AP US History: American Pageant Terms Chapter 1-10

Patrick Henry

"I know not what courses others may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death" From a speech to the Virginia House of Delegates to convince them to support the fight for independence.

privateers

"Legalized pirates," more than a thousand strong, who inflicted heavy damage on British shipping

Presbyterian Church

A branch of Protestantism which was influenced greatly by Calvinism

Baptists Church

A church founded by Roger Williams, which was largely based on Calvinism

Congregational Church

A church grown out of the Puritan church, was established in all New England colonies but Rhode Island. It was based on the belief that individual churches should govern themselves

Charles Town

A city named for King Charles II in (what was then called) the Carolina colony; at the time, it was the busiest seaport in the South. It was a proponent of religious toleration.

Penal Code

A code governing crimes and punishment

joint-stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Great Compromise

A compromise that proposed two houses of Congress; one where a state's population would determine representation and another where all states were represented equally

Regulator Movement

A movement in North Carolina where dissenters, mostly Scots-Irish, believed that tax money was being dealt unfairly

Mercantilism

According to this doctrine, the colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country; they should add to its wealth, prosperity, and self-sufficiency. The settlers were regarded more or less as tenants. They were expected to produce tobacco and other products needed in England and not to bother their heads with dangerous experiments in agriculture or self-government.

Rhode Island

American colony that was home to the Newport slave market and many slave traders

Speculation

An involvement in risky business transactions in an effort to make a quick or large profit.

Middle Passage

Experience for which human beings were branded and chained, and which only 80 percent survived

Richard Henry Lee

Fiery Virginian and author of July 2, 1776, formally authorizing the colonies' independence

Ferdinand and Isabella

Financiers and beneficiaries of Columbus's voyages of discovery.

Portugal

First European nation to send explorers around the west coast of Africa.

John Jay

First chief justice of the Supreme Court

Oliver Cromwell

Englishman; led the army to overthrow King Charles I and was successful in 1646. Cromwell ruled England in an almost democratic style until his death. His uprising drew English attention away from Jamestown and the other American colonies.

Governor Berkeley

Governor whose refusal to respond to First American attacks led to Bacon's Rebellion

James Wolfe

He was the British general whose success in the Battle of Quebec won Canada for the British Empire. Even though the battle was only fifteen minutes, Wolfe was killed in the line of duty. This was a decisive battle in the French and Indian War.

Almshouses

Houses designated to aid the widows and orphans of Philadelphia and New York

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649

Virgina Statue for religious revolution

Law that gave people in Virgina freedom of worship and freedom to speak their opinions about religion,

Fundamental Law

Laws of such basic and lasting importance that they shouldn't be as easily changed as normal laws can be

Slave Codes

Laws that defined the harsh treatment of slaves

George Rogers Clark

Leader whose small force conquered key British forts in the west

Clark's military conquests and Jay's diplomacy

Led to American acquisition of the West up to the Mississippi River

Jay's secret and separate negotiations with Britain

Led to a favorable peace treaty for the United States and the end of French schemes for a smaller, weaker America

The blundering of Burgoyne and Howe and the superb military strategy of Arnold and Washington

Led to the failure of Britain's grand strategy and the crucial American victory at Saratoga

Hiawatha

Legendary founder of the powerful Iroquois Confederation

Headright System

Maryland and Virginia's system of gaining land to anyone who would pay transatlantic passage for laborers. A way to attract immigrants; gave 50 acres of land to anyone who paid their way and/or any plantation owner that paid an immigrant,s way; mainly a system in the southern colonies of a laborer

Act of Toleration

Maryland statute of 1649 that granted religious freedom to all Christians, but not Jews and atheists.

George Whitefield

Masterful orator, rekindled the religiousness of the colonies during the Great Awakening. He was a leader of the "new lights"

Naval Stores

Materials used to build and maintain ships, such as tar, pitch, rosin, and turpentine

Blue Blood

Of noble or upper-class descent

Lord Cornbury

One of the worst colonial governors, was a cousin of Queen Anne, who made him governor of New York and New Jersey.

Royal African Company

Organization whose loss of the slave trade monopoly in 1698 led to free-enterprise expansion of the business

Squatter

Person who settles on land without title or right: Early settlers in NC became squatters when they put their small farms on the new land. Raised tobacco on the land that they claimed & Tobacco later became a major cash crop for NC

Salem Witch Trials

Phenomena started by accusations of adolescent girls that ended in deaths of 20 people

Baron von Stueben

Taught Americans how to use their muskets properly at valley forge

Jay's Treaty

a treaty which offered little concessions from Britain to the U.S. and greatly disturbed the Jeffersonians.was able to get Britain to say they would evacuate the chain of posts on U.S. soil and pay damages for recent seizures of American ships. The British, however, would not promise to leave American ships alone in the future, and they decided that the Americans still owed British merchants for pre-Revolutionary war debts.

Excise tax

a tax on the manufacturing of an item. Helped Hamilton to achieve his theory on a strong central government, supported by the wealthy manufacturers. This tax mainly targeted poor Western front corn farmers (Whiskey). This was used to demonstrate the power of the Federal Government, and sparked the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794.

Nullification

the states'-rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by the United States Congress

Nathaniel Bacon

Frontiersman who led a 1000 man rebellion against William Berkeley; died of disease in the middle of the rebellion

Pro Bono Publico

One of the pseudonyms used by newspaper columnists on the eve of the Revolution, meaning "For the Public Good"

Nathaniel Bacon

Person who led poor former indentured servants and frontiersman on a rampage against Indians and colonial government

Corn or Maize

Staple crop that formed the economic foundation of Indian civilizations.

Thomas Paine's Common Sense

Stirred growing colonial support for declaring independence from Britain

Yorktown

The British defeat that led to the fall of North's government and the end of the war

Talleyrand

foreign minister; In 1797, Adams sent a diplomatic commission to France to settle matters about the upset of the Jay Treaty of 1794. The French thought that America was siding with the English violating the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. The commission was sent to talk to Talleyrand about the seizing of American ships by the French. Communication between the commission and Talleyrand existed between three go betweeners (XYZ) because talking to Talleyrand in person would cost a quarter of a million dollars. Americans soon negotiated and this act subtly started an undeclared war with France.

Admiralty Courts

horrible british courts in america. juries were not allowed, and the burden of proof was on the defendant. used to strictly enforce taxes.

