AP US History: Chapter 22 Terms/Questions

Island Hopping

Process of taking Japanese controlled islands one by one. Could then be used as bases for bomb, used against Japan. Slow process. fighting was costly and difficult.

Bracero Program

Program established by agreement with the Mexican government to recruit temporary Mexican agricultural workers to the United States to make up for wartime labor shortages in the West.

United Nations Charter

Proposed in the Yalta Conference. Founded the United Nations. Signed in San Francisco.

Americans continued to crave diversions during World War II and went in large numbers to see all of the following except: A. Auto racing B. Professional baseball C. Movies D. Big band concerts

A

Many observers would later be critical of the Yalta Conference for all of the following expect A. At the conference the Soviet Union was given control over more of Germany than the other Allied powers. B. The Soviet Union did not promise to join the war against Japan immediately. C. Franklin Roosevelt was near death at the time of the conference. D. All of the countries liberated by the Soviet Union would remain at least temporarily under Soviet control.

A

Holocaust

A plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Arynas, and mentally and physical disabled.

Executive Order 9066

A presidental executive order issued during WWII by FDR that sent Japanese ethnic groups to interment camps. Was issued because of the fear for the country's safety and Japanese-American's safety.

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. Became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

Four Freedoms

A speech by FDR that outlined the four principles of freedom (speech, religion, from want, and from fear). This helped inspire Americans into patriotism.

Eisenhower

American general and 34th president of the U.S. Was the principal architect of the successful Allied invasion of Europe during World War II and defeat of Nazi Germany.

War Production Board

Americans factories produced an enormous amount of weaponry (guns and planes). Halted the manufacture of nonessential items (passenger cars). Took American out of the Great Depression.

Neutrality Acts

Banned travel on belligerents' ships. Outlawed the sale of arms to countries at war. Congress hoped this would keep US out of conflicts over freedom of the seas.

Truman

Became president after FDR died at the beginning of the 4th term. Had to make decisions about the atomic bomb.

Enola Gay

Boeing B-29 superofortress bomber. First aircraft to drop an atomic bomb. Bomb named "Little Boy" and dropped on Hiroshima.

Which was not a reason for the hatred many felt toward the Japanese during the war? A. The bombing of Pearl Harbor. B. The fact that they were physically different in appearance from most Americans. C. The outrage over the Bataan Death March as soon as Americans first learned of it in late 1941. D. The portrayal of the Japanese in American films, magazines, and newspapers.

C

The internment of Japanese Americans began for all the reasons listed except A. It was felt that Japanese living in California had divided loyalties when war began. B. Newspapers on the West Coast reported incidents of the Japanese Americans aiding the Japanese military effort. C. Japanese Americans needed protection, and the camps would provide it for them. D. The portrayal of the Japanese in American films and magazines.

C.

A. Phillip Randolph

Civil rights leader and labor leader said he would march on Washington (mass protest) unless African Americans were given fair wages in the military.

Manhattan Project

Code name for the American commission in 1942 develop the atomic bomb. The first experimental bomb detonated in the desert of New Mexico. Atomic bombs were dropped on two cities in Japan in hopes of bring the war to an end: Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Douglas MacArthur

Commander of the Allied forces in the Pacific. Wanted to focus war efforts in the Pacific.

The United States did little to stop the spread of Hitler and Nazi Germany in the 1930s because A. The United States was much more concerned with diplomatic and political affairs in the Pacific than in Europe in the 1930s. B. The United States was more interested in solving domestic problems in the 1930s. C. The findings of the Nye commission did much to sour Americans on future military involvement. D. B and C

D

GI Bill of Rights

Gave money to veterans to study in colleges, gave medical treatment, loan money to buy a house or farm or start a new business. Also known as Serviceman's Readjustment Act of 1944.

St. Louis

German ocean liner that attempted to get Jewish refugees out of Germany. Denied into both Cuba and the U.S. At least 1/4 of the refugees probably in concentration camps in WWII.

Nagasaki

Japanese city which the second atomic bomb was dropped.

Kamikazes

Japanese suicide aircrafts. Loaded with explosives and would purposefully cars into enemy targets.

Nisei

Japanese-born people in a new country. Considered the 2nd generation.

Bretton Woods Conference

Meeting of Western allies to establish a postwar international economic order to avoid crises like World War II. Led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, designed to regulate currency levels and provide aid to undeveloped countries.

Navajo Code Talkers

Native Americans served the country by enlisting in the armed services and working in the thousands of factories across the U.S. Most famous of this group translated U.S. code into the Native Merican language so enemy forces could not decipher the content.

Executive Order 8802

Passed by FDR prohibited discriminatory employment practices and all unions & companies engaged in war related work. Established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy.

Smith v. Allwright

Ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African Americans.

Zoot Suit Riots

Sailors w clubs and policemen attacked Mexican-American youths wearing "flamboyant" clothes on the streets of LA. Showed the limits of wartime tolerance.

Nye Committee

Senate hearings that revealed international bankers and arms exporters had pressed the Wilson administration to enter WWI and he received great benefits because of it.

Quarantine Speech

Speech by FDR in Chicago. FDR was alarmed at Hitler's aggression against German Jews. Called for international action to "quarantine" aggressors. Basically shut them out and refuse to have international relations with them. Went nowhere, FDR had to adopt policy of appeasement.

Korematsu v. U.S

Supreme Court denied appeal of Fred Korematsu (Japanese-American who was arrested for refusing to present himself the internment camp) Upheld legality of the interment policy, insisting than order applying to only Japanese people was not based on race.

Appeasement

Term for the British-French policy of attempting to prevent war by granting German demands.

Postdam Conference

The FINAL wartime meeting of the leaders of the U.S., Britain, and the Soviet Union held. Discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.

Pearl Harbor

The U.S. thought the Japanese would attack Britsh Malaya or the Philippines. Instead, they attack Pearl Harbor at several naval bases wiping out many ships and killing 3000 men. The next day, the U.S. declares war on Japan. The day after that, Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S.

Hiroshima

The U.S. warned Japan that it had weapon of mass destruction. The Japanese were warned to surrender or suffer the consequences. The first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima.

Double V Campaign

The World War II era effort of black Americans to gain "a victory over racism at home as well as victory abroad."

Lend-Lease Act

The legislation gave FDR the powers to sell, transfer, exchange, and lend equipment to any country to help defend itself against the Axis power.

Office of War Info/War Advertising Council

To mobilize public opinion; sought to make WWIII a "people's war to freedom"; used radio, film, press, etc to give WW III an ideological meaning.

Midway

U.S./Japanese battle, a turning point for the U.S. (Huge victory) This, along w other victories, allowed US forces to launch bloody campaigns that drove the Japanese out fortified islands.

CORE

US Civil Rights organization that played a huge role in the African American Civil Rights movement.

Second Front Dispute

USSR believed the U.S. should with more where the Nazis were (only the Soviets were dying a lot of in the war) Great Britain and U.S. fought in Italy after North Africa, then eventually invaded Normandy.

V.J. Day

Victory day in Japan. Japan surrendered unconditionally to the Allies.

V-E Day

Victory in Europe, May 1945. Germany surrenders unconditionally. The end of of WWII.

Yalta Conference

Wartime meeting of the heads of government of the United States, Britain, and Soviet Union. Purpose of discussing Europe's post-war reorganization, intended to discuss the re-establishmetn of the nations of war-torn Europe.

D-Day

When an Allied amphibious assault landed on the Normandy coast and established a foothold ini Europe, leading to the liberation of France from German occupations.

Good Neighbor Policy

Withdrawal of American troops from Latin America to improve international relations and unite western hemisphere.