workplace, by condemning women to a life of domestic drudgery, prevailing gender norms made them incapable of contributing to society or enjoying freedom

WCTU

Women's Christian Temperance Union, era's largest female organization, comprehensive program of economic and political reform including the right to vote

"The war to end all wars"

World War I

YAF's Sharon Statement

Young Americans for Freedom (conservative students), issued by young people who gathered in Sharon, Connecticut to establish YAF, summarized beliefs that had circulated among conservatives during the past decade-the free market underpinned "personal freedom," government must be strictly limited, and "international communism," the gravest threat to liberty, must be destroyed

"Implied Powers"

___, in the United States, are those powers authorized by the Constitution that, while not stated, seem to be implied by powers expressly stated. When George Washington asked Alexander Hamilton to defend the constitutionality of the First Bank of the United States against the protests of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Attorney General Edmund Randolph, Hamilton produced what has now become the classic statement for ___. Hamilton argued that the sovereign duties of a government implied the right to use means adequate to its ends. Although the United States government was sovereign only as to certain objects, it was impossible to define all the means which it should use, because it was impossible for the founders to anticipate all future exigencies. Hamilton noted that the "general welfare clause" and the "necessary and proper clause" gave elasticity to the constitution. Hamilton won the argument with Washington, who signed his Bank Bill into law.

"Free Enterprise"

____ worldwide, or global new deal, attributed to wartime production

The Crucible

a 1953 play by American playwright Arthur Miller. It is a dramatized and partially fictionalized story of the Salem witch trials that took place in the Massachusetts Bay Colony during 1692/93

Enlightenment

a European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and humanity were synthesized into a worldview that gained wide assent in the West and that instigated revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics. Central to Enlightenment thought were the use and celebration of reason, the power by which humans understand the universe and improve their own condition. The goals of rational humanity were considered to be knowledge, freedom, and happiness.

Horace Mann

a Massachusetts lawyer and Whig politician who served as director of the state's board of education, was the era's leading educational reform

Proposition 13

a ban on further property taxes in California in 1978, vote demonstrated that the level of taxation could be a powerful political issue, proved to be a windfall for businesses and homeowners, while reducing funds available for public services

Coxey's Army

a band of several unemployed men led by Ohio businessman Jacob Coxey, who marched to Washington demanding economic relief

NSC-68

a call for a permanent military build-up to enable the US to pursue a global crusade against communism, 1950, described the Cold War as an epic struggle between "the idea of freedom" and the "idea of slavery under the grim oligarchy of the Kremlin". Helped to spur a dramatic increase in US military spending

Space race

a competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union

equality of opportunity

a concept that no person should be held back because of race, religion, etc.

Court packing

a controversial plan to expand the Supreme Court to as many as 15 judges, allegedly to make it more efficient. Critics immediately charged that Roosevelt was trying to "pack" the court and thus neutralize Supreme Court justices hostile to his New Deal.

Continental Congress

a convention of delegates called together from the Thirteen Colonies which became the governing body of the United States during the American Revolution.

Credit Mobilier

a corparation formed by an inner ring of Union Pacific Railroad stockholders to oversee the line's government-assisted construction. Essentially, it enabled the participants to sign contracts with themselves, at an exorbitant profit, to build the new line.

James Madison

a diminutive, colorless Virginian and the lifelong disciple and ally of Thomas Jefferson, thought deeply and creatively about the nature of political freedom

Panic of 1873

a financial crisis that triggered a depression in Europe and North America that lasted from 1873 until 1879, and even longer in some countries

Transcendentalist/Individualism

a group of New England intellectuals, insisted on the primacy of individual judgment over existing social traditions and institutions

Neoconservatives

a group of intellectuals who charged that the 1960s had produced a decline in moral standards and respect for authority

Alger Hiss

a high-ranking State Department official charged with passing secret govt docs to agents of the Soviet Union. Denied this.

League of Nations

a kind of global counterpart to the regulatory commissions Progressives had created at home to maintain social harmony and prevent the powerful from exploiting the weak

The Information Revolution

a large expansion of the public sphere and an explosion in printing (mainly newspapers- reduction in cost) caused by the market revolution and political democracy.

The Regulators

a large group of North Carolina colonists who opposed the taxation and fee system imposed by colonial officials in the late 1760s. This political argument led to a battle between the colonial militia and the Regulators in 1771.

Vaudeville

a live theatrical entertainment consisting of numerous short acts typically including song and dance, comedy, acrobats, magicians, and trained animals

Sand Creek

a massacre in the American Indian Warsthat occurred on November 29, 1864, when a 675-man force of Colorado U.S. Volunteer Cavalry attacked and destroyed a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho in southeastern Colorado Territory,killing and mutilating an estimated 70-163 Native Americans, about two-thirds of whom were women and children.

Zimmerman Note

a message by German foreign secretary calling on Mexico to join in a coming war against the US and promising to help it recover territory lost in the Mexican War

Hudson river school

a mid-19th century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by romanticism.

Alamo

a mission compound in San Antonio, attacked in 1836 by Santa Anna's army, killing 187 American and Tejano defenders

"Welfare Capitalism"

a more socially conscious kind of business leadership, and trumpeted the fact that they now paid more attention to the "human factor" in employment

Exodusters

a name given to African Americans who migrated from states along the Mississippi River to Kansas in the late nineteenth century, as part of the Exoduster Movement or Exodus of 1879. It was the first general migration of blacks following the Civil War. black people emigrating from the South to Kansas, seeking political equality, freedom from violence, access to education, economic opportunity

Helen Hunt Jackson's A Century of Dishonor

a non-fiction book by Helen Hunt Jackson first published in 1881 that chronicled the experiences of Native Americans in the United States, focusing on injustices.

Transcendentalism

a philosophical movement that developed in the late 1820s and 1830s in the eastern United States. It arose as a reaction to or protest against the general state of intellectualism and spirituality at the time.`

Jacob Riis' How the Other Half Lives

a pioneering work of photojournalism documenting the squalid living conditions in New York City slums in the 1880s. It served as a basis for future muckraking journalism by exposing the slums to New York City's upper and middle class.

Mercy Otis Warren

a political writer and propagandist of the American Revolution. In the eighteenth century, topics such as politics and war were thought to be the province of men.

Scientific Management

a program that sought to streamline production and boost profits by systematically controlling costs and work practices

Baruch Plan

a proposal by the United States government, written largely by Bernard Baruch. The United States, Great Britain and Canada called for an international organization to regulate atomic energy

Ghost Dance

a religious revitalization campaign reminiscent of the pan-Indian movements led by earlier prophets. Its leaders foretold a day when whites had disappeared, the buffalo returned, and Indians again practiced their ancestral customs.

Pacific Railroad Act

a series of acts of Congress that promoted the construction of a "transcontinental railroad" in the United States through authorizing the issuance of government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies.

John Dickinson's Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

a series of essays written by the Pennsylvania lawyer and legislator. The twelve letters were widely read and reprinted throughout the thirteen colonies and were important in uniting the colonists against the Townshend Acts.

"Bleeding Kansas"

a series of violent political confrontations in the United States between 1854 and 1861 involving anti-slavery "Free-Staters" and pro-slavery "Border Ruffian", or "southern" elements in Kansas. At the heart of the conflict was the question of whether Kansas would allow or outlaw slavery, and thus enter the Union as a slave state or a free state. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 called for "popular sovereignty"—that is, the decision about slavery was to be made by the settlers (rather than outsiders). It would be decided by votes—or more exactly which side had more votes counted by officials. Pro-slavery forces said every settler had the right to bring his own property, including slaves, into the territory. Anti-slavery "free soil" forces said the rich slaveholders would buy up all the good farmland and work it with black slaves, leaving little or no opportunity for non-slaveholders. As such, Bleeding Kansas was a conflict between anti-slavery forces in the North and pro-slavery forces from the South over the issue of slavery in the United States, and its violence indicated that compromise was unlikely, and thus it presaged the Civil War.

The Red Scare

a short-lived but intense period of political intolerance inspired by the postwar strike wave and the social tensions and fears generated by the Russian Revolution

Model T

a simple, light vehicle sturdy enough to navigate the country's poorly maintained roads, low price, many produced

Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom

a statement about both freedom of conscience and the principle of separation of church and state. Written by Thomas Jefferson and passed by the Virginia General Assembly on January 16, 1786, it is the forerunner of the first amendment protections for religious freedom.

Psychological realism

a style of writing that came to prominence in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It's a highly character-driven genre of fiction writing, as it focuses on the motivations and internal thoughts of characters to explain their actions.

Billy Sunday

a talented professional baseball player who became a fundamentalist revivalist preacher. Highly theatrical preaching style and a message denouncing sins

The Invisible Hand

a term used by Adam Smith to describe the unintended social benefits of individual self-interested actions. The phrase was employed by Smith with respect to income distribution and production.

Safety Valve thesis

a theory about how to deal with unemployment which gave rise to the Homestead Act of 1862 in the United States.

Manhattan project

a top secret program in which American scientists developed an atomic bomb during WWII

The Great Compromise

a two- house Congress consisting of a Senate in which each state had two members, and a House of Representatives apportioned according to population. Senators would be chosen by state legislators for six-year terms. They were thus insulated from sudden shifts in public opinion. Representatives were to be elected every two years directly by the people.

Scalawags

a white Southerner who collaborated with northern Republicans during Reconstruction, often for personal profit, considered traitors to their race and region, cooperated with the Republicans in order to prevent "rebels" from returning to power, hoped Reconstruction governments would help them recover from wartime economic losses by suspending the collection of debts and enacting laws protecting small property holders from losing their homes to creditors

Deborah Sampson

a woman who disguised herself as a man in order to serve in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.

Immigration Law of 1965

abolished an earlier quota system based on national origin and established a new immigration policy based on reuniting immigrant families and attracting skilled labor to the United States.