Strict constitution

idea of following the const. exactly, jefferson

Charles II

in 1660 ascended the English throne and created a string of new settlements: The Restoration Colonies; a generous but extravagant man who was always in debt, he rewarded 8 aritocratic supporters with a gift of the Carolinas, an area long claimed by Spain and populated by thousands of Indians.

enclosure movement

in England in the 1700s, the process of taking over and fencing off public lands

Yeoman Farmer

in former times was free and cultivated his own land

Neutrality Proclamation

issued by George Washington, established isolationist policy, proclaimed government's official neutrality in widening European conflicts also warned American citizens about intervening on either side of conflict

Republican Motherhood

it elevated women as keepers of the national conscience because they were entrusted with the moral education of the young

Slave Codes

laws that controlled the lives of enslaved african americans and denied them basic rights; "borrowed" from Barbados

Smith and Rolfe

leaders who rescued Jamestown from the "starving time".

Federalists

led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

English Restoration

(1660-1688) Restoration of the monarchy in England, marked the return of Charles II as king after the period of Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth, bishops were restored to Parliament, expansion of colonial trade

Massachusetts Bay Colony

(Founded in 1630) Established by non-separating Puritans, it soon grew to be the largest and most influential of the New England colonies.

James I

1606 chartered the virginia Company w/ authority to colonize N. America

Edict of Nantes

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.

Leisler's Rebellion

1689-1691, an ill-fated bloody insurgency in New York City took place between landholders and merchants

Lord North

1770's-1782 King George III's stout prime minister (governor during Boston Tea Party) in the 1770's. Lord North's rule fell in March of 1782, which therefore ended the rule of George III for a short while.

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

James Madison

1808 and 1812; Democratic-Republican; notable events include the War of 1812, let the charter of the First Bank of the United States expire, but realized it was difficult to finance a war without the bank, so he chartered the 2nd Bank of the United States

House of Burgesses

1st Elected Legislative assembly in the New World est. in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts.

Jamestown

1st successful settlement in the VA colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. Settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. Population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Grew prosperous w/ shipping port when John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a major export & cash crop

John Adams

A Federalist who was Vice President under Washington in 1789, and later became President by three votes in 1796. Known for his quarrel with France, and was involved in the xyz Affair, Quais War, and the Convention of 1800. Later though he was also known for his belated push for peace w/ France in 1800. Regarding his personality he was a "respectful irritation".

Michel-Guillaume de Crevecoeur

A French settler who posed the classic question on the racial identity of an "American"

Halfway Covenant

A Puritan church policy; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church

Handsome Lake

A Seneca, who led the most important revivalism among Native Americans, had a miraculous rebirth after years of alcoholism helped give him a special stature with his tribe. His message, which mostly spread to the remaining Iroquois, said that Native Americans should give up the nasty customs they developed from white culture, and restore the quality of the Indian world.

Shays Rebellion

A Series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by Revolutionary War captain Daniel Shays to block foreclosure proceedings.

Poor Richard's Almanac

A bestselling book written by Benjamin Franklin that was a compilation of many different sayings

Cabinet

A body of executive department heads that serve as the chief advisors to the President. Formed during the first years of Washington's Presidency, the original members of included the Sec. of State, of the Tres. and of War. extremely important to the presidency, because these people influence the most powerful man in the nation.

Albany Congress

A conference in the United States Colonial history form June 19 through July 11, 1754 in Albany New York. It advocated a union of the British colonies for their security and defense against French Held by the British Board of Trade to help cement the loyalty of the Iroquois League. After receiving presents, provisions and promises of Redress of grievances. 150 representatives if tribes withdrew without committing themselves to the British cause.

New Jersey Plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress

Cajun

A descendant of French pioneers, chiefly in Louisiana, who in 1755 chose to leave Acadia rather than live under the British Crown.

The Association

A document produced by the Continental Congress in 1775 that called for a complete boycott of British goods. This included non-importation, non-exportation and non-consumption. It was the closest approach to a written constitution yet from the colonies. It was hoped to bring back the days before Parliamentary taxation. Those who violated The Association in America were tarred and feathered.

Paxton Boys

A group of Scots-Irish from the outskirts of Philadelphia, protested the Quakers' leniency toward the Indians. Their actions sparked the Regulator Movement in North Carolina

Scots-Irish

A group of people from the Scottish lowlands, who migrated restlessly, moving to Ireland, and ending up in North America. They were very separate from other cultures, and were largely very poor

Electoral College

A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president

Charles Beard

A historian who argued that the Founders were largely motivated by the economic advantage of their class in writing the Constitution

Speculation

A hypothesis

Bicameral Legislature

A law making body made of two houses (bi means 2). Example: Congress (our legislature) is made of two house - The House of Representatives and The Senate.

Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.

Act of Toleration

A legal document that allowed all Christian religions in Maryland: Protestants invaded the Catholics in 1649 around Maryland: protected the Catholics religion from Protestant rage of sharing the land: Maryland became the #1 colony to shelter Catholics in the New World.

Revival Meeting

A meeting meant to revive interest in a religion

John Peter Zenger

A newspaper printer from New York, was arrested and tried for seditious libel for attacking the royal governor. He was acquitted with the help of his lawyer, Alexander Hamilton. This was a huge step for the freedom of the press.

Great Awakening

A period of huge religious revival throughout the colonies, sparked by a few strong religious speakers, called the "new lights."

Antifederalists

A person who opposed the adoption of the United States Constitution.

Corporation

A private group or institution to which the government grants legal rights to carry on certain specified activities

Thomas Paine

A radical British immigrant who put an end to American toasts to King George.

"Royal Veto"

A royal veto was when legislation passed by the colonial assemblies conflicted with British regulations. It was then declared void by the Privy Council. It was resented by the colonists but was only used 469 times out of 8563 laws.

Jeremiad

A sermon or prophecy recounting wrongdoing, warning of doom, and calling for repentance. A sermon or prophecy recounting wrongdoing, warning of doom, and calling for repentance

Phillis Wheatley

A slave girl from Boston, became a distinguished poet and was brought to England, where she published a book of her verses

Whiskey Rebellion

A small rebellion, that began in Southwestern Pennsylvania in 1794 that was a challenge to the National Governments unjust use of an excise tax on an "economic medium of exchange"

Hierarchy

A social group arranged in ranks or classes

Melting Pot

A society with a great diversity of cultures and races

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.

Triangular Trade

A trade between America, the West Indies, and Africa, which some colonists took advantage of after the fall of the Royal African Company, and yielded great profits to its merchants.

Slander

A verbal attack on someone's reputation

Militia

A voluntary, nonprofessional armed force of citizens, usually called to military service only in emergencies

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War

King George III

A wealthy French nobleman, nicknamed "French Gamecock", made major general of colonial army, got commission on part of his family.

George Washington

A wealthy Virginian of great character and leadership abilities who served his country without pay

Sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

Dominion of New England (1686-1689)

Administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of New England, New York, and East and West Jersey. Placed under the rule of Sir Edmund Andros who curbed popular assemblies, taxed residents without their consent, and strictly enforced Navigation Laws. Its collapse after the Glorious Revolution in England demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control.

Gullah

African-American dialect that blended English with Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa

Quebec Act

After the French and Indian War, the English had claim the Quebec Region, a French speaking colony. Because of the cultural difference, English had a dilemma on what to do with the region. The Quebec Act, passed in 1774, allow the French Colonist to go back freely to their own customs. The colonists have the right to have access to the Catholic religion freely. Also, it extended to Quebec Region north and south into the Ohio River Valley. This act created more tension between the colonists and the British which lead to the American Revolution.

Mayflower Compact (1620)

Agreement to form a government by will of the majority in Plymouth, signed aboard the Mayflower. Created a foundation for self-government in the colony.

Bblue laws

Also known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. Blue laws were passed across the colonies, particularly in Puritan New England and Quaker Pennsylvania.

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

John Paul Jones

American naval commander who successfully harassed British shipping

John Singleton Copley

American painter who did portraits of Paul Revere and John Hancock before fleeing to England to avoid the American Revolution; loyalist

Jonathan Edwards

American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated the Great Awakening, a period of renewed interest in religion in America

Loyalists

Americas who fought for King George and earned the contempt of Patriots

Charles Peale

An American painter famous for his portraits of George Washington who dabbled in a variety of other areas, such as taxonomy and dentistry.

John Copley

An American painter who fled to England to avoid the American Revolution, as he was regarded as a Loyalist.

Benjamin West

An American painter, was forced to go overseas to England to complete his training and find subjects to gain a living.

Board of Trade

An English legislative body, based in London, that was instituted for the governing and economic controlling of the American colonies. It lacked many powers, but kept the colonies functioning under the mercantile system while its influence lasted. The height of the Boards' power was in the late 1690's.

John Trumbull

An accomplished American painter, was discouraged from painting in Connecticut because of lack of artistic culture, and moved to London

Molasses Act

An act intended to end American trade with the French West Indies passed by Britain, which was largely overridden by smuggling and bribery.

Act of Toleration

An act passed in Maryland 1649 that granted freedom of worship to all Christians; although it was enacted to protect the Catholic minority in Maryland, it was a benchmark of religious freedom in all the colonies. It did not extend to non-Christians, however.

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

An attack made by American General "Mad Anthony Wayne" against invading Indians from the northwest. The defeat of the Indians ended the alliance made with the British and Indians.

Critical Period

An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

Sons of Liberty

An organization established in 1765, these members (usually in the middle or upper class) resisted the Stamp Act of 765. Even though the Stamp Act was repealed in 1766, the Sons of Liberty combined with the Daughters of Liberty remained active in resistance movements.

Horse

Animal introduced by Europeans that changed Indian way of life on the Great Plains

Loyalists

Another name for the American Tories

Anne Hutchinson

Antinomian religious dissenter brought to trial for heresy in Massachusetts Bay after arguing that she need not follow God's laws or man's, and claiming direct revelation from God. Banished from the Puritan colony, Hutchinson moved to Rhode Island and later New York, where she and her family were killed by Indians.

English Civil War (1642-1651)

Armed conflict between royalists and parliamentarians, resulting in the victory of pro-Parliament forces and the execution of Charles I.

Charles II

Assumed the throne with the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. Charles sought to establish firm control over the colonies, ending the period of relative independence on the American mainland.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Author of a novel about the early New England practice of requiring adulterers to wear the letter "A"

Thomas Jefferson

Author of an explanatory indictment, signed on July 4, 1776, that accused George III of establishing a military dictatorship

Black Legend

Belief that the Spanish only killed, tortured, and stole in the Americas while doing nothing good

Antinomianism

Belief that the elect need not obey the law of either God or man; most notably espoused in the colonies by Anne Hutchinson.

George II

Became king of England in 1727, the 13th colony (Georgia) was named after him

Navigation Acts

Between late 1600s and the early 1700s, the British passed a series of laws to put pressure on the colonists (mostly tax laws). These laws are known as the Navigation Acts. Example: 1651- All goods must be shipped in colonial or English ships, and all imports to colonies must be on colonial or English ships or the ships of the producer. 1660- incorporation of law of 1651. it also enumerated articles, such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton, can only be exported to England from the colonies. 1663- a.k.a. the staple act of 1663- all imports to the colonies must go through England.

General Burgoyne

Blundering British general whose sloe progress south from Canada ended in disaster at Saratoga

Freedom Dues

Bonus given to indentured servants at the end of their term: corn, clothes, and a little land sometimes

Benedict Arnold

Brilliant American general who invaded Canada, foiled Burgoyne's invasion, and then betrayed his country in 1780

William Berkeley

British colonial governor of Virginia from 1642-52. He showed that he had favorites in his second term which led to the Bacon's rebellion in 1676 , which he ruthlessly suppressed

Jayle Birds

British convicts who were shipped to America involuntarily. They included robbers, rapists, and murderers, but some were simply highly respectable citizens who had simply had been victimized by the strict English penal code

General Howe

British general who chose to enjoy himself in New York and Philadelphia rather than vigorously pursue the American enemy

Whigs (2)

British political party that replaced Lord North's Tories in 1782 and made a generous treaty with the United States

Lexington Massacre

British went to capture rebel ring leaders/seize colonial gunpowder

Predestination

Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned. Though their fate was irreversible, Calvinists, particularly those who believed they were destined for salvation, sought to lead sanctified lives in order to demonstrate to others that they were in fact members of the "elect."