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

Richard Nixon's Policies/Programs

accepted an expanded many elements of the Great Society, New Federalism, EPA, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, National Transportation Safety Board, Aid to Families with Dependent Children, affirmative action

"Organization Men"

according to social critics, employees transformed by corporate bureaucracies, incapable of independent thought

Hawaii

acquired in 1898, had a sizable population of American missionaries and planters

Puerto Rico

acquired in treaty ending war with Spain

Jefferson Davis

acquired large plantation, aloof, stubborn, humorless, lacked Lincoln's common touch and political flexibility. Tasked with rallying public support for the Confederacy. Proved unable to communicate the war's meaning effectively to ordinary men and women, lacked counterpart to the well-organized Republican Party, centralized Confederate nation

Louis Brandeis

active ally of the labor movement, appointed by Wilson to Supreme Court in 1916

Ida B. Wells

activist, condemned lynching of three black men in Memphis, attracted mob

The Second Great Awakening

added a religious underpinning to the celebration of personal self-determination. Revivals were originally organized by established religious leaders alarmed by low levels of church attendance. Democratized American Christianity. Christianity became even more central to American culture. Impact: universal salvation through faith and good works, opening of religion to mass participation

Enforcement Acts of 1870-71

adopted by Congress, outlawing terrorist societies and allowing the president to use the army against them. These laws continued the expansion of national authority during Reconstruction. They defined crimes that aimed to deprive citizens of their civil and political rights as federal offenses rather than violations of state law. Klan went out of existence

Union strategies

advantages in manpower and technology to battlefield, occupying southern territory and attempting to capture Richmond, attacked sporadically and withdrew after a battle, sacrificing their superiority, later- defeating South's armies

Harold Hopkins

advised FDR, headed emergency relief efforts during his term as governor of NY

Frances Perkins

advised FDR, secretary of labor, wished to keep relief in the hands of state and local authorities and believed that workers should contribute directly to the cost of their own benefits

Booker T. Washington's Atlanta Compromise

advocated a policy of accommodation and vocational education for black people

"New Imperialism"

after 1870, dominated by European powers and Japan.

Montgomery bus boycott

after new's of Park's arrest spread, hundreds of black gathered and vowed to refuse to ride the buses until accorded equal treatment, succeeded in 1956, launched movement for racial justice as a nonviolent crusade based in the black churches of the South

Bracero program

agreed to by Mexico and US in 1942, contract laborers crossed into the US to take up jobs as domestic and agricultural workers, poor working conditions

Annexation of Texas

agreed to in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, became triumph of civilization, progress, and liberty over the tyranny of the Catholic Church

Affirmative action

aims to upgrade minority employment

Voting Rights Act of 1965

allowed federal officials to register voters

Fugitive Slave Act

allowed special federal commissioners to determine the fate of alleged fugitive without benefit of a jury trial or even testimony by the accused individual. It prohibited local authorities from interfering with the capture of fugitives and required individual citizens to assist in such capture when called upon by federal agents. Seen as dangerous to transcendentalists

"Cash and Carry"

allowed the sale of arms to Britain if they were paid for in cash and transported in British ships, approved plans for military rearmament

Writ of habeas corpus

allows the prisoners to be held without charge, Lincoln claimed under the presidential war powers and twice suspended the writ throughout the entire Union for those accused of "disloyal activities"

John Quincy Adams

ambassador, senator, abandoned Federalist Party, cold, vision of national greatness. Supported American System, hoped to encourage American commerce throughout the world, expansive federal power, "liberty is power", increase in tariffs, little support in Congress

The Equal Rights Amendment

amendment proposed to eliminate all legal distinctions "on account of sex". Paul thought that women, having gained political equality, no longer required special legal protection. To supports of mothers' pensions and laws limiting women's hours of labor, it would be a step backward. The amendment failed, as did many maternalist reforms.

Al Capone

an American mobster, crime boss, and businessman who attained notoriety during the Prohibition era as the co-founder and boss of the Chicago Outfit.

George Catlin

an American painter, author, and traveler, who specialized in portraits of Native Americans in the Old West. Travelling to the American West five times during the 1830s, Catlin was the first white man to depict Plains Indians in their native territory.

John Adams

an American patriot who served as the second President of the United States and the first Vice President.

Lucy Knox

an American revolutionary. Born as daughter of a colonial officer under the British government, Lucy joined the American Army as the wife of Henry Knox.

Republican Motherhood

an attitude toward women's roles present in the emerging United States before, during, and after the American Revolution.

Market Revolution

an economic transformation in the first half of the nineteenth century. Its catalyst was a series of innovations in transportation and communication. Represented an acceleration of developments already under way in the colonial era.

Sons of Liberty

an organization that was created in the Thirteen American Colonies. The secret society was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government.

Bozeman Trail

an overland route connecting the gold rush territory of Montana to the Oregon Trail. Its most important period was from 1863-68.

Sacco and Vanzetti

anarchists probably falsely convicted of a robbery during the Red Scare, lengthy appeal process, but they died in the electric chair, demonstrated how powerfully the Red Scare undermined basic American freedoms, symbolized nativist prejudices and stereotypes, or the success of anti-radical crusade

Ngo Dinh Diem

anti communist southern leader of Vietnam, refused to hold elections, faced revolt by communists

Elijah Lovejoy

antislavery editor, killed by a mob in 1837

Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin

antislavery literature, modeled on slave autobiography, portrayed slaves as sympathetic men and women

Massive retaliation

any Soviet attack on an American ally would be countered by a nuclear assault on the Soviet Union itself

Freedom Petitions

arguments for liberty presented to New England's courts and legislatures in the early 1770s by enslaved African-Americans

George McClellan

army engineer who had recently won a minor engagement with Confederate troops in western Virginia, assumed command of the Union's Army of the Potomac. A brilliant organizer, succeeded in welding his men into a superb fighting force. He seemed reluctant, however, to commit them to battle, since he tended to overestimate the size of enemy forces. And as a Democrat, he hoped that compromise might end the war without large scale loss of life or a weakening of slavery

War on drugs

as there was a dramatic increase in drug use, and demand for illegal drugs, especially "crack" cocaine, political figures of both parties spoke heatedly about the need for a "war on drugs", but government efforts to stop drug imports and reduce demand had little effect. (nixon used the term)

Herbert Hoover

asked business sector to put in place voluntary controls, established the "emergency committee for employment" to coordinate volunteer relief efforts, set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation and the National Credit Corporation, authorized 2 billion to state and local governments, alienated voters by calling for an increase in taxes

Lee Harvey Oswald

assassin of JFK, troubled former marine

Griswold vs. Connecticut

assertion of a constitutional right to privacy, overturned a state law prohibiting the use of contraceptives

Land Grant (Morrill) Act

assisted the states in establishing "agricultural and mechanic colleges"

Thurgood Marshall

attacked doctrine of "separate but equal", argued that segregation did lifelong damage to black children

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

attacked the Sedition Act as an unconstitutional violation of the First Amendment, called on federal courts to protect free press. Resolutions were directed against assaults on freedom of expression by the federal government, not the states.

The Square Deal

attempted to confront the problems caused by economic consolidation by distinguishing between "good" and "bad" corporations

Romanticism

attitude or intellectual orientation that characterized many works of literature, painting, music, architecture, criticism, and historiography in Western civilization over a period from the late 18th to the mid-19th century. It was also to some extent a reaction against the Enlightenment and against 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in general. Romanticism emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendental.

The Democratic Party

attracted aspiring entrepreneurs who resented government aid to established businessmen, as well as large numbers of farmers and city workingmen suspicious of new corporate enterprises. Immigrants. Government should not interfere with private life.

16th Amendment

authorized Congress to enact a graduated income tax

Lend Lease Act

authorized military aid so long as countries promised somehow to return it all after the war. US funneled billions of dollars worth of arms to Britain, China, Soviet Union

Gulf of Tonkin resolution

authorized president to take "all necessary measures to repel armed attack" in Vietnam, blank check

Platt Amendment

authorized the US to intervene militarily whenever it saw fit in Cuba

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

authorized the fed. govt to try to raise farm prices by setting production quotas for major crops and paying farmers not to plant more

19th Amendment

banned states from using sex as a qualification for the suffrage

Glass-Steagall Act

barred commercial banks from becoming involved in the buying and selling of stocks

19th Amendment

barred states from using sex as a qualification for the suffrage

Vicksburg

battle, 1863, sieged by Grant, surrendered, loss for Confederacy

John D. Rockefeller

became a byword for enormous wealth, drove out rivil oil firms through cutthroat competition, soon established a vertically integrated monopoly, gave much fortune away, fought against unions

New conservatives

became increasingly prominent in the 1950s. Understood freedom as a moral condition. Govt should be expelled from economy but trusted it to regulate personal behavior. Tradition, community, moral commitment

Black Panthers

became notorious for advocating armed self-defense in response to police brutality, demanded the release of black prisoners because of racism in the criminal justice system

Margaret Sanger

began column on sex education, advertised birth-control devices, opened clinic

Neutrality Acts

beginning in 1935, banned travel on belligerents' ships and the sale of arms to countries at war. Congress hoped that they would allow the US to avoid the conflicts over freedom of the seas that had contributed to involvement in WWI

British advantages during Revolution

best military in world, more funds, support of some Americans and Indians

The Second Industrial Revolution

between the end of the Civil War and the early 20th century, the US underwent one of the most rapid and profound economic revolutions any country has ever experienced. Caused by: abundant natural resources, a growing supply of labor, and expanding market for manufactured goods, availability of capital for investment, government promotion of industrial and agricultural development (high tariffs, land grants to railroads, Indian removal)

"Sold down the river"

biggest threat to slave families

Sojourner Truth

black abolitionist, insisted that women's rights movement should devote attention to poor women, and repudiate the idea that women were too delicate to work outside the home

Emmett Till

black teenager who had allegedly whistled at a white woman, murderers acquitted by all-white jury

Frederick Douglass

born into slavery in 1818, he came a major figure in the crusade for abolition, the drama of emancipation, and the effort during the Reconstruction to give meaning to black freedom

Cause of French and Indian War

both English and French settlers believed they had claim to land in the Ohio River Valley

Dawes Act

broke up the land of nearly all tribes into small parcels to be distributed to Indian families with the remainder auctioned off to white purchasers. Indians who accepted the farms and "adopted the habits of civilized life" would become full-fledged American citizens. The policy proved to be a disaster, leading to the loss of much tribal land and the erosion of Indian cultural traditions.