Duke of York

Catholic English monarch who reigned as James II from 1685 until he was deposed during the Glorious Revolution in 1689. When the English seized New Amsterdam from the Dutch in 1664, they renamed it in the Duke's honor to commemorate his support for the colonial venture.

Lord Baltimore

Catholic aristocrat who sought to build a sanctuary for his fellow believers.

The Battle of Bunker Hill

Caused King George to proclaim the colonies in revolt and import Hessian troops to crush them

The trapping of Cornwallis between Washington's army and de Grasse's navy

Caused the British defeat at Yorktown and the collapse of North's Troy government

The collapse of the North ministry and the Whig takeover of the British Government

Caused the British to began peace negotiations in Paris

Charles Townshend

Charles Townshend was control of the British ministry and was nicknamed "Champagne Charley" for his brilliant speeches in Parliament while drunk. He persuaded Parliament in 1767 to pass the Townshend Acts. These new regulations was a light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, and tea. It was a tax that the colonist were greatly against and was a near start for rebellions to take place.

John Jay

Chief Justice of the United States; in 1794 George Washington sent him to negotiate a treaty with England

Powahatan

Chief of the Powhatan Indians- father of Pocahantas

Established Churches

Churches funded by taxes, such as the Anglican and Congregational churches

Orthodox

Classic or accepted

New Lights

Clergymen who defended the Great Awakening for reinvigorating American religion

Governor Berkeley

Colonial Virginia official who crushed rebels and wreaked cruel revenge

Roanoke Island, NC

Colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh that mysteriously disappeared in the 1580's.

South Carolina

Colony that turned to disease-resistant African-American slaves for labor in its extensive rice plantations.

North Carolina

Colony that was called "a vale of humility between two mountains of conceit".

English Civil War

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; included religious and constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of a limited monarchy.

Cortes

Conqueror of the Aztecs.

Pizarro

Conqueror of the Incas.

Old Lights

Conservative clergymen who were against the emotional approach of the Great Awakening

Separation of Powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

Alien and Sedition Acts

Contains four parts: 1. Raised the residence requirement for American citizenship from 5 to 14 years. 2. gave the President the power in peacetime to order any alien out of the country. 3. permitted the President in wartime to jail aliens when he wanted to. 4. key clause provided fines and jail penalties for anyone guilty of sedition. Was to remain in effect until the next Presidential inauguration.

Peter Stuyvesant

Director general of Dutch New Netherland from 1645 until the colony fell to the British in 1664.

Birching

Disciplining a child by being hit with a branch of a birch tree

Powhatan's Confederacy

Dominate native people James River area when English came 1607, saw English as allies at first to extend power over Indian rivals

Fundamental Orders (1639)

Drafted by settlers in the Connecticut River Valley, document was the first "modern constitution" establishing a democratically controlled government. Key features of the document were borrowed for Connecticut's colonial charter and later, its state constitution.

State Constitution

During the war, most states had their own const. to spell out the rights of citizens and set limits on the govts. power.

William III and Mary II

Dutch-born monarch and his English-born wife, daughter of King James II, installed to the British throne during the Glorious Revolution of 1689. William and Mary relaxed control over the American colonies, inaugurating a period of "salutary neglect" that lasted until the French and Indian War.

Edward Braddock

Edward Braddock was a British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians. At this battle, Braddock was mortally wounded.

Cause: Columbus's first encounter with the New World

Effect: A global exchange of animals, plants, and diseases.

Cause: The slave codes of England's Barbados colony

Effect: Became the legal basis for slavery in North America.

Cause: Aztec legends of a returning god, Quetzalcoatl

Effect: Cortes' relatively easy conquest of the Aztecs.

Cause: Native Americans' lack of immunity to various diseases

Effect: Decline of 90% in the New World Indian population

Cause: The English victory over the Spanish Armada

Effect: Enabled England to gain control of the North Atlantic sea-lanes.

Cause: Spanish need to protect Mexico against French and English encroachment

Effect: Establishment of Spanish settlements in Florida and New Mexico

Cause: New sailing technology and desire for spices

Effect: European voyages around Africa and across the Atlantic attempting to reach Asia.

Cause: The Great Ice Age

Effect: Exposure of a "land bridge" between Asia and North America.

Cause: The enclosing of English pastures and crop land

Effect: Forced numerous laborers off the land and sent them looking for opportunities elsewhere.

Cause: Franciscan friars' desire to convert Pacific coast Indians to Catholicism

Effect: Formation of a chain of mission settlements in California.

Cause: Cultivation of Maize (corn)

Effect: Formation of large, sophisticated civilizations in Mexico and South America

Cause: Gorgia's unhealthy climate, restrictions on slavery, and vulnerability to Spanish attacks

Effect: Kept the buffer colony poor and largely unpopulated for a long time.

Cause: The English government's persecution of Roman Catholics

Effect: Led Lord Baltimore to establish Maryland.

Cause: The English law of primogeniture

Effect: Led many younger sons of the gentry to seek their fortunes in exploration and colonization.

Cause: The flight of poor farmers and religious dissenters from planter run Virginia

Effect: Led to the founding of independent minded North Carolina.

Cause: Spanish conquest of larger quantities of New World gold and silver

Effect: Rapid expansion of global economic commerce and manufacturing.

Cause: Portugal's creation of sugar plantations on Atlantic coastal islands

Effect: Rapid expansion of the African slave trade

Cause: John Smith's stern leadership in Virginia

Effect: Whipped gold-hungry, nonworking colonists into line.

Cause: The introduction of tobacco

Effect: created the economic foundation for most of England's southern colonies.

Cause: Lord DeLa Warr's use of brutal "Irish tactics" in Virginia

Effect: led to the two Anglo-Powhatan wars that virtually exterminated Virginia's Indian population.

Raleigh and Gilbert

Elizabethan courtiers who failed in their attempts to found New World colonies.

Puritans

English Protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rituals and creeds. Some of the most devout Puritans believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership.

Royal African Company

English company that lost its monopoly on the slave trade in 1698

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Henry Hudson

English explorer who ventured into New York Bay and up the Hudson River for the Dutch in 1609 in search of a Northwest Passage across the continent.

Sea Dogs

English sea captains authorized to raid Spanish ships and towns.

William Pitt

English statesman who brought the Seven Years' War to an end (1708-1778)

William Bradford

Erudite leader of the separatist Pilgrims who left England for Holland, and eventually sailed on the Mayflower to establish the first English colony in Massachusetts. His account of the colony's founding, Of Plymouth Plantation, remains a classic of American literature and in indispensable historical source.

Libel

False publication intended to ruin someone's reputation

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Federal order that divided the Northwest Territory into smaller territories and created a plan for how the territories could become states.

John Winthrop

First governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. An able administrator and devout Puritan, Winthrop helped ensure the prosperity of the newly-established colony and enforce Puritan orthodoxy, taking a hard line against religious dissenters like Anne Hutchinson.

Quebec

First permanent French settlement in North America, founded by Samuel de Champlain

House of Burgesses

First representative government in New World.

Royal African Company

First slave trade company; established 1672

Menial work (servitude)

Fit for servants; humble or low. ―But chiefly they performed the sweaty toil of clearing swamps

Pugnacious

Fond of fighting

Joint-stock

Forerunner of the modern corporation that enabled investors to pool financial capital for colonial ventures.

The Half-Way Covenant

Formula devised by Puritan ministers in 1662 to offer partial church membership to people who had not experienced conversion

Maryland

Founded as a haven for Roman Catholics.

Georgia

Founded as a refuge for debtors by philanthropists.

St. Augustine

Founded in 1565, it's the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in US territory

Lord Baltimore

Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony.

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony.

Francis Drake

From 1577 to 1580, this explorer sailed to the Pacific to raid Spanish ships. He also explored the coast of California, then continued on to be the 2nd man to sail around the world.

XYZ affair

France and England start to seize American ships; starts an "unofficial war" btwn America and France; Causes the creation of 33 ships for a navy and ends long treaty with France

John Calvin

French Protestant reformer whose religious teachings formed the theological basis for New England Puritans, Scottish Presbyterians, French Huguenots and members of the Dutch Reformed Church. Calvin argued that humans were inherently weak and wicked, and believed in an all-knowing, all-powerful God, who predestined select individuals for salvation.

New France

French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763. (p. 489)

French Huguenots

French protestants who came to the New World to escape religious prosecution in France

Acadians

French settlers who would not pledge their loyalties to the British and were driven from their homes; cajuns of Louisiana are descendants of these people

Marquis de Lafayette

French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army.

Antoine Cadillac

Frenchman who founded Detroit in 1701 to thwart English settlers making a play for the Ohio Valley.

Pinckey Treaty

Gave America Free navigation of the Mississippi, large area of north Florida.

Treaty of Greenville

Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

George Grenville

George Grenville was the British Prime Minister from 1763-1765. To obtain funds for Britain after the costly 7-Years War, in 1763 he ordered the Navy to enforce the unpopular Navigation Laws, and in 1764 he got Parliament to pass the Sugar Act, which increased duties on sugar imported from the West Indies. He also, in 1765, brought about the Quartering Act, which forced colonists to provide food and shelter to British soldiers, who many colonists believed were only present to keep the colonists in line.

Martin Luther

German friar who touched off the Protestant Reformation when he nailed a list of grievances against the Catholic Church to the door of Wittenberg's cathedral in 1517.

Hessians

German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty.

Pennsylvania Dutch

Germans who migrated from Europe to Pennsylvania fleeing religious persecution, as they were primarily Lutheran. "Dutch" was a corruption of "Deutsch"

Washington's Farewell Address

Given in 1796, when he retired from office. It wasn't given orally, but was printed in newspapers. It did not concern foreign affairs; most of it was devoted to domestic problems. He stressed that we should stay away from permanent alliances with foreign countries; temporary alliances wouldn't be quite as dangerous, but they should be made only in "extraordinary emergencies". He also spoke against partisan bitterness.

Citizen Genet

He was a representative of the French Republic who came to America in order to recruit Americans to help fight in the French Revolution.

Indentured Servants

Immigrants who received passage to America in exchange for a fixed term of labor. A laborer bound to unpaid service to a master for a fixed term, in exchange for benefits such as transportation, tools, and clothes

Bacon's Rebellion

In 1676, Bacon, a young planter led a rebellion against people who were friendly to the Indians. In the process he torched Jamestown, Virginia and was murdered by Indians

Savannah Indians

In 1707 ended their alliance with the Carolinians and would have migrated to the backcountry of Maryland and Pennsylvania, but before they could leave were annihilated by the Indian tribes of coastal Carolina

Stamp Act

In 1765 Parliament passed the Stamp Act, requiring the colonists to pay for a stamp to go on many of the documents essential to their lives. These documents included deeds, mortgages, liquor licenses, playing cards, and almanacs. The colonists heartily objected to this direct tax and in protest petitioned the king, formed the Stamp Act Congress, and boycotted English imports. In 1766 Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, a major victory for colonists.

Declaratory Act

In 1766, the English Parliament repealed the Stamp Act and at the same time signed the Declaratory Act. This document stated that Parliament had the right "to bind" the colonies "in all cases whatsoever." It is important in history because it stopped the violence and rebellions against the tax on stamps. Also, it restarted trade with England, which had temporarily stopped as a defiant reaction to the Stamp Act.

Townshend Acts

In 1767 "Champagne Charley" Townshend persuaded Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts. These acts put a light import duty on such things as glass, lead, paper, and tea. The acts met slight protest from the colonists, who found ways around the taxes such as buying smuggled tea. Due to its minute profits, the Townshend Acts were repealed in 1770, except for the tax on tea. The tax on tea was kept to keep alive the principle of Parliamentary taxation.

Pontiac

Indian Chief; led post war flare-up in the Ohio River Valley and Great Lakes Region in 1763; his actions led to the Proclamation of 1763; the Proclamation angered the colonists.

Pocahontas

Indian princess, daughter of Powhatan; friend to Jamestown settlers, because of her influence, helped save the colony of Jamestown; married John Rolfe which led to a time of peace between the English and the Indians

2nd Anglo-Powhatan War

Indians last effort to dislodge Virginians, they were defeated. Peace treaty of 1646 stopped any hope of creating native peoples into Virginia society or peace with coexisting.

Cotton Mather

Influential New England Puritan minister, notable for his role in the Salem witch trials. He believed witchcraft existed, and it was affiliated with abominations.