Hitler

brutally consolidated his rule in Germany, embarked on a campaign to control the entire continent. Pursued German rearmament. 1936- sent troops to occupy the Rhineland. Poured in arms to support fascist civil war in Spain.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

built a series of dams to prevent floods and deforestation and to provide cheap electric power for states where families still lived in isolated log cabins

Berlin Wall

built in 1961 by Soviets in order to stem a growing tide of emigrants fleeing from East to West Berlin, separated the two parts of the city

Truman Doctrine

built on the wartime division of the globe into free and enslaved worlds, and invoking a far older vision of an American mission to defend liberty against the forces of darkness, created the language through which most Americans came to understand the postwar world, ideological conflict, permanent global responsibility

Public Works Administration (PWA)

built roads, schools, hospitals, other public facilities, part of NIRA

Henry David Thoreau

call for individual self-reliance

Military industrial complex

called dangerous by Eisenhower, the conjunction of "an immense military establishment" with a "permanent arms industry"

Truman's Civil Rights Agenda

called for a permanent federal civil rights commission, national laws against lynching and the poll tax, and action to ensure equal access to jobs and education, rejected by Congress. Desegregated armed forces

New Jersey Plan

called for a single-house Congress in which each state cast one vote, as under the Articles of Confederation.

Bartolomé de Las Casas

called for the abolition of slavery in Spanish America

Old Immigrants

came from northern or western Europe, were Protestant, were literate and skilled

Alexander Hamilton

came to North America as a youth from the West Indies, served at the precocious age of 20 as an army officer during the War of Independence, and married into a prominent New York family. Most vigorous proponent of an "energetic" government that would enable the new nation to become a powerful commercial and diplomatic presence in world affairs. Genuine liberty, he insisted, required "a proper degree of authority, to make and exercise the laws."

Sharecropping

came to dominate the Cotton Belt and much of the Tobacco Belt of Virginia and North Carolina. Initially arose as a compromise between blacks' desire between blacks' desire for land and planters' demand for labor discipline. Allowed each black family to rent a part of a plantation, with the crop divided between worker and owner at the end of the year. Guaranteed the planters a stable resident labor force. While at first preferred, it became more oppressive. Sharecroppers' economic opportunities were severely limited by a world market in which the price of farm products suffered a prolonged decline

John C. Fremont

candidate for Republican Party in election of 1856, platform that strongly opposed the further expansion of slavery

Growth of the budget deficit

caused by supply-side economics and large increases in funds for the military, during Reagan's presidency

Slave culture characteristics

centered on family and church, drew on African heritage, close tied marriages and family despite threat of sale, black preachers

Eugene Debs

charismatic union leader, Illinois railroad workers went on strike, American Railway Union no longer supported Pullman cars, jailed for contempt of court for violating the judicial order

Tecumseh

chief who refused to sign of the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. Sought to revive Neolin's pan-Indian alliance of the 1760s. The alternative to resistance was extermination. Repudiate chiefs who had sold land to the federal government. Called for attacks on American frontier settlements.

Boss Tweed

chiefly remembered for the cronyism of his Tammany Hall political machine, through which he bilked the city of New York of massive sums of money.

Urban renewal

cities demolished poor neighborhoods in center cities that occupied potentially valuable real estate. In their place, developers constructed retail centers and all-white middle-income housing complexes, and states built urban public universities like Wayne State in Detroit and the University of Illinois at Chicago

Populist Platform of 1892

classic document of American reform, proposals to restore democracy and economic opportunity, direct election of senators, gov't currency control, graduated income tax, labor unions, public ownership of railroads

Classical vs. Modern Liberalism

classical: No govt interference (hands off), Govt to protect life, liberty & property, Emphasizes economic freedom & role of entrepreneur modern: Significant gov't intervention, All individuals valued equally, Emphasizes programs to help the disadvantaged, Promotes ideas to share the benefits of development

Clara Barton

clerk in the Patent Office in Washington, D.C., when the war began, traveled with the Army of Northern Virginia, helping to organize supply lines and nursing wounded soldiers. Worked alone rather than as a part of the Department of Female Nurses, never received compensation from the government

The Iron Curtain

coined by Churchill, across Europe, partitioning the free West from the communist East

National Women's Party

college-educated activists, pressed for the right to vote with militant tactics many older suffrage advocates found scandalous

The New Woman

college-educated women providing social services, nursing, or education to poor families in the growing cities

Viet Cong

communist-led, guerrilla soldiers

Fair Employment Practices Commission

complaints of discrimination were brought before it by Mexican Americans to fight the practice in the Southwest of confining them to the lowest paid work or paying them lower wages than white workers doing the same jobs

Erie Canal

completed in 1825, upstate New York, attracted farmers/cities, inspired more transport spending in other states

The Crittenden Plan

compromise plan, guaranteed the future of slavery in the states where it existed, extended the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Ocean. Seceding states saw it as too little, too late. Lincoln took an unyielding stand against the expansion of slavery.

William Jennings Bryan's Cross of Gold speech

condemned gold standard, demand for free silver, nominee for presidency

Transcontinental railroad impacts

connection of country, allowed people to travel more, farther, and in pleasant conditions, conflicts with Native Americans, new farmland, disappearance of buffalo, popular culture influence

Daughters of Liberty

consisted of women who displayed their patriotism by participating in boycotts of British goods following the passage of the Townshend Acts.

Long term causes of Great Depression

consumer debt, installment buying, overproduction, income distribution, consumer revolution, buying on margin, farming trouble

Vietnam War causes

containment policy, North invading South Vietnam

Detente

cooperation, replaced the hostility of the Cold War, Nixon and Brezhnev

Cotton Kingdom

could not have arisen w/o the internal slave trade, only city of significant size was New Orleans. Replaced sugar as world's major crop produced by slave labor. ¾ world cotton came from South

Free blacks

could not vote, enjoyed few economic opportunities, restricted legal rights, seen as danger to slave system

Bonanza Farms

covered thousands of acres and employed large numbers of agricultural wage workers

J.P. Morgan

created U.S. Steel by combining eight large steel companies into the first billion-dollar economic enterprise

Committee on Public Info

created in 1917 to explain to Americans and the world "the cause that compelled America to take arms in defense of its liberties and free institutions", flooded the country with pro war propaganda

Office of War Information

created in 1942 to mobilize public opinion, illustrates how the political divisions generated by the New Deal affected efforts to promote the Four Freedoms, Democrats sought to make the conflict ideological about freedom, curtailed because it promoted New Deal programs

Jeffersonians

critiqued Hamilton's plan. Thought future lay in westward expansion. Goal was republic of independent farmers marketing grain, tobacco, and other products freely to the entire world.. Freed trade not a system of government favoritism through tariffs and subsidies would promote American prosperity while fostering greater social equality. Greatest threat to American freedom lay in the alliance of a powerful central government with an emerging class of commercial capitalists. Standing army seemed a threat to freedom. National bank and assumption of state debts would introduce corruption and enrich the wealthy.

Fort Sumter

crystallized in northern minds the direct conflict between freedom and slavery that abolitionists had insisted upon for decades, Lincoln proclaimed a naval blockade of the South

Cult of true womanhood

cult of domesticity

Reagan/Bush tax cut

cut taxes and government regulation in order to increase productivity, and eventually increase tax revenue as cash flowed in the economy

Margaret Fuller

daughter of Jeffersonian congressman, educated at home, part of New England's transcendentalist circle, became literary editor of the New York Tribune, thought that self-fulfillment should be open to women as well

Bank holiday

declared in 1933, temporarily halting all bank operations and called Congress into special session

Confederate strategies

defensive strategy, occasional thrusts into the North, Robert E. Lee's tactics fending off larger Union forces, hope for series of defeats for Union so they would abandon conflict

Southern war advantages

defensive war, motivated soldiers, only needed to outlast Union

ethnic nationalism

defines the nation as a community of descent based on a shared ethnic heritage, language, and culture.

Open door policy

demanded that European powers that had recently divided China into commercial spheres of influence grant equal access to American exports

Totalitarianism

described aggressive, ideologically driven states that sought to subdue all of civil society, including churches, unions, and other voluntary associations, to their control

Warren G. Harding

determined to roll back the momentum of progressive legislation that had taken place for the past 20 years. He personally overturned or allowed Congress to reverse many policies of the Wilson Administration, and approved tax cuts on higher incomes and protective tariffs. His administration supported limiting immigration and ending spending controls that had been instituted during World War I. Corruption

Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority

devoted to waging a "war against sin" and electing "pro-life, pro-family, pro-America" candidates to office. Falwell identified supporters of abortion rights, easy divorce, and "military unpreparedness" as the forces of Satan, who sought to undermine God's "special plans for this great, free country of ours"

War On Poverty

did not consider the most direct ways of eliminating poverty or address economic changes that eliminated good jobs. It concentrated on equipping the poor with skills and rebuilding their spirit and motivation. Provided Head Start, job training, legal services, scholarships, VISTA

J. Edgar Hoover

director of FBI, developed files on thousands of American citizens, including political dissenters, homosexuals, and others, most of whom had no connection to communism

Effects of WWII

disagreements over communism in Eastern Europe, continuance of British colonies, dollar as main currency for international transactions, freer international flow of goods and investment, the United Nations, ideals of universal human rights but Allies were not committed

"The Kitchen Debate"

discussion between Nixon and Khrushchev about merits of capitalism and communism in kitchens, reflected the penetration of American goods and popular culture globally

Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl

documents Harriet Jacobs' life as a slave and how she gained freedom for herself and for her children. Jacobs contributed to the genre of slave narrative by using the techniques of sentimental novels "to address race and gender issues.

Types of slave labor

domestic roles, craftsmen, working with material, most worked in fields.

Lecompton Constitution

drafted by a pro southern convention and never submitted to a popular decay, Buchanan attempted to admit Kansas as slave state under this

Mason Dixon Line

drawn by two surveyors in the 18th century to settle a boundary dispute between Maryland and Pennsylvania, eventually became the dividing line between slavery and freedom

Indian Removal Act of 1830

early Jackson administration, provided funds for uprooting tribes pop. 60,000, marked repudiation of the Jeffersonian idea that "civilized Indians" could be assimilated into the American population.

Panic of 1837

economic collapse followed by depression caused by increase in issuing of paper money by Bank.