Jefferson's Declaration of Independence

Inspired universal awareness of the American Revolution as a fight for the belief that "all men are created equal"

Conversion

Intense religious experience that confirmed an individual's place among the "elect," or the "visible saints." Calvinists who experienced conversion were then expected to lead sanctified lives to demonstrate their salvation.

Fervid

Intensely emotional

Deganawidah and Hiawatha

Iroquois leaders who told warring Iroquois groups to stop fighting; co-founders of Iroquois Confederacy

John Cabot

Italian-born explorer sent by the English to explore the coast of North America in 1498

Columbus

Italian-born explorer who believed he arrived off the coast of Asia rather than on an unknown continent.

Abigail Adams

John Adam's wife, she appealed to her husband to protect the rights of women

John Smith

John Smith took over the leadership role of the English Jamestown settlement in 1608. Most people in the settlement at the time were only there for personal gain and did not want to help strengthen the settlement. Smith therefore told the people, "people who do not work do not eat." His leadership saved the Jamestown settlement from collapsing.

Virginia Company

Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England.

Crispus Attucks

Killed in Boston Massacre, black laborer, only African-American person killed in Boston Massacre

Indentured Servant

Laborer who agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to America

Salem Witch Trials

Late seventeenth century judicial event that inflamed popular feelings, led to the deaths of twenty people, and weakened the Puritan clergy's prestige

Provincial

Limited in outlook to ones own small corner of the world

The Battle of Saratoga

Made France willing to become an ally of the United States

New York City slave revolt of 1712

Major middle-colonies' rebellion that caused thirty-three deaths

Agrarian

Means having to do with agriculture.the farmers and plantation owners of the south. This was the society that Jefferson wanted to see become the future of America. He appreciated the many virtuous and beneficial characteristics.

Great English Migration (1630-1642)

Migration of seventy thousand refugees from England to the North American colonies, primarily New England and the Caribbean. The twenty thousand migrants who came to Massachusetts largely shared a common sense of purpose—to establish a model Christian settlement in the new world.

Bunker Hill

Military engagement that led King George III officially to declare the colonist in revolt

Joseph Brant

Mohawk chief who led many Iroquois to fight with Britain against American revolutionaries

Sir Edmond Andros

Much loathed administrator of the Dominion of New England, which was created in 1686 to strengthen imperial control over the New England colonies. Andros established strict control, doing away with town meetings and popular assemblies and taxing colonists without their consent. When word of the Glorious Revolution in England reached the colonists, they promptly dispatched Andros back to England.

Lord De La Warr

New governor of Jamestown who arrived in 1610, immediately imposing a military regime in Jamestown and declaring war against the Powhatan Confederacy. Employed "Irish tactics" in which his troops burned houses and cornfields.

John Hancock

Nicknamed "King of the Smugglers" ; He was a wealthy Massachusetts merchant in 1776 who was important in persuading the American colonies to declare their independence from England. He was the ring leader in the plot to store gunpowder which resulted in the battles in Lexington and Concord. These battles began the American Revolution.

Dey of Algiers

North African leader who took advantage of the weakness of the Articles of Confederation to attack American shipping.

Secular

Not church-affiliated

Samuel Adams

Often called the "Penman of the Revolution" He was a Master propagandist and an engineer of rebellion. Though very weak and feeble in appearance, he was a strong politician and leader that was very aware and sensitive to the rights of the colonists. He organized the local committees of correspondence in Massachusetts, starting with Boston in 1772. These committees were designed to oppose British policy forced on the colonists by spreading propaganda.

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

One of Jonathan Edwards' most famous sermons, which warned listeners of Hell

Benjamin Franklin

One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity. He was also the author of Poor Richard's Almanac.

Mestizos

Person of mixed European and Indian ancestry.

Quarter Act

Passed by George Grenville, to ensure that soldiers, if needed, are cared for and quartered in the colonists homes. This angered colonists.

William Penn

Penn, an English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.

Indentured Servants

Penniless people obligated to forced labor for a fixed number of years, often in exchange for passage to the New World.

Nonimportation Agreement

Pledges to boycott, or decline to purchase, certain goods from abroad.

Squatters

Poor farmers in North Carolina and elsewhere who occupied land and raised crops without gaining legal title to the soil

Dias and DaGama

Portuguese navigators who led early voyages of discovery.

Montezuma

Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors

John Wesley

Powerful evangelists of the Great Awakening. The helped spread the message of the revival and founded Methodism. With George Whitefield, he visited Georgia and other colonies in the 1730s.

Invincibility

Proclamation of 1763 New France

William Penn

Prominent Quaker activist who founded Pennsylvania as a haven for fellow Quakers in 1681. He established friendly relations with neighboring Indian tribes and attracted a wide array of settlers to his colony with promises of economic opportunity, and ethnic and religious toleration.

Navigation Laws

Promoted English shipping and control colonial trade; made Americans ship all non-British items to England before going to America

Elizabeth I

Queen in the 1570s when Britain began interest in New World. She never made a major commitment to colonization. Full scale attempts at colonies didn't happen until after her death in 1603. Private enterprise more important than royal support.

Walter Raleigh

Received a charter from Queen Elizabeth I to explore the American coastline. His ships landed on Roanoke, which became a "lost colony."

Old Northwest

Region north and west of the Ohio River, included Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, MIchigan, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota.

Glorious (or Bloodless) Revolution (1688-1689)

Relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular Catholic monarch, James II, replacing him with Dutch-born William III and Mary, daughter of James II. William and Mary accepted increased Parliamentary oversight and new limits on monarchical authority.

Quakers

Religious group known for their tolerance, emphasis on peace, and idealistic Indian policy, who settled heavily in Pennsylvania in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Schisms

Rifts in belief between two opposing parties

Jamestown

Riverbank site where Virginia Company settlers planted the first permanent English colony.

Robert de La Salle

Robert de La Salle was responsible for naming Louisiana. He was the first European to float down the Mississippi river to the tip from Canada and upon seeing the beautiful river valley named Louisiana after his king Louis XIV in 1682.

John Rolfe

Rolfe was an Englishman who became a colonist in the early settlement of Virginia. He is best known as the man who married the Native American, Pocahontas and took her to his homeland of England. Rolfe was also the savior of the Virginia colony by perfecting the tobacco industry in North America. Rolfe died in 1622, during one of many Indian attacks on the colony.