Perestroika

economic reform, Gorbachev policy

Thorstein Veblen

economist and social historian, published The Theory of the Leisure Class, devastating critique of an upper-class culture focused on conspicuous consumption to demostrate the possession of wealth

Milton Friedman

economist, published Capitalism and Freedom, identified the free market as the necessary foundation for individual liberty, called for turning over to the private sector virtually all govt functions and the repeal of minimum wage laws, the graduated income tax, and the Social Security system

W.E.B. DuBois' "The Talented Tenth"

educated African-Americans must use their education and training to challenge inequality

Touissant L'Ouverture

educated slave on sugar plantation in Saint Domingue, in 1791 forged the rebellious slaves into an army able to defeat British forces seeking to seize the island and then an expedition hoping to reestablish French authority. Led to establishment of Haiti as an independent nation in 1804.

Frederick W. Taylor

efficient expert, pioneered "scientific management"

The New Deal

elevated a public guarantee of economic security to the forefront of American discussions of freedom, did not extend equally to all. President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life.

Andrew Jackson's presidency

eloquence, common man champion, push back Indians, send free blacks abroad or keep as slaves, suspicion of banks/paper money, market revolution=moral decay, strong nationalism, opposed federal efforts to shape economy or interfered individuals' private lives

Boycott movement

encouraged both to save money and to force Britain to repeal the duties.

Appomattox

ended Civil War, Lee and his army headed west, only to be encircled by Grant's forces. Realizing that further resistance was useless, Lee surrendered at Appomattox

Treaty of Paris of 1783

ended the revolutionary war and recognized American independence

John Collier's Indian Reorganization Act

ending the policy of dividing Indian lands into small plots for indiv. Families and selling off the rest, recognized Indians' right to govern own affairs

Treaty of Ghent

ending the war in 1814, restored previous status quo

Meat Inspection Act

ensures that meat and meat products are slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions

civic nationalism

envisions the nation as a community open to all those devoted to its political institutions and social values

Gilded Age

era from 1870 to 1890, named after the title of an 1873 novel by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner, refers not only to the remarkable expansion of the economy of this period but also to the corruption caused by corporate dominance of politics and to the oppressive treatment of those left behind in the scramble for wealth

Labor's Great Upheaval

era of unprecedented militancy in the mid-1930s, mobilization of millions of workers in mass-production industries that had successfully resisted unionization

Thomas A. Edison

era's greatest inventor, created research laboratories in New Jersey. Helped establish entirely new industries that transformed private life, public entertainment, and economic activity, including the phonograph, light bulb, motion picture, and a system for generating and distributing electric power.

William Graham Sumner

era's most influential Social Darwinist, freedom meant "the security given to each man" that he can acquire, enjoy, and dispose of property "exclusively as he chooses," without interference from other persons or from government

NYC draft riots

escalated from an attempt to obstruct the draft into an assault on the city's black population

Maroons

escaped slaves isolated on islands, preserved cultures

"Contrabands"

escaping slaves, housed by army in "contraband camps" and educated in new "contraband schools"

Henry David Thoreau's Civil Disobedience

essay written after being jailed for refusing to pay taxes as a protest against the war. Inspired later advocates of nonviolent resistance to unjust laws.

Pure Food and Drug Act

established a federal agency to police the quality and labeling of food and drugs

Brook Farm

established by New England transcendentalists, manual and intellectual labor, inspired by Charles Fourier

Interstate Commerce Commission

established in 1887 in response to public outcries against railroad practices, to ensure that the rates railroads charged farmers and merchants to transport their goods were "reasonable", first federal agency intended to regulate economic activity but lacked power so had little impact of railroad practices

Gadsden Purchase

established present territorial boundaries on North American continent (except for Alaska) parcel of additional land bought from Mexico in 1853

My Antonia

evokes the Nebraska prairie life of Willa Cather's childhood, and commemorates the spirit and courage of immigrant pioneers in America, 1918

Social Darwinism

evolution was as natural a process in human society as in nature, and government must not intere. Efforts to uplift those at the bottom of the social order were misguided

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

exempted labor unions from antitrust laws and barred courts from issuing injunctions curtailing the right to strike

"Twenty Negro" Provision

exempted one white male for every twenty slaves on a plantation from draft. Convinced many yeomen that the struggle for southern independence had become "a rich man's war and poor man's fight."

The Warren Court

expanded existing liberties but also outlined entirely new rights in response to the rapidly changing contours of American society, Griswold, Roe

The Legacy of the New Deal

expanded fed. govt in American economy and made it an independent force in relations between industry and labor, transformed physical environment, restored faith in democracy, redrew map of US politics, freedom=economic security, did not generate prosperity

Ida Tarbell

exposed the arrogance and economic machinations of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company in History of the Standard Oil Company

American system of manufactures

factories, relied on mass production of interchangeable parts

Causes of WWII

failure in international relations (Japanese invasion of China, Hitler, Mussolini), Britain and France caving in to Hitler's aggression in Munich Agreement

Nativism

fear of impact of immigration on American political and social life. Caused by Irish influx of the 1840s and 1850s. Blamed immigrants for urban crime, political corruption, intoxication, undercutting native skilled laborers. Stereotypes- unsuited for republican freedom

Malcolm X

fiery orator, insisted that blacks must control the political and economic resources of their communities and rely on their own efforts rather than working with whites

Mother Jones

fiery organizer, jailed after addressing strikers

Hydrogen bomb

first exploded by US in 1952, a weapon far more powerful than those that had devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki

First Battle of Bull Run

first significant engagement, July 21, 1861, ended with the chaotic retreat of the Union soldiers, along with the sightseers and politicians who had come to watch the battle, disabused both sides of the idea that the war would be a brief lark

Jeannette Rankin

first woman elected to Congress in 1916

Jeannette Rankin

first woman member of Congress, staunch pacifist, voted against the declaration of war, Montana

1st New Deal vs. 2nd New Deal

first: platform for the election of 1932, FDR was a Democrat (WON), second: policy that addressed the problems of the Great Depression, carried out by the Hundred Days second: expansion of relief programs through deficit spending, based on John M. Keynes's "Keynesian Economics, considered a positive way to pump money into the economy

Baby boom

followed end of the war into the mid-1960s, people married younger, divorced less frequently, had more children

Charles M. Russell

fond of West, good relationships w Indians, more detailed Indians

James K. Polk

former governor of Tennessee, support for annexation and close association with Andrew Jackson, slaveholder, cotton plantations, unexpected candidate for Democratic nomination. Goals: reduce tariff, reestablish independent treasury system, settle dispute over ownership of Oregon

John Humphrey Noyes

founded community of Oneida in 1848, acheived moral perfection, complex marriage, dictatorial environment

American Temperance Society

founded in 1826, directed its efforts to redeeming not only habitual drunkards but also the occasional drinker, persuaded Americans to renounce liquor

Solomon Northup

free black resident of NY, kidnapped in 1841, sold. Spent 12 years laboring on plantations, was released and published memoir in 1853. Twelve Years A Slave

Citizens of color

free blacks part of the political nation

Fountain Hughes

freed slave, story recorded in 1949

The Factory System

gathered large groups of workers under central supervision and replaced hand tools with power-driven machinery, factory superseded traditional craft production in some industries, "outwork" at first, needed from cutoff of British imports, largely confined to New England

Carnegie's The Gospel of Wealth

gave a moral underpinning to the "liberty of contract" outlook

George Armstrong Custer

general at the Little Big Horn, where he and his men died

Counterculture

generational rebellion, youth revolt, rejection of values and behavior of elders, rejection of respectable norms in clothing, language, sexual behavior, and drug use

Cult of Domesticity

glorified not a woman's contribution to the family's economic well-being, but her ability to create a private environment shielded from the competitive tensions of the market economy.

Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798

greatest crisis of Adams administration. Confronted with mounting opposition, some of it voiced by immigrant pamphleteers and editors, Federalists moved to silence their critics. A new Naturalization Act extended from five to fourteen years the residency requirement for immigrants seeking American citizenship. The Alien Act allowed the deportation of persons from abroad deemed "dangerous" by federal authorities. The Sedition Act authorized the prosecution of virtually any public assembly or publication critical of the government.

Ashcan School of Art

group of painters focused on everyday city life, John Sloan, George Luks

The Beat Movement

group of poets and writers that railed against mainstream culture

Mass production, distribution, and marketing

growing population formed an ever-expanding market, essential elements of a modern industrial economy, the spread of national brands symbolized the continuing integration of the economy

Cornelius Vanderbilt

had a mansion in NYC, designed in the style of a French chateau, it took up the entire block

Chicago

had become the nation's fourth largest city thanks to railroad, farm products from throughout the Northwest were gathered to be sent east

Suburbanization

hardened the racial lines of division in American life, promoted Americanization

Intolerable Acts

harsh laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774. They were meant to punish the American colonists for the Boston Tea Party and other protests.

Overseers

harsh treatment toward slaves

Woodrow Wilson

held conferences with Congress and press, Underwood Tariff, Clayton Act of 1914, Keating-Owen Act, Adamson Act- 8 hr workday on railroads, Warehouse Act- extended credit to farmers storing crops in warehouses, greater govt supervision of economy, Federal Reserve System, Federal Trade Commission

Phyllis Schlafly

helped to organize opposition to the ERA

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

hired 3 million Americans, constructed public infrastructure, and commissioned art

Ronald Reagan's revolution

his victory in 1980 brought to power a diverse coalition of old and new conservatives

Slave religion

hope for liberation from bondage, black preachers, control for masters, blend of African traditions and Christian belief

Characteristics of the Progressive Era/Progressives

hoped to bring about significant change in American social and political life, forward-looking businessmen, labor activists, members of female reform organizations, social scientists, members of an anxious middle class

The Peculiar Institution

how slavery was viewed in the North, an institution unique to southern society

Popular sovereignty

idea that the decision on whether to allow slavery should be left to settlers in the new territories, supported by Democrats

Self-made men--middle class

idea that those who achieved success in America did so not as a result of hereditary privilege or government favoritism as in Europe, but through their own intelligence and hard work

Republicanism

ideology of being a citizen in a state as a republic in which the people hold popular sovereignty

American exceptionalism

ideology that holds that the United States is unique among nations in a positive way, particularly with respect to its ideals of democracy and personal freedom.

Ludlow Massacre

immigrant miners striked, then moved to tent colonies, which was attacked by a militia

XYZ Affair

in 1797, American diplomats were sent to Paris to negotiate a treaty to replace the old alliance of 1778. French officials presented them with a demand for bribes before negotiations could proceed. When Adams made public the envoys' dispatches, the French officials were designated by the last three letters of the alphabet. Poisoned America's relations with its former ally.

"The Corrupt Bargain"

in 1824, no one candidate received a majority of electoral votes so the House of Representatives chose. Clay believed JQA to be most qualified, would promote American System, and least imposing on his own aspirations. Helped to elect him. Became secretary of state. Charge- bartering critical votes in the presidential contest for a public office, clung to his career.

Libertarian conservatives

in 1950s, wanted to revive conservatism and reclaim the idea of freedom from liberals, opposition to a strong national government, freedom meant indiv. Autonomy, limited govt, and unregulated capitalism. Appealed to entrepreneurs. Progress and personal autonomy

Captains of industry/robber barons

industrial leaders, inspired awe, admiration, and hostility. They either pushed the economy forward with energy and vision, or wielded power without any accountability in an unregulated marketplace. Most rose from modest backgrounds and seemed examples of how inventive genius and business sense enabled Americans to seize opportunities for success

Wade Davis Bill

inspired by dissatisfaction with events in Louisiana in 1864, required a majority of white male southerners to pledge support for the Union before Reconstruction could begin in any state, and it guaranteed blacks equality before the law, although not the right to vote. Lincoln refused to sign it

Samuel Morse's Telegraph

invented in 1830s, using morse codes and electrical pulses, made possible instantaneous communication throughout the nation, helped speed the flow of information and brought uniformity to prices throughout the country

John Deere's Steel Plow

invented in 1837, mass produced by the 1850s, made possible the rapid subduing of the western prairies

The planter class

invested in land and slaves, difficult to be a part of, focused on profit

Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Self-Reliance"

it promotes self-reliance as an ideal, even a virtue, and contrasts it with various modes of dependence or conformity, 1841

Abby Kelley

joined Female Anti-Slavery Society, gave public speeches about slavery, traveled throughout the North, pacifist organizations, challenged assumption that woman's "place" was in the home

Juan de Sepúlveda

justified oppression of native people because of superiority of Europeans

Lucritia Mott

key organizer of Seneca Falls Convention, anti slavery

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

key organizer of Seneca Falls Convention, anti slavery, Declaration of Sentiments

Impressment

kidnapping sailors, including American citizens of British origin to serve in their navy

Knights of Labor

labor organization, among the few 19th century labor groups to recruit black members

Revolution's impact on Native Americans

land claims ignored, further pushed westward

Impacts of Great Famine of 1845-1851

large number of Irish immigrants, filled low-wage unskilled jobs

Stono Rebellion

large slave uprising in South Carolina, many died

Grand Coulee Dam

largest man-made structure in world history, provided cheapest electricity in country for Washington and Oregon, caused salmon to vanish in Columbia River

Interstate Highway System

largest public-works enterprise in American history, 41,000 mile, Cold War arguments, automobile manufacturers, oil companies, suburban builders, construction unions justified costly project

Sputnik

launched by Soviets in 1957, the first artificial earth satellite

Red Power

launched by occupation of Alcatraz, Indian tribes won greater control over education and economic development on reservations

Black Codes

laws passed by the new southern governments that attempted to regulate the lives of the former slaves. Granted blacks certain rights, but denied others. Completely violated free labor principles that they called forth a vigorous response from the Republican North

Alice Paul

leader of National Women's Party, studied the British suffrage movement, chained herself to the White House fence

Pancho Villa

leader of a Mexican faction, attacked New Mexico, Wilson ordered troops for an unsuccessful expedition to arrest him

Cuban Missile Crisis

learning that Soviets had missiles in Cuba, Kennedy imposed a blockade and demanded the missiles' removal, Khrushchev agreed to withdraw and Kennedy pledged that the US would not invade Cuba and removed missiles from Turkey

Zachary Taylor

led American soldiers in 1846 into land claimed by both countries on the disputed border between Texas and Mexico, action made conflict with Mexican forces inevitable

Jackson Pollock

led New York school of painters, the essence of art lay in the process of creation, not the final product, "action" paintings, "abstract expressionism"

Fidel Castro

led a revolution that ousted Cuban dictator, nationalized American landholdings and other investments, he did not topple as expected

Mao Zedong (Tse Tung)

led victorious communists in Chinese civil war

John C. Calhoun

led younger generation of Republicans, believed "infant industries" deserved national protection. Insisted agriculture must be complemented by a manufacturing sector for independence from Britain. Pled for federal financing of improved roads and canals. Leading theorist of nullification. Evolved from nationalist into defender of southern sectionalism. Elected vice president in 1828. Exposition and Protest- SC legislature justified nullification. Influenced waned under Jackson

Religious motives for European colonization

liberation of natives, spreading of Christianity, religious freedom

Racial motives for European colonization

liberation, superiority, slaves

Underground Railroad

loose organization of sympathetic abolitionists who hid fugitives in their homes and sent them on the next "station", assisted some runaway slaves

26th Amendment

lowered the voting age from 21 to 18

Interchangeable Parts

made possible assembled mass production of products

Anti-Transcendentalism

man is born with the stain of the original sin, man is the most destructive force in nature, one can only find God through good works and life experience. There are no Universal truths just individual truths, and there is no oversoul just Heaven and Hell. Hawthorne and Melville

Second Continental Congress

managed the Colonial war effort and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.

"Captains of industry"

managed to escape military service, sometimes by purchasing exemptions or hiring substitutes as allowed by the draft law, created or consolidated their fortunes during the Civil War, ex: Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, J.P. Morgan, Philip D. Armour

The Fundamentalist Revolt

many evangelical Protestants felt threatened by the decline of traditional values and the increased visibility of Catholicism and Judaism because of immigration. They also resented the growing presence within mainstream Protestant denominations of "modernists" who sought to integrate science and religion and adapt Christianity to the new secular culture

Bonus Army

march of 1932. In 1924, Congress rewarded veterans of World War I with certificates redeemable in 1945 for $1,000 each. They asked Congress to redeem their Bonus certificates early.

"The First Modern War"

mass armies confronting on battlefield with deadly weapons from industrial revolution, high casualties, conflict of society against society, distinction between military and civilian targets often disappeared

The (Birth Control) Pill

mass marketing of it starting in 1960 made possible the separation of sex from procreation

My Lai

massacre in which a company of American troops had killed some 350 South Vietnamese civilians, details published in the New York Times in 1969

Wilmot Proviso

measure only supported by northerners, proposed a resolution prohibiting slavery from all territory acquired from Mexico, failed in the Senate

Bretton Woods Conference

meeting of 45 nations. Dollar replaced British pound for main currency for international transactions. Reestablished the link between the dollar and gold. Created the framework for the postwar capitalist economic system, based on a freer international flow of goods and investment and a recognition of the US as the world's financial leader.

Fannie Lou Hamer

member of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, at televised hearings, she shared her account of growing up in poverty and facing beatings from the police. Believed that Christianity rested on freedom

New Immigrants

members of district "races", whose lower level of civilization explained everything from their willingness to work for substandard wages to their supposed inborn tendency toward criminal behavior

Mormons

members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, migrated to modern-day Utah, founded by Joseph Smith in 1820s, alarmed general community

Marbury v. Madison

midnight judges sued for their offices, Marshall decided the Judiciary Act unconstitutional because it allowed the courts to deliver judges' commissions.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

military leader from WWII, Republican, intended to bring Korean conflict to end, almost uneventful presidency, modern republicanism, expanded New Deal programs

Eisenhower's Farewell Address

modeled on George Washington's, warned against calls for new military buildup

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

modeled on the govt business partnership est. by WWI. Est. National Recovery Administration, which would work w groups of business leaders to establish industry codes setting standards for output, prices, and working conditions

Fordism

monotonous assembly line, but good wages, economic system based on mass proudction and mass consumption

Yeoman farmers

most enjoyed a comfortable standard of living, and many owned a slave or two. Relied heavily on home production to supply basic needs, did not provide a market for manufactured goods

The Shakers

most successful religious communities, two sexes were spiritually equal, virgin purity, success economically

Washington's Farewell Address

mostly drafted by Hamilton, defended his administration against criticism, warned against the party spirit, and advised his countrymen to steer clear of international power politics by avoiding "permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world".

The Great Migration

motives: higher wages in northern factories, opportunities for educating children, escape from lynching threat, prospect of exercising the right to vote. Migrants encountered disappointments- no region of country was free from racial hostility

Walter Rausenbusch's Social Gospel

movement that established missions and relief programs in urban areas that attempted to alleviate poverty, combat child labor, and encourage the construction of better working-class housing. They worked with the Knights of Labor and other groups demanding health and safety laws.

Abolitionism

movement to end slavery

Martin Luther King Jr.

movement's national symbol, past of Montgomery baptist church appealed to the deep sense of injustice among blacks and to the conscience of white America, evil must be met with good

John Brown

murdered proslavery settlers, enlisted followers, executed for treason, turned into a martyr for much of north

M.A.D.

mutually assured destruction, made both great powers cautious in their direct dealings with one another

Levittown

nation's most famous suburban community, built by William and Alfred Levitt, dream of home ownership came within reach fo the majority of Americans, assembled quickly from prefabricated parts and priced well within reach, malls

Virgin Soil Epidemics

natives had little immunities to many diseases, killing entire families

Anaconda Plan

naval blockade of the South, aimed to strangle the South economically. Not until late in the war did the blockade become effective.

Lowell, Massachusetts

new factory town 1836 by Boston Associates merchants, built group of modern textile factories that brought together all phases of productions, located along the "fall line", young unmarried women from Yankee farm families dominated the workforce living in boarding houses

War Hawks

new generation of political leaders called for war with Britain. Ardent nationalists. Wanted to annex Canada. Necessity of upholding the principle of free trade and liberating the US once and for all from European infringements on its independence.

Alfred T. Mahan

no nation could prosper without a large fleet of ships engaged in international trade, protected by a powerful navy operating from overseas bases

Slave Trade Ban of 1808

no new slaves were permitted to be imported to the US

equality of condition

not everyone is born with the same abilities but should have an equal share of worldly goods.