Royal Charter

Royal document granting a specified group the right to form a colony and guaranteeing settlers their rights as English citizens

Charter

Royal document granting a specified group the right to form a colony and guaranteeing settlers their rights as English citizens.

Roger Williams

Salem minister who advocated a complete break from the Church of England and criticized the Massachusetts Bay colony for unlawfully taking land from the Indians. Banished for his heresies, he established a small community in present-day Rhode Island, later acquiring a charter for the colony from England.

Committees of Correspondence

Samuel Adams started the first committee in Boston in 1772 to spread propaganda and secret information by way of letters. They were used to sustain opposition to British policy. The committees were extremely effective and a few years later almost every colony had one. This is another example of the colonies breaking away from Europe to become Americans.

Samuel de Champlain

Samuel de Champlain was a French explorer who sailed to the West Indies, Mexico, and Panama. He wrote many books telling of his trips to Mexico City and Niagara Falls. His greatest accomplishment was his exploration of the St. Lawrence River and his latter settlement of Quebec.

Three-Fifth Compromise

Settled the question of how slave populations would be represented in Congress. Said that each slave would be counted as 3/5 of a person.

Scots Highlanders

Scots from the highlands of Scotland

King Phillip's War (1675-1676)

Series of assaults by Metacom, King Philip, on English settlements in New England. The attacks slowed the westward migration of New England settlers for several decades.

Pequot War (1636-1638)

Series of clashes between English settlers and Pequot Indians in the Connecticut River valley. Ended in the slaughter of the Pequots by the Puritans and their Narragansett Indian allies.

Navigation Laws

Series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through England.

The Federalist

Series of newspaper articles written by John Jay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists

Santa Fe

Served as capitol of the Spanish colonies in North America

Benjamin Franklin

Shrewed and calculatingly "homespun" American diplomat who forged the alliance with France and later secured a generous peace treaty

Chattel Slavery

Slavery across generations

Leisler's Rebellion

Small New York revolt of 1689-1691 that reflected class antagonism between landlords and merchants

Separatists

Small group of Puritans who sought to break away entirely from the Church of England; after initially settling in Holland, a number of English Separatists made their way to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts in 1620.

Philip II

Supporter of Catholic Church, increased power for Spain with riches from the Americas, Absolute Monarchy, Divine Right.

armed neutrality

Term for the alliance of Catherine the Great of Russia and other European powers who did not declare war but assumed a hostile neutrality toward Britain.

Middle Passage

That portion of a slave ship's journey in which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas

Intolerable Acts

The Acts passed in 1774, following the Boston Tea Party, that were considered unfair because they were designed to chastise Boston in particular, yet effected all the colonies by the Boston Port Act which closed Boston Harbor until damages were paid.

Canada

The British colony that Americans invaded in hopes of adding it to the rebellious thirteen

Huguenots

The Huguenots were a groups of French Protestants that lived from about 1560 to 1629. Protestantism was introduced into France between 1520 and 1523, and the principles were accepted by many members of the nobility, the intellectual classes, and the middle class. At first the new religious group was royally protected, but toward the end of the reign of King Francis I they were persecuted. Nevertheless, they continued to grow.

Sugar Act

The Sugar Act was the first law ever passed by Parliament. The act was put in place for raising revenue in the colonies for the crown. It increased the duties on foreign sugar, mainly from the West Indies. After protests from the colonists, the duties were lowered.

Chesapeake

The VA / MD Bay area that was the site of the earliest colonial settlement.

Stratification

The arrangement of classes in social structure

Meetinghouse

The basic local political institution of New England, in which all freemen gathered to elect officials and debate local affairs

Social Structure

The basic pattern of the distribution of status and wealth in a society

Continental Congress

The body that chose George Washington commander of the Continental Army

Anglican

The church body most closely linked with Tory sentiment, except in Virginia

Seditious Libel

The crime of openly criticizing a public official

Saratoga

The decisive early battle of the American Revolution that led to the alliance with France

Declaration of Independence

The document that provided a lengthy explanation and justification of Richard Henry Lee's resolution that was passed by Congress on July 2, 1776

Popery

The fear that the pope would send representatives and bring Catholicism back to the colonies, leading to the eradication of "Catholic" holidays, such as Christmas.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments of the Constitution,added in 1791 when it was adopted by the necessary number of states. It guarantees such civil liberties as freedom of speech, free press, and freedom of religion. Written by James Madison.

Barbados Slave Code

The harsh system of laws governing African labor, first developed in barbados and later officially adopted by South Carolina in 1696

Lynching

The illegal execution of an accused person by mob action, without due process of law

Common Sense

The inflammatory pamphlet that demanded independence and heaped scorn on "the Royal Brute of Great Britain"

militia

The irregular American troops who played a crucial role in swaying the neutral civilian population toward the Patriot cause

Middle Passage

The journey of slaves from Africa to America

New England conscience

The legacy of Puritan religion that inspired idealism and reform among later generations of Americans

Gentry

The most powerful members of a society

Holland

The other European nation besides France and Spain that supported the American Revolution by declaring war on Britain

Ohio River Valley

The point of contention that sparked the French and Indian War. Both the French and British claimed it. They wanted the area because the rivers allowed for transportation.

Rack-renting

The practice of landlords greatly increasing the rent of their tenants, forcing already impoverished tenants to pay more

South

The region that saw some of the Revolution's most bitter fighting, fro 1780 to 1782, between American General Greene and British General Cornwallis

Hudson Valley

The river valley that was the focus of Britain's early military strategy and the scene of Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga in 1777

Whigs (1)

The term by which the Americans Patriots were commonly known, to distinguish them from the American "Tories"

Mississippi River

The western boundary of the United States established in the Treaty of Paris

Starving Time

The winter of 1609 to 1610 was known as the "starving time" to the colonists of Virginia. Only sixty members of the original four-hundred colonists survived. The rest died of starvation because they did not possess the skills that were necessary to obtain food in the new world.

Virtual Representation

Theory that claimed that every member of Parliament represented all British subjects, even those Americans in Boston or Charleston who had never voted for a member of the London Parliament.

"No taxation without representation"

This is a theory of popular government that developed in England. This doctrine was used by the colonists to protest the Stamp Act of 1765. The colonists declared that they had no one representing them in Parliament, so Parliament had no right to tax them. England continued to tax the colonists causing them to deny Parliament's authority completely. Thus, the colonists began to consider their own political independence. This eventually led to revolutionary consequences.