Three Mile Island

nuclear plant in Pennsylvania, released a large amount of radioactive steam into the atmosphere in 1979, reinforced fears about the environmental hazards associated with nuclear energy and put a halt to the industry's expansion

Dixiecrats

numerous southern delegates who walked out of Democratic national convention because of Truman's plans for extending federal power to the South to enforce civil rights.

Social Security Act

offered aid to the unemployed and aged

Compromise of 1850

offered by Henry Clay, California would enter the Union as a free state. Slave trade, but not slavery itself, would be abolished in the nation's capital. A stringent new law would allow southerners to reclaim runaway slaves. And the status of slavery in the remaining territories acquired from Mexico would be left to the decision of the local white inhabitants

New Federalism

offered federal "block grants" to the states to spend as they saw fit, rather than for specific purposes dictated by Washington

Naturalization Act of 1790

offered the first legislative definition of American nationality, With no debate, Congress restricted the process of becoming a citizen from abroad to "free white persons".

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

offshoot of the socialist League for Industrial Society, influential critique that captured mood of the generation of student protesters

John Wilkes Booth

one of nation's most celebrated actors, mortally wounded Lincoln

William Byrd II

one of the best known of the Southern planters in Virginia

Woody Guthrie

one of the country's most popular songwriters and folk singers

GI Bill of RIghts

one of the most far reaching pieces of social legislation, aimed at rewarding members of armed forces for their service and preventing the widespread unemployment and economic disruption that followed WWI, supplied veterans unemployment pay, scholarships, low cost mortgage loans, pensions, job training

New Orleans

only city of significant size in Cotton Kingdom, nation's 6th largest city, gathering point for cotton grown along the Mississippi River and sugar from the plantations of southeastern Louisia, world's leading exporter of slave-grown crops, large numbers of European immigrants, distinctive local culture

Santa Fe Trail

opened in 1821, linked Santa Fe with Independence, Missouri. New Mexico's commerce with the US eclipsed trade with the rest of Mexico

Anti-Imperialist League

opponents of US imperialism, reformers, businessmen, racists, held meetings, pamphlets

America First Committee

opponents of involvement in Europe, with hundreds of thousands of members (including Ford, Coughlin, Lindbergh)

Silent Majority

ordinary Americans who believed that change had gone too far

Mathew Brady

organized a corps of photographs to cover the war, found the conflict a passport to fame and wealth.

Gabriel's Rebellion

organized by a Richmond blacksmith, hoped to march on the city and hold hostages until abolition of slavery. The plot was discovered and 26 slaves were hanged. Likened themselves to American Revolutionaries. Slave regulations were tightened.

Anti-war protests

organizing them that united discontented people, burden of fighting fell on working class and poor, seemed opposite of participatory democracy

Keating-Owen Act

outlawed child labor in the manufacture of goods sold in interstate commerce

Civil Rights Act of 1875

outlawed racial discrimination in places of public accommodation like hotels and theaters

Queen Liliuokalani

overthrown in 1893 by group of American planters

George Caleb Bingham

painted County Election, depicting party workers persuading workers, ironic

Jack Kerouac's On the Road

part of Beat Movement, recounted in a seemingly spontaneous rush of sights, sounds, and images its main character;s aimless wanderings across the American landscape. Became a bible for a generation of young people who rejected the era's middle-class culture but had little to put in its place

Industrial workers of the World (IWW)

part trade union, part advocate of a workers' revolution that would seize the means of production and abolish the state, it made solidarity its guiding principle, sought to mobilize those excluded by AFL

Free Soil Movement

party that opposed slavery's expansion, 1848, nominated Van Buren and Charles Francis Adams, had 14% of northern vote.

"Remember the Maine"

patriotic pageant, inspired by destruction of battleship Maine in Havana Harbor

Emma Goldman

patriots were those who love America but see the wrongs that it commits

Camp David Accords

peace agreement between the leaders of Israel and Egypt, brokered by Carter in 1978

Benjamin Spock

pediatrician whose book Baby and Child Care is one of the best-sellers of all time. The book's premise to mothers is that "you know more than you think you do."

Age of Revolution

period from approximately 1774 to 1849 in which a number of significant revolutionary movements occurred in many parts of Europe and the Americas. The period is noted for the change in government from absolutist monarchies to constitutionalist states and republics

Ralph Waldo Emerson

philosopher, "The American Scholar", freedom was an open-ended process of self-realization by which individuals could remake themselves and their own lives

Lewis Hine

photographed child laborers to draw attention to persistent social inequality

Dorothea Lange

photographed migrant workers and sharecroppers

Missile gap

phrase used by JFK to to describe Soviet technological and military superiority created by Republicans

14th Amendment

placed in the Constitution the principle of citizenship for all persons born in the US, and which empowered the federal government to protect the rights of all Americans. Prohibited the states from abridging the "privileges and immunities" of citizens or denying them the "equal protection of the law", produced an intense division between the parties

Paternalism

planters' values glorified not the competitive marketplace, but a hierarchical, agrarian society in which slaveholding gentlemen took personal responsibility for the physical and moral well-being of their dependents-women, children, and slaves.

Marshall Plan

pledged the US to contribute billions of dollars to finance the economic recovery of Europe, aimed to combat the idea that capitalism was in decline, defined the threat to US security as economic and political instability, envisioned a New Deal for Europe, one of most successful foreign aid programs, solidified division of Europe

Eisenhower Doctrine

pledged the US to defend Middle Eastern govts threatened by communism or Arab nationalism

Good Neighbor Policy

policy by which the US repudiated the right to intervene militarily in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. Had mixed results. Offered belated recognition of sovereignty of America's neighbors.

Glasnost

political openness, Gorbachev policy

Liberty Party

political party with platform of abolitionism, received few votes

54-50 or Fight

popular campaign slogan for Democrats meaning American control of Oregon all the way to its northern boundary

Crevecoeur's Letters from an American Farmer

popularized the idea, which would become so common in the 20th century, of the United States as a melting pot.

Northern war advantages

population, manufacturing, railroad mileage, financial resources

Huey Long

populist, socialist politician, intense ambition, desire to help uplift the state's "common people", built roads, schools, and hospitals, increased tax burden on oil companies, "Kingfish", Share Our Wealth movement, called for confiscation of most of wealth of richest Americans

mercantilism

practiced by England: focus on trade, exporting a lot of goods

Eugene V. Debs

preached that control of the economy by a democratic govt held out the hop of uniting "political equality and economic freedom", received 6% of votes in 1912, socialist

Wage Slavery

prerogative used as an analogy to compare waged labor to slavery, repudiated by abolitionists

The Conservation Movement

preserving parts of the natural environment from economic exploitation, millions of acres set aside as wildlife preserves and national parks, developing responsible, scientific plans for use of natural resources, water regulation

Carrie Chapman Catt

president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, advocated for woman of the "superior race" to vote

Sectionalism

pressures in 1854

Greenbacks

printed paper money declared to be legal tender

Wilson's Proclamation of Neutrality

proclaimed in 1914, when war broke out

Civil Rights Act of 1964

prohibited racial discrimination in employment, institutions, and public accommodations. Banned discrimination on the grounds of sex

15th Amendment

prohibited the federal and state governments from denying any citizen the right to vote because of race, bitterly opposed by the Democratic Party, ratified in 1870

18th Amendment

prohibited the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor

J.D.D. Debow

prominent southern editor, wrote essay on the eve of the Civil War to convince non-slaveholders that they benefited from the existence of slavery and that their interest were the same as those of the slaveholders. "The Non-Slaveholders of the South"

Judith Sargent Murray

prominent writer of play, novels, and poetry, one of the first women to demand equal educational opportunities for women, "On the Equality of the Sexes" (1790), women had as much right as men to exercise all their talents and should be allowed equal educational opportunities to enable them to do so

The New South

promised era of prosperity based on industrial expansion and agricultural diversification, failed

Calvin Coolidge

promoted government policies that would keep taxes down, business profits up, provided credit to assist expansion of business, & kept tariffs high on foreign imports. He would distance himself from Harding's administration ideals & scandals

Civil Rights Bill

proposed by Trumbull, defined all persons born in the US as citizens and spelled out rights they were to enjoy without regard to race. Equality before the law, free labor values, no right to vote, overrode a veto in 1866

Virginia Plan

proposed the creation of a two-house legislature with a state's population determining its representation in each

17th Amendment

provided that US senators be chosen by popular vote rather than by state legislatures

Black Power movement

provocative rhetoric, militant posture, and cultural and political flourishes permanently altered the contours of American Identity. started in Oakland, CA.

Middletown

published by Robert and Helen Lynd in 1929, a classic study of life in Muncie, Indiana, a typical community in the American heartland. The Lynds found that new leisure activities and a new emphasis on consumption had replaced politics as the focus of public concern

Bargain (i.e. Compromise) of 1877

purported informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election. It resulted in the United States federal government pulling the last troops out of the South, and formally ended the Reconstruction Era.

William Howard Taft

pursued antitrust policy aggressively, supported income tax, reduced rates on imported goods slightly, returned some land from reserves

Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin

quickly separated the seed from the cotton. It made possible the growing and selling of cotton on a large scale. Revolutionized slavery.

Mestizos/Zambos/Mulattos/Metis

races intermixed more than in other colonization areas, creating different cultures

Pro Slavery Arguments

racism, the Bible, slavery=essential to human progress, guaranteed equality for whites

Committees of Correspondence

rallied colonial opposition against British policy and established a political union among the Thirteen Colonies

Isolationism

reaction against the disappointing results of Wilson's military and diplomatic pursuit of freedom and democracy abroad. Much foreign policy was conducted through private economic relationships rather than governmental action

Marcus Garvey

recent immigrant from Jamaica, launched Universal Negro Improvement Association, a movement for African independence and black self-reliance. Blacks should enjoy the same internationally recognized identity enjoyed by other peoples in the aftermath of the war

Thomas Jefferson's Presidency

reduced number of government employees and slashed the army and navy. He abolished all taxes except the tariff, including the hated tax on whiskey, and eliminate government oversight of the economy. His policies ensured that the US would not become a centralized state on a European model.

SALT II

reduced the number of missiles, bombers, and nuclear warheads, withdrawn when the Soviet Union sent troops into Afghanistan

The Bank War

reflected how Jackson enhanced the power of the presidency during his eight years in office, proclaiming himself the symbolic representative of all the people. First to use veto power as major weapon. The Bank was headed by Biddle, who wanted it to have ultimate power. Persuaded Congress to approve a bill extending it for 20 years. Saw it as blackmail against his reelection. He vetoed.

No taxation without representation

reflected the resentment of American colonists at being taxed by a British Parliament to which they elected no representatives and became an anti-British slogan before the American Revolution

Utopian communities

reform communities established in the decades before the Civil War, outline of a perfect society, differed greatly in structure and motivation, inspired by religious conviction or secular desire to counteract the social and economic changes from the market revolution

Boat people

refugees who fled Vietnam by boat and ship after the Vietnam War

Rosa Parks

refused to surrender her seat on a city bus to a white rider

Burned-over districts

regions like upstate New York and northern Ohio, experienced intense revivals in the 1820s and 1830s

Immediate abolition

rejected traditional approach, directed explosive language against slavery, blacks should be incorporated as equal citizens of republic rather than being deported, rooting out all racism

New Left

rejection of the intellectual and political categories that had shaped radicalism and liberalism for most of the twentieth century, challenged mainstream America and Old Left, spoke of loneliness, isolation, and alienation, of powerlessness in the face of bureaucratic institutions and a hunger for authenticity that affluence could not provide

Supply-side economics

relied on high interest rates to curb inflation and lower tax rates, especially for businesses and high-income Americans, to stimulate private investment

War vs Peace Democrats

remained divided between those who supported the military effort while criticizing emancipation and the draft, and those who favored immediate peace

Economic motives for European colonization

resources, gold, competing nations

Sherman's Field Order 15

response to black delegation, set aside the Sea Islands and a large area along the South Carolina and Georgia coasts for the settlement of black families on forty-acre plots of land. Raised hopes among emancipated slaves that the end of slavery would be accompanied by the economic independence that they believed essential to genuine freedom

Maternalist Reform Movement

rested on the assumption that the government should encourage women's capacity for bearing and raising children and enable them to be economically independent at the same time, ex: mothers' pensions

The Second Klan

resurgence of Ku Klux Klan in early 1920s, claimed over 3 million members, had roots in North and West as well, attacked blacks, immigrants, feminism, unions, immorality, sometimes giant corporations

1970s stagflation

rising oil prices rippled through the world economy, contributing to the combination of stagnant economic growth and high inflation

Elvis Presley

rock and roll singer with an openly sexual performance style, an immensely popular entertainment celebrity

Woodstock

rock festival, brought together hundreds of thousands of young people to celebrate their alternative lifestyle and independence from adult authority

Harlem Renaissance

roots of the black experience-Africa, rural South's folk traditions, life of the urban ghetto, writings contained a strong element of protest, Claude McKay

The Republican Party

rose in in mid-1850s, economic integration of the Northwest and Northeast created the groundwork for their political unification

Brown v. Board of Education

ruled that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal

King George III

ruled the British kingdom through some turbulent times including the American Revolutionary War after which the colonies gained independence

Richard M. Nixon

running mate of Eisenhower, vigorous anti communist, reputation of opportunism and dishonesty

Feminist response to Reconstruction arguments

saw as moment to claim their own emancipation, The Agitator women's rights journal, demand for liberalizing divorce laws, protection against domestic violence, birth control

Second Great Awakening Perfectionism

saw both individuals and society as capable of indefinite improvement

The Owenites

secular, Robert Owen, subordinating individuals to common good, equals

Martin Van Buren

senator from New York. Represented new political era. Talented party manager, but not great intellect. Political parties were desirable. Alarmed when politics divided along sectional lines. Established Democratic Party. Secretary of State under Jackson. Became president. Dealt with depression. Hard money wing came to power.

Yellow Journalism

sensationalism in newspaper publishing that reached a peak in the circulation war between New York World and New York Journal in the 1890s; the papers' accounts of events in Havana Harbor in 1898 led directly to the Spanish-American War

Peace Corps

sent young Americans abroad to aid in the economic and educational progress of developing countries and to improve the image of US there

Abraham Lincoln

served as Whig in state legislature and Congress, re entered politics in 1854 as a result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Developed critique of slavery that gave voice for Republican Party. Critiqued Douglas's policy of half-slave/half-free in popular sovereignty. Shared racial prejudices.

Ku Klux Klan

served as a military arm of the Democratic Party in the South, terrorist organization, spread to nearly every southern state, committed some of the most brutal criminal acts in American history, included white Republicans, but mostly African-Americans

Clean Air Act

set air quality standards for carbon monoxide and other chemicals released by cars and factories and led to a dramatic decline in air pollution, under Nixon

Andrew Carnegie

set out to establish a "vertically integrated" steel company. By the 1890s, he dominated the steel industry and had accumulated a fortune worth hundreds of millions of dollars. Denounced the "worship of money" and was philanthropic, but ran his companies with a dictatorial hand

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

set unemployed young men to work on projects like forest preservation, flood control, and the improvement of national parks and wildlife preserves

Mass production/consumption

shift from capital goods to consumer products, exclusion from mass consumption would come to seem almost a denial of citizenship, led many workers to join unions, and fight against monopolies

Indentured servants write home

show varied experiences and perspectives in the colonies

Lincoln Steffens' The Shame of the Cities

showed how party bosses and business leaders profited from political corruption

Indentured servants

signed contract to work for set amount of time before being freed

Forms of slave resistance

silent sabotage, fugitive slaves, revolts/rebellion

Antebellum America traits

simultaneously expansive and exclusive to groups, "fanatics of freedom", hatred of "tolls, taxes, turnpikes, banks, hierarchies, governors, yea, almost laws"

Nat Turner, 1831

slave rebel from Virginia, preached about a black uprising, last large-scale rebellion in southern history, assaulted white inhabitants, showed disadvantage of slaves in violent encounters, sent shock waves through South

Free states vs. Slave states

slave states had limited growth of industry, less immigrants, technological progress, did not have urban growth, relied on home production

Wounded Knee

soldiers opened fire on Ghost Dancers, killing hundreds of mostly women and children

Niagara Movement

sought to reinvigorate the abolitionist tradition, group organized by Du Bois, Declaration of Principles called for restoring the right to vote, end to segregation, complete educational and economic opportunity equality

Southern Manifesto

southern congressmen and senators denounced the Brown decision as a "clear abuse of judicial power" and calling for resistance to "forced integration" by "any lawful means"

Fire-Eaters

southern nationalists, hoped to split the party and the country and form an independent Southern Confederacy

strict vs. loose constructionists

southerners who insisted the federal government could only exercise powers specifically listed in the document vs those like Hamilton who insisted that all his plans were authorized by the Constitution's ambiguous clause empowering Congress to enact laws for the "general welfare"

FDR's Four Freedoms

spoken about in his 1941 State of the Union Address, freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. Became his favorite statement of Allied aims. Painted by Norman Rockwell.

Korean War Effects

stalemate, restoration of prewar status quo, death of Americans, Korean soldiers and civilians, Chinese troops, showed that the world had moved very far from the hopes for global harmony

Rebel Without a Cause

starred James Dean as an aimlessly rebellious youth, highlighted the alienation of at least some young people from the world of adult respectability

Teller Amendment

stated that the US had no intention of annexing or dominating the island

virtual representation

stated that the members of Parliament, including the Lords and the Crown-in-Parliament, reserved the right to speak for the interests of all British subjects, rather than for the interests of only the district that elected them or for the regions in which they held peerages and spiritual sway

The Anti-German Crusade

states enacted laws restricting the teaching of foreign languages, banned German music, war was crushing blow to German American culture

Robert Fulton's Clermont

steamboat in 1807, showed technological and commercial feasibility, made possible upstream commerce

Crash of 1929

stock market crash, which ushered in the Great Depression, the greatest economic crisis in American history

Lyndon Johnson (LBJ)

struggled to achieve wealth and power, never forgot poor children he had taught, interested in domestic reform

Greensboro, NC

students from a black college sat down at lunch counter at Woolworth's and demonstrated for 5 months until they agreed to serve black customers

Andrew Johnson

succeeded Lincoln, ordered nearly all land in federal hands returned to its former owners, oversaw the restoration of the Union, "honest yeomen", defender of the Union, intolerant of criticism and unable to compromise, racist views

Gerald Ford

succeeded to the White House when Nixon resigned, lack of significant domestic policy accomplishments, signed Helsinki Accords

United Nations

successor to the League of Nations. General Assembly for discussion of equal voices and Security Council for maintaining world peace.

Freedom Summer

summer of 1964, coalition of civil rights groups launched voter registration drive in Mississippi. Met with violence, attracted attention.

Barbed wire

surrounded Homestead factory

George Washington's Presidency and Administration

symbol of national unity, model of self-sacrificing republican virtue, Johns Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay

The Welfare State

system of income assistance, health coverage, social services, radical departure from previous govt policies, but less spending/coverage than European programs

Casta System

system of race classification in Hispanic America

Common schools

tax-supported state school systems open to all children. His widely read annual reports combine conservatism and radicalism, liberation and social control, hoped that it would restore equality to a fractured society

Killer Angels

tells the story of the four days of the Battle of Gettysburg in the American Civil War: June 30, 1863, as the troops of both the Union and the Confederacy move into battle around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and July 1, July 2, and July 3, when the battle was fought. The story is character-driven and told from the perspective of various protagonists

Bill of Rights

ten constitutional amendments approved by the first Congress and ratified by the states in 1791. The First Amendment prohibited Congress from legislating with regard to religion or infringing on freedom of speech, freedom of the press, or the right of assembly. The Second upheld the people's right to "keep and bear arms" in conjunction with "a well-regulated militia." Others prohibited abuses such as arrests without warrants and forcing a person accused of a crime to testify against himself, and reaffirmed the right to trial by jury. Offered definition of "unalienable rights" Jefferson had mentioned. Religious freedom confirmed.

"The Solid South"

term used to describe the domination of post-Civil War southern politics by the Democratic Party

Atomic bomb

tested successfully in New Mexico in July 1945, dropped over Hiroshima, destroying nearly every building, and over Nagasaki

Free enterprise

the American way of life, the "common religion", a marriage of democratic values and economic prosperity

Filipino Insurrection

the First Philippine Republic objected to the terms of the Treaty of Paris under which the United States took possession of the Philippines from Spain, ending the Spanish-American War.