Proclamation of 1763

This was an English law enacted after gaining territory from the French at the end of the French and Indian War. It forbade the colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains. The Colonists were no longer proud to be British citizens after the enactment. This caused the first major revolt against the British.

Boston Port Act

This was one of the Coercive Acts, which shut down Boston Harbor until Boston repaid the East India Company for the lost tea.

War of Spanish Succession

This was the war between France and Spain in order to unite the two states under one ruler, Phillip V

Boycott

To abstain from using, buying, or dealing with; happens all of the time everywhere all over the world; labor unions, consumer groups, countries boycott products to force a company or government to change its politics.

Mobocracy

To be ruled by a mob. An example of people who used this method would be the American colonists. When England would impose taxes and acts, such as the Stamp Act, the colonists would become angered and protest it by forming mobs and doing such things as ransacking houses and stealing the money of stamp agents. The Stamp Act was eventually nullified because all the stamp agents had been forced to resign leaving no one to uphold it. This is an example of Mobocracy.

Veto

To reject

Disfranchise

To take away the right to vote

Treaty of Tordesillas

Treaty that secured Spanish title to lands in Americas by dividing them with Portugal.

Elizabeth I

Unmarried English ruler who led England to national glory.

Salutary neglect (1688-1763)

Unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak enforcement of Navigation Laws. Lasted from the Glorious Revolution to the end of the French and Indian War in 1763.

Patroonships

Vast tracts of land along the Hudson River in New Netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing fifty settlers to the property.

Chesapeake

Virginia-Maryland bay area, site of the earliest colonial settlements

George Washington

Virginian, patriot, general, and president. Lived at Mount Vernon. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States.

Metacom (King Phillip)

Wampanoag chief who led a brutal campaign against Puritan settlements in New England between 1675 and 1676. Though he himself was eventually captured and killed, his wife and son sold into slavery, his assault halted New England's westward expansion for several decades.

Massasoit

Wampanoag chieftain who signed a peace treaty with Plymouth Bay settlers in 1621 and helped them celebrate the first Thanksgiving.

French and Indian War

Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

New England Confederation (1643)

Weak union of the colonies in Massachusetts and Connecticut led by Puritans for the purposes of defense and organization, an early attempt at self-government during the benign neglect of the English Civil War

Ringshout

West African religious rite, retained by African-Americans, in which participants responded to the shouts of a preacher.

The Patriot militia's political education and recruitment

Won neutral or pathetic Americans over to the Patriot cause

Gordon Wood

Wrote 'Creation of the American Republic' (1969); saw the ratification controversy as a struggle to define the true essence of republicanism.

Boston Tea Party

a 1773 protest in which colonists dressed as Indians dumped British tea into Boston harbor

First Continental Congress

a convention and a consultative body that met for seven weeks, from September 5 to October 26, 1774, in Philadelphia; it was the American's response to the Intolerable Acts; considered ways of redressing colonial grievances; all colonies except Georgia sent 55 distinguished men in all; John Adams persuaded his colleagues toward revolution; they wrote a Declaration of Rights and appeals to British American colonies, the king, and British people; created the Association which called for a complete boycott of English goods; the Association was the closet thing to a written constitution until the

Tariff

a government tax on imports or exports

Daniel Shays

a radical veteran of the Revolution. He led a rebellion. He felt he was fighting against a tyranny. He was sentenced to death but was later pardoned.

Humphrey Gilbert

an English courtier whose interest in a Northwest Passage through North America to the Orient led him to an unsuccessful attempt to found an English colony in Newfoundland in the early 1580s. He was lost at sea on the return voyage.

Proprieter

an owner or owner-manage of land granted by the king used to refer to one of the lords propieter, who were granted carolina by king charles II

Iroquois

any member of the warlike North American Indian peoples formerly living in New York state

French Revolution

began in 1789 with some nonviolent restrictions on the king, but became more hostile in 1792 when France declared war on Austria. Seeking help from America, the French pointed to the Franco-American alliance of 1778. Not wanting to get involved for fear of damage to the trade business, Washington gave the Neutrality Proclamation, which made America neutral.

1st Anglo-Powhatan War

declared by Lord De La Warr when he took over Jamestown; marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe (first interracial union in Virginia) ended war in 1614

Virginia Plan

delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congress based on their population

Bank of the United States

either of the two National Banks, funded by the federal government and private investors, established by congress, the first in 1791 and the second in 1816

Law of Primogeniture

eldest son receives all of the inheritance; forced younger sibling to look for wealth elsewhere (America)

Stamp Act Congres

met in New York City with twenty-seven delegates from nine colonies in 1765; had little effect at the time but broke barriers and helped toward colonial unity; the act caused an uprising because there was no one to sell the stamps and the British did not understand why the Americans could not pay for their own defense; the act was repealed in 1766.

Jeffersonian Republicans

one of nations first political parties,stemming from the anti-federalists, emerged around 1792, gradually became today's Democratic party.were pro-French, liberal, and mostly made up of the middle class. They favored a weak central govt., and strong states' rights.

Judiciary Act of 1789

organized the Supreme Court, originally with five justices and a chief justice, along with several federal district and circuit courts. It also created the attorney general's office.

Implied powers

refers to the powers of the government found in the constitution in unwritten forms. Although some situations, such as the creation of the National Bank, are not specifically referred to in the constitution through the elastic clause they are not illegal or unconstitutional.Eventually this became an issue contributing to the formation of political parties.

Surplus Population

remarkably mobile population in England due to footloose farmers from enclosure; went to New World to work and gain money

Convention of 1800

signed in Paris that ended France's peacetime military alliance with America. Napoleon was eager to sign this treaty so he could focus his attention on conquering Europe and perhaps create a New World empire in Louisiana. This ended the "quasi-war" between France and America.

Battle of Quebec

turning point of war when Quebec surrendered to the French in 1759

Compact theory

was supported by Jefferson and Madison. meant that the thirteen states, by creating the federal government, had entered into a contract about its jurisdiction. The national government was the agent of the states. This meant that the individual states were the final judges of the national government's actions. The theory was the basis for the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions passed in 1798.

Henry Knox

was the first secretary of war; came to power in 1789; was the first to be entrusted with the infant army and navy.