The Sussex Pledge

the German govt agreeing to give adequate warning before sinking merchant and passenger ships and to provide for the safety of passengers and crew. The pledge was upheld until February 1917, when unrestricted submarine warfare was resumed.

HUAC

the House Un-American Activities Committee, launched a series of hearings about communist influence in Hollywood

Populist movement

the People's Party, greatest political insurgency, sought to speak for all the "producing classes, published pamphlets, traveling speakers

The Jazz Age

the Roaring Twenties, flappers, speakeasies, soaring stock market, time of revolt against 19th century moral rules, uniformity, conservative politics, mass culture, fear of ethnic and racial diversity, profound social tensions

"Evil Empire"

the Soviet Union according to Reagan

Manifest destiny

the US had a divinely appointed mission to occupy all of North America and extend freedom. Those who stood in the way of expansion were obstacles to the progress of freedom.

The Roosevelt Corollary

the US had the right to exercise "an international police power" in the Western Hemisphere-a significant expansion of Monroe's pledge to defend the hemisphere against European intervention

Carter Doctrine

the US would use military force, if necessary, to protect its interests in the Persian Gulf

"Great Arsenal of Democracy"

the US, according to FDR, as it became more closely allied with those fighting Germany and Japan

The Reagan Doctrine

the United States provided overt and covert aid to anti-communist guerrillas and resistance movements in an effort to "roll back" Soviet-backed communist governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The doctrine was designed to diminish Soviet influence in these regions as part of the administration's overall strategy to end the Cold War.

Realism

the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favour of a close observation of outward appearances.

The Haymarket Affair

the aftermath of a bombing that took place at a labor demonstration on Tuesday, May 4, 1886, at Haymarket Square in Chicago

The German Triangle

the cities of Cincinnati, St. Louis, and Milwaukee, large German populations and vibrant cultures

Abigail Adams

the closest advisor and wife of John Adams, as well as the mother of John Quincy Adams. John frequently sought her advice on many matters, and their letters are filled with intellectual discussions on government and politics.

Ho Chi Minh

the communist leader of the Vietnamese movement against rule by France, modeled his 1945 proclamation of nationhood on the Declaration of Independence

Americanization

the creation of a more homogenous national culture

Rosie the Riveter

the female industrial laborer depicted as muscular and self-reliant in Rockwell's famous magazine power

Phillis Wheatley

the first published African-American female poet. Born in West Africa, she was sold into slavery at the age of seven or eight and transported to North America.

Anne Bradstreet poems

the first woman to be recognized as an accomplished New World Poet, 17th century

Little Rock

the governor of Arkansas used the National Guard to prevent the court-ordered integration of Little Rock's Central High School, Eisenhower dispatched federal troops to the city

Gifford Pinchot

the head of the US Forest Service, advised Roosevelt, fired by Taft

Farmer's Alliance

the largest citizens' movement of the 19th century, farmers sought to remedy their condition, issued loans to farmers, evolved into the People's Party

William Seward's "Higher Law"

the law of morality, which condemned slavery, above the Constitution

"Family Wage"

the male head of household should command to enable him to support his wife and children. Seen as social justice.

"The Final Solution"

the mass extinction of "undesirable" peoples-Slavs, gypsies, homosexuals, and Jews

Puritan art and tombstones

the pragmatism intrinsic to the Puritan mindset limited the amount of art produced in the Americas. The practical activities of life generally outweighed any sort of extravagance in the Puritan community Puritans were obsessed with death in a joyful way * The way someone died gave evidence of one's self-discipline and faith * Everything on tombstone has a significant meaning * Death's-head, shovels, and hourglass changed in the 18th century to smiling cherubs, angels, natural objects, and sentimentalized willow and urn motifs

Old Northwest

the region north of the Ohio River

Federalism

the relationship between the national government and the states

primogeniture

the right, by law or custom, of the paternally acknowledged, firstborn son to inherit his parent's entire or main estate, in preference to daughters, elder illegitimate sons, younger sons and collateral relatives. Repealed at time of Revolution.

The Religious Right

the rise of religious fundamentalism during the 1970s expanded conservatism's popular base. Challenged by the secular and material concerns of American society, some denominations tried to bring religion into harmony with these interests; others reasserted more traditional religious values. "Pro-life, pro-family, pro-America"

The Hundred Days

the special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs. The special session lasted about three months: 100 days.

Declaration of Independence

the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall) in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under British rule. These states would found a new nation - the United States of America. John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence, which was passed on July 2 with no opposing vote cast. A committee of five had already drafted the formal declaration, to be ready when Congress voted on independence.

United States Constitution

the supreme law of the United States of America. The Constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government. Its first three articles entrench the doctrine of the separation of powers, whereby the federal government is divided into three branches: the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Congress; the executive, consisting of the President; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts. Articles Four, Five and Six entrench concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments and of the states in relationship to the federal government. Article Seven establishes the procedure subsequently used by the thirteen States to ratify it.

Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique

themes of emptiness of consumer culture and discontents of the middle class, "the problem that has no name", women's lives still centered on the home

"The women's era"

three decades during which women, although still denied the vote, enjoyed larger opportunities than in the past for economic independence and played a larger and greater role in public life

Age of Invention

throughout the Gilded Age

Crop lien system

to obtain supplies from merchants, farmers were forced to take up the growing of cotton and pledge a part of the crop as collateral. Since interest rates were extremely high and the price of cotton fell steadily, many farmers found themselves still in debt after marketing their portion of the crop at year's end

Homestead Act

to spur agricultural development, offered 160 acres of free public land to settlers in the West, 1863, tried to implement a vision of freedom

"The Second American Revolution"

transformation of American government and society brought about by the Civil War

Impacts of television

transformed Americans' daily life, better standard of living, advertisements, became most common source of information about public events, nation's leading leisure activity

Navajo Code Talkers

transmitted messages in their complex native language which the Japanese could not decipher

"King Cotton Diplomacy"

turned out to be ineffective, other nations moved to expand production

Eleanor Roosevelt

turned the first lady position into a base for political action, speaking and writing on policies

Radical Republicans

uncompromising opponents of slavery before the war, abolitionists, quickly concluded that slavery must become target of the Union war effort, nominated Fremon on a platform calling for a constitutional amendment to abolish slavery, federal protection of the freedmen's rights, and confiscation of the land of leading Confederates

"Cult of the flag"

unifying patriotism in 1890s, Pledge of Allegiance, standing for anthem, Flag Day

"Free silver"

unrestricted minting of silver money

Ulysses S. Grant

unsuccessful in civilian life, but daring, logical mind, and grasp of strategy. Won Union's first significant victory -Republican nominee in 1868, Union's most prominent military hero

"Revolution of 1800"

unusual constitutional crisis in election, leaving Jefferson the president mobilized by voters, led to Hamilton's death, belief that people had a right to play an active role in politics, Federalist party defeated

Schenck vs. United States

upheld the conviction of a socialist who distributed anti draft leaflets, because it presented a danger of inspiring illegal actions

"Moral suasion"

used by reformers, pacifists, awaited nation's moral regeneration

The New Feminism

varied definitions, women's emancipation, the vote, greater economic opportunities, discussion of sexuality, freedom, birth-control

Upper South vs. Lower South

very few free blacks lived in Lower South.

Redeemers

victorious Democrats, having redeemed the white South from corruption, misgovernment, and northern and black control

Birmingham, Alabama

violent city in the Deep South, many bombings of black homes and institutions, demonstrations unsuccessful, MLK Jr served prison sentence there, sent schoolchildren into the streets

Frederick Remington

visited the west, racist, "Dash for Timber", one dimensional Indians, uncivilized, always war like, nature as hostile source, civilization positive

American advantages during Revolution

war at home, validity of claim to independence, competent military, alliance with French

"Union" vs "Nation"

war forged a new national self-consciousness, reflected in the increasing use of the word nation-a unified political entity-in place of the older "Union" of separate states

John Wesley Powell

warned that because of the region's arid land and limited rainfall, development there required large-scale irrigation projects

Treaty of Versailles

was created to solve problems made by World War I. Germany was forced to accept the treaty. It was composed of only four of the original points made by President Woodrow Wilson. The treaty punished Germany and did nothing to stop the threat of future wars. It maintained the pre-war power structure.

The Iranian hostage crisis

when Carter in 1979 allowed the deposed shah to seek medical treatment in the US, Khomeini's followers invaded the American embassy in Tehran and seized 53 hostages. They did not regain their freedom until January 1981, on the day Carter's term as president ended

Sea island experiment

when federal government put land on the islands up for sale, most was acquired by northern investors bent upon demonstrating the superiority of free wage labor and turning a tidy profit. Widely held to be a success. Black families had better conditions

King assassination

while organizing a Poor People's March he traveled to support a strike of underpaid garbage collectors, he was killed by white assassination. Urban violence followed

Slave gender roles

women worked outside the home, men were not protectors or providers, when they did family work- traditional gender roles prevailed

Jimmy Carter

won election of 1976, an "outsider", honesty, government efficiency, protecting the environment, raising the moral tone of politics, appointing blacks to important positions

"Free labor"

working for wages or owning a farm or shop

The Rosenbergs

working-class Jewish communist couple from NYC. Convicted of conspiracy to pass secrets concerning the atomic bomb to Soviet agents during WWII. There was almost no evidence, but they were convicted, and were executed

the virtuous citizen

would be created by public schools teaching virtue, the ability to sacrifice self-interest for the public good according to Patriot leaders

Muckrakers

writers who exposed corruption and abuses in politics, business, meatpacking, child labor; their popular books and magazine articles spurred public interest in reform

Alexis de Tocqueville's "Democracy in America"

written by French historian and politician, "holy cult of freedom", wrote of the high opinion that Americans had of themselves

Letter From a Birmingham Jail

written by MLK Jr while serving a 9 day prison term in April 1963 for violating a ban on demonstrations, eloquent plea for racial justice, responded to local clergymen who counseled patience. Related the litany of abuses faced by black southerners, the "white moderate" must put aside fear of disorder and commit himself to racial justice

1968

year when momentous events succeeded each other so rapidly that the foundations of society seemed to be dissolving

Flappers

young, sexually liberated women

3/5 compromise

⅗ of the slave population would be counted in determining each state's representation in the House of Representatives and its electoral votes for